In the three months to August 2025, average weekly earnings in the United Kingdom grew by 4.7 percent. In the same month, the inflation rate for the Consumer Price Index was 3.8 percent, indicating that wages were rising faster than prices that month. Average salaries in the UK In 2024, the average salary for full-time workers in the UK was 37,430 British pounds a year, up from 34,963 in the previous year. In London, the average annual salary was far higher than the rest of the country, at 47,455 pounds per year, compared with just 32,960 in North East England. There also still exists a noticeable gender pay gap in the UK, which was seven percent for full-time workers in 2024, down from 7.5 percent in 2023. Lastly, the monthly earnings of the top one percent in the UK was 15,887 pounds as of November 2024, far higher than even that of the average for the top five percent, who earned 7,641 pounds per month, while pay for the lowest 10 percent of earners was just 805 pounds per month. Waves of industrial action in the UK One of the main consequences of high inflation and low wage growth throughout 2022 and 2023 was an increase in industrial action in the UK. In December 2022, for example, there were approximately 830,000 working days lost due to labor disputes. Throughout this month, workers across various industry sectors were involved in industrial disputes, such as nurses, train drivers, and driving instructors. Many of the workers who took part in strikes were part of the UK's public sector, which saw far weaker wage growth than that of the private sector throughout 2022. Widespread industrial action continued into 2023, with approximately 303,000 workers involved in industrial disputes in March 2023. There was far less industrial action by 2024, however, due to settlements in many of the disputes, although some are ongoing as of 2025.

The median annual earnings for full-time employees in the United Kingdom was just over 39,000 British pounds in 2025, compared with 37,400 pounds in the previous year. At the start of the provided time period, in 1999, the average full-time salary in the UK was 17,800 pounds per year, with median earnings exceeding 20,000 pounds per year in 2002, and 30,000 by 2019. Wages continue to grow faster than inflation in 2025 Between November 2021 and July 2023 inflation was higher than wage growth in the UK, with wages still outpacing inflation as of March 2025. At the peak of the recent wave of high inflation in October 2022, the CPI inflation rate reached a 41-year-high of 11.1 percent, wages were growing much slower at 6.1 percent. Since that peak, inflation remained persistently high for several months, only dropping below double figures in April 2023, when inflation was 8.7 percent, down from 10.1 percent in the previous month. For 2023 as a whole, the average annual rate of inflation was 7.3 percent but fell to 2.5 percent in 2024, but is forecast to increase to 3.2 percent in 2025. Highest and lowest-paid occupations As of 2023, the highest-paid occupation in the UK was that of Chief Executives and Senior Officials, who had an average weekly pay of approximately, 1,576 pounds. By contrast, the lowest-paid occupation that year was that of retail cashiers, and check-out operators, who earned approximately 383 pounds a week. For industry sectors as a whole, people who worked full-time in the electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply sector had the highest average earnings, at 955 pounds a week, compared with 505 pounds a week in the accommodation and food services sector, the lowest average earnings in 2023.

United Kingdom UK: GDP: USD: Gross National Income per Capita: Atlas Method data was reported at 40,530.000 USD in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 42,370.000 USD for 2016. United Kingdom UK: GDP: USD: Gross National Income per Capita: Atlas Method data is updated yearly, averaging 21,055.000 USD from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2017, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 48,420.000 USD in 2008 and a record low of 2,440.000 USD in 1970. United Kingdom UK: GDP: USD: Gross National Income per Capita: Atlas Method data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s UK – Table UK.World Bank: Gross Domestic Product: Nominal. GNI per capita (formerly GNP per capita) is the gross national income, converted to U.S. dollars using the World Bank Atlas method, divided by the midyear population. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. GNI, calculated in national currency, is usually converted to U.S. dollars at official exchange rates for comparisons across economies, although an alternative rate is used when the official exchange rate is judged to diverge by an exceptionally large margin from the rate actually applied in international transactions. To smooth fluctuations in prices and exchange rates, a special Atlas method of conversion is used by the World Bank. This applies a conversion factor that averages the exchange rate for a given year and the two preceding years, adjusted for differences in rates of inflation between the country, and through 2000, the G-5 countries (France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States). From 2001, these countries include the Euro area, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.; ; World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; Weighted Average;

Graph and download economic data for Average Weekly Earnings Per Person in the United Kingdom (AWEPPUKQ) from Q1 1919 to Q4 2016 about academic data, United Kingdom, earnings, average, and per capita.

United Kingdom UK: GDP: Gross National Income data was reported at 2,004,358.000 GBP mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,916,508.000 GBP mn for 2016. United Kingdom UK: GDP: Gross National Income data is updated yearly, averaging 745,110.695 GBP mn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2017, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,004,358.000 GBP mn in 2017 and a record low of 58,012.724 GBP mn in 1970. United Kingdom UK: GDP: Gross National Income data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s UK – Table UK.World Bank: Gross Domestic Product: Nominal. GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current local currency.; ; World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; ;

The United Kingdom's economy grew by 1.1 percent in 2024, after a growth rate of 0.3 percent in 2023, 5.1 percent in 2022, 8.5 percent in 2021, and a record ten percent fall in 2020. During the provided time period, the biggest annual fall in gross domestic product before 2020 occurred in 2009, when the UK economy contracted by 4.6 percent at the height of the global financial crisis of the late 2000s. Before 2021, the year with the highest annual GDP growth rate was 1973, when the UK economy grew by 6.5 percent. UK economy growing but GDP per capita falling In 2022, the UK's GDP per capita amounted to approximately 37,371 pounds, with this falling to 37,028 pounds in 2023, and 36,977 pounds in 2024. While the UK economy as a whole grew during this time, the UK's population grew at a faster rate, resulting in the negative growth in GDP per capita. This suggests the UK economy's struggles with productivity are not only stagnating, but getting worse. The relatively poor economic performance of the UK in recent years has not gone unnoticed by the electorate, with the economy consistently seen as the most important issue for voters since 2022. Recent shocks to UK economy In the second quarter of 2020, the UK economy shrank by a record 20.3 percent at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although there was a relatively swift economic recovery initially, the economy has struggled to grow much beyond its pre-pandemic size, and was only around 3.1 percent larger in December 2024, when compared with December 2019. Although the labor market has generally been quite resilient during this time, a long twenty-month period between 2021 and 2023 saw prices rise faster than wages, and inflation surge to a high of 11.1 percent in October 2022.

The New Earnings Survey is almost certainly the most detailed and comprehensive earnings series anywhere in the world. It is a one in a hundred sample survey of employees in Britain, giving information on aspects of earnings and employment based on a week in April each year. The NES enquiry is conducted by the Department of Employment under the provisions of the Statistics of Trade Act (1947). Under the terms of this Act, data so obtained and relating solely to any individual may not be released into the public domain. All the data described here are in a form that ensures that there is no disclosure of individual information. They have been processed into a minimally aggregated form approved by the Department of Employment: any data record released relates to an aggregate of not less than three individuals.

United Kingdom UK: GDP: USD: Gross National Income: Atlas Method data was reported at 2,675.928 USD bn in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2,778.979 USD bn for 2016. United Kingdom UK: GDP: USD: Gross National Income: Atlas Method data is updated yearly, averaging 1,213.720 USD bn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2017, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,992.672 USD bn in 2008 and a record low of 136.009 USD bn in 1970. United Kingdom UK: GDP: USD: Gross National Income: Atlas Method data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s UK – Table UK.World Bank: Gross Domestic Product: Nominal. GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current U.S. dollars. GNI, calculated in national currency, is usually converted to U.S. dollars at official exchange rates for comparisons across economies, although an alternative rate is used when the official exchange rate is judged to diverge by an exceptionally large margin from the rate actually applied in international transactions. To smooth fluctuations in prices and exchange rates, a special Atlas method of conversion is used by the World Bank. This applies a conversion factor that averages the exchange rate for a given year and the two preceding years, adjusted for differences in rates of inflation between the country, and through 2000, the G-5 countries (France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States). From 2001, these countries include the Euro area, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.; ; World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; Gap-filled total;

United Kingdom UK: BOP: Current Account: Secondary Income: Receipts data was reported at 24.816 USD bn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 24.548 USD bn for 2016. United Kingdom UK: BOP: Current Account: Secondary Income: Receipts data is updated yearly, averaging 13.993 USD bn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2017, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 32.238 USD bn in 2006 and a record low of 552.000 USD mn in 1970. United Kingdom UK: BOP: Current Account: Secondary Income: Receipts data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.World Bank.WDI: Balance of Payments: Current Account. Secondary income refers to transfers recorded in the balance of payments whenever an economy provides or receives goods, services, income, or financial items without a quid pro quo. All transfers not considered to be capital are current. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files.; Sum; Note: Data are based on the sixth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6) and are only available from 2005 onwards.

The effects of direct and indirect taxation and benefits received in cash or kind on household income, across the generations and by age.

This data is estimated by combining multiple years of the Living Costs and Food Survey from 1978 to financial year ending March 2017 and the Household Finances Statistics, from financial year ending 2018 to financial year ending 2021 with the exception of 1979 and 1981. All financial amounts are adjusted for inflation using the Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers’ housing costs (CPIH) excluding Council Tax, to their financial year ending March 2018. For example, the mean disposable income for those aged 35 and born in the 1970’s (£35,752) is estimated by taking the average (in real terms) of the household disposable income for these people across the combined dataset.

United Kingdom UK: BOP: Current Account: Secondary Income: Other Sectors: Payments data was reported at 26.555 USD bn in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 26.830 USD bn for 2016. United Kingdom UK: BOP: Current Account: Secondary Income: Other Sectors: Payments data is updated yearly, averaging 15.388 USD bn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2017, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 32.354 USD bn in 2008 and a record low of 583.200 USD mn in 1970. United Kingdom UK: BOP: Current Account: Secondary Income: Other Sectors: Payments data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.World Bank.WDI: Balance of Payments: Current Account. Secondary income refers to transfers recorded in the balance of payments whenever an economy provides or receives goods, services, income, or financial items without a quid pro quo. All transfers not considered to be capital are current. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files.; Sum; Note: Data are based on the sixth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6) and are only available from 2005 onwards.

In 2024, gross domestic product per capita in the United Kingdom was 40,172 British pounds, compared with 40,162 pounds in the previous year. In general, while GDP per capita has grown quite consistently throughout this period, there are noticeable declines, especially between 2007 and 2009, and between 2019 and 2020, due to the Global Financial Crisis, and COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. Why is GDP per capita stagnating when the economy is growing? During the last two years that GDP per capita fell and then stagnated in the UK, the overall economy grew by 0.4 percent in 2023 and 1.1 percent in 2024. While the overall UK economy is therefore larger than it was in 2022, the UK's population has grown at a faster rate, resulting in the lower GDP per capita figure. The long-term slump in the UK's productivity, as measured by output per hour worked, has meant that the gap between GDP growth and GDP per capita growth has been widening for some time. Economy remains the main concern of UK voters As of February 2025, the economy was seen as the main issue facing the UK, just ahead of immigration, health, and several other problems in the country. While Brexit was seen as the most important issue before COVID-19, and concerns about health were dominant throughout 2020 and 2021, the economy has generally been the primary facing voters issue since 2022. The surge in inflation throughout 2022 and 2023, and the impact this had on wages and living standards, resulted in a very tough period for UK households. As of January 2025, 57 percent of households were still noticing rising living costs, although this is down from a peak of 91 percent in August 2022.

United Kingdom UK: GDP: 2010 Price: USD: Gross National Income data was reported at 2,711.810 USD bn in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,655.347 USD bn for 2015. United Kingdom UK: GDP: 2010 Price: USD: Gross National Income data is updated yearly, averaging 1,662.701 USD bn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2016, with 47 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,711.810 USD bn in 2016 and a record low of 994.237 USD bn in 1970. United Kingdom UK: GDP: 2010 Price: USD: Gross National Income data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s UK – Table UK.World Bank: Gross Domestic Product: Real. GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in constant 2010 U.S. dollars.; ; World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; Gap-filled total;

Selection of time series of different scientific publications and of publication of the official statistics:

EUROSTAT, European Statistical Office OECD: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development; ONS: Office for National Statistics, England; SCB: Statistiska Centralbyran, Sweden; Federal Statistical Office, Wiesbaden. Deutschland; WHO: World Health Organization.

United Kingdom UK: GDP: USD: Gross National Income data was reported at 2,579.603 USD bn in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2,587.657 USD bn for 2016. United Kingdom UK: GDP: USD: Gross National Income data is updated yearly, averaging 1,189.883 USD bn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2017, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,095.884 USD bn in 2007 and a record low of 139.219 USD bn in 1970. United Kingdom UK: GDP: USD: Gross National Income data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s UK – Table UK.World Bank: Gross Domestic Product: Nominal. GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; Gap-filled total;

United Kingdom UK: GDP: USD: Net Income from Abroad data was reported at -31.229 USD bn in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of -39.334 USD bn for 2015. United Kingdom UK: GDP: USD: Net Income from Abroad data is updated yearly, averaging -358.819 USD mn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2016, with 47 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 59.316 USD bn in 2005 and a record low of -39.334 USD bn in 2015. United Kingdom UK: GDP: USD: Net Income from Abroad data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Nominal. Net income includes the net labor income and net property and entrepreneurial income components of the SNA. Labor income covers compensation of employees paid to nonresident workers. Property and entrepreneurial income covers investment income from the ownership of foreign financial claims (interest, dividends, rent, etc.) and nonfinancial property income (patents, copyrights, etc.). Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; ;

United Kingdom UK: BOP: Current Account: Primary Income: Payments data was reported at 268.751 USD bn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 255.268 USD bn for 2016. United Kingdom UK: BOP: Current Account: Primary Income: Payments data is updated yearly, averaging 137.610 USD bn from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2017, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 635.366 USD bn in 2007 and a record low of 2.155 USD bn in 1970. United Kingdom UK: BOP: Current Account: Primary Income: Payments data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.World Bank.WDI: Balance of Payments: Current Account. Primary income payments refer to employee compensation paid to nonresident workers and investment income (payments on direct investment, portfolio investment, other investments). Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files.; Sum; Note: Data are based on the sixth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6) and are only available from 2005 onwards.

The 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70) is a longitudinal birth cohort study, following a nationally representative sample of over 17,000 people born in England, Scotland and Wales in a single week of 1970. Cohort members have been surveyed throughout their childhood and adult lives, mapping their individual trajectories and creating a unique resource for researchers. It is one of very few longitudinal studies following people of this generation anywhere in the world.

Since 1970, cohort members have been surveyed at ages 5, 10, 16, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46, and 51. Featuring a range of objective measures and rich self-reported data, BCS70 covers an incredible amount of ground and can be used in research on many topics. Evidence from BCS70 has illuminated important issues for our society across five decades. Key findings include how reading for pleasure matters for children's cognitive development, why grammar schools have not reduced social inequalities, and how childhood experiences can impact on mental health in mid-life. Every day researchers from across the scientific community are using this important study to make new connections and discoveries.

BCS70 is run by the Centre for Longitudinal Studies (CLS), a research centre in the UCL Institute of Education, which is part of University College London. The content of BCS70 studies, including questions, topics and variables can be explored via the CLOSER Discovery website.

How to access genetic and/or bio-medical sample data from a range of longitudinal surveys:
For information on how to access biomedical data from BCS70 that are not held at the UKDS, see the CLS Genetic data and biological samples webpage.

Polygenic Indices
Polygenic indices are available under Special Licence SN 9439. Derived summary scores have been created that combine the estimated effects of many different genes on a specific trait or characteristic, such as a person's risk of Alzheimer's disease, asthma, substance abuse, or mental health disorders, for example. These polygenic scores can be combined with existing survey data to offer a more nuanced understanding of how cohort members' outcomes may be shaped.

Secure Access datasets
Secure Access versions of BCS70 have more restrictive access conditions than versions available under the standard Safeguarded Licence.

SN 9115 - 1970 British Cohort Study: Sweeps 1-11, 1970-2024: Secure Access currently includes sensitive survey data from Sweep 10 and 11, as well as Activity Histories data.

Researchers applying for access to the Secure Access BCS70 datasets should indicate on their ESRC Accredited Researcher application form the EUL dataset(s) that they also wish to access (selected from the BCS70 Series Access web page).

Latest edition information
For the third edition (March 2025), sensitive data from the Sweep 11, age 51 survey have been added.

United Kingdom UK: GDP: GNI per Capita data was reported at 30,358.815 GBP in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 29,217.036 GBP for 2016. United Kingdom UK: GDP: GNI per Capita data is updated yearly, averaging 12,892.396 GBP from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2017, with 48 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 30,358.815 GBP in 2017 and a record low of 1,042.209 GBP in 1970. United Kingdom UK: GDP: GNI per Capita data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Nominal. GNI per capita is gross national income divided by midyear population. GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current local currency.; ; World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.; ;

United Kingdom UK: GDP: 2010 Price: USD: Adjusted Net National Income per Capita data was reported at 36,270.323 USD in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 35,707.685 USD for 2015. United Kingdom UK: GDP: 2010 Price: USD: Adjusted Net National Income per Capita data is updated yearly, averaging 22,940.866 USD from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2016, with 47 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 36,270.323 USD in 2016 and a record low of 15,306.936 USD in 1970. United Kingdom UK: GDP: 2010 Price: USD: Adjusted Net National Income per Capita data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.World Bank.WDI: Gross Domestic Product: Real. Adjusted net national income is GNI minus consumption of fixed capital and natural resources depletion.; ; World Bank staff estimates based on sources and methods in World Bank's 'The Changing Wealth of Nations: Measuring Sustainable Development in the New Millennium' (2011).; Weighted average;