Estimates of the risk of hospital admission for coronavirus (COVID-19) and death involving COVID-19 by vaccination status, overall and by age group, using anonymised linked data from Census 2021. Experimental Statistics.

Outcome definitions

For this analysis, we define a death as involving COVID-19 if either of the ICD-10 codes U07.1 (COVID-19, virus identified) or U07.2 (COVID-19, virus not identified) is mentioned on the death certificate. Information on cause of death coding is available in the User Guide to Mortality Statistics. We use date of occurrance rather than date of registration to give the date of the death.

We define COVID-109 hospitalisation as an inpatient episode in Hospital Episode Statistics where the primary diagnosis was COVID-19, identified by the ICD-19 codes (COVID-19, virus identified) or U07.2 (COVID-19, virus not identified). Where an individual had experienced more than one COVID-19 hospitalisation, the earliest that occurred within the study period was used. We define the date of COVID-19 hospitalisation as the start of the hospital episode.

ICD-10 code

U07.1 :

COVID-19, virus identified

U07.2:

COVID-19, virus not identified

Vaccination status is defined by the dose and the time since the last dose received

Unvaccinated:

no vaccination to less than 21 days post first dose

First dose 21 days to 3 months:

more than or equal to 21 days post second dose to earliest of less than 91 days post first dose or less than 21 days post second dose

First dose 3+ months:

more than or equal to 91 days post first dose to less than 21 days post second dose

Second dose 21 days to 3 months:

more than or equal to 21 days post second dose to earliest of less than 91 days post second dose or less than 21 days post third dose

Second dose 3-6 months:

more than or equal to 91 days post second dose to earliest of less than 182 days post second dose or less than 21 days post third dose

Second dose 6+ months:

more than or equal to 182 days post second dose to less than 21 days post third dose

Third dose 21 days to 3 months:

more than or equal to 21 days post third dose to less than 91 days post third dose

Third dose 3+ months:

more than or equal to 91 days post third dose

Model adjustments

Three sets of model adjustments were used

Age adjusted:

age (as a natural spline)

Age, socio-demographics adjusted:

age (as a natural spline), plus socio-demographic characteristics (sex, region, ethnicity, religion, IMD decile, NSSEC category, highest qualification, English language proficiency, key worker status)

Fully adjusted:

age (as a natural spline), plus socio-demographic characteristics (sex, region, ethnicity, religion, IMD decile, NSSEC category, highest qualification, English language proficiency, key worker status), plus health-related characteristics (disability, self-reported health, care home residency, number of QCovid comorbidities (grouped), BMI category, frailty flag and hospitalisation within the last 21 days.

Age

Age in years is defined on the Census day 2021 (21 March 2021). Age is included in the model as a natural spline with boundary knots at the 10th and 90th centiles and internal knots at the 25th, 50th and 75th centiles. The positions of the knots are calculated separately for the overall model and for each age group for the stratified model.

Estimates of the risk of hospital admission for coronavirus (COVID-19) and death involving COVID-19 by vaccination status, in England, using anonymised linked data from Census 2021. Vaccine effectiveness estimates are given for the whole study population and stratified by age groups. Experimental Statistics.

As of July 13, 2022, approximately 53.7 million people in the United Kingdom had received the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccination. The UK was the first country in the world to approve the use of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, and began inoculations on December 8, 2020. Nearly all the vaccines currently being used in the UK require two doses for full efficacy to occur, and according to the latest data around 50.3 million people had received their second dose of the immunization. Furthermore, 40.1 million booster vaccinations had been administered.

The total number of cases in the UK can be found here. For further information about the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.

This statistic displays the views of general practitioners towards the effectiveness and safety of vaccinations in the United Kingdom in 2020. Nearly every GP surveyed agreed that the MMR vaccine is safe.

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Covid-19 Vaccination Market 2024-2028

The covid-19 vaccination market size is forecast to increase by USD -32.76 billion, at a CAGR of -37.4% between 2023 and 2028. The market is experiencing significant growth due to the expansion of vaccination programs worldwide. Governments and international organizations are investing heavily in vaccination initiatives to contain the spread of the virus. The rising research and development (R&D) investment in the development of Covid-19 vaccines is another major growth factor. However, the high cost of production of Covid-19 vaccines poses a significant challenge to market growth. Manufacturers are exploring various strategies to reduce production costs while maintaining vaccine efficacy and safety. The market is expected to witness strong growth in the coming years as more effective and affordable vaccines become available. poiuyfrtyh

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Market Dynamics

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about an unprecedented global health crisis, leading to the development of numerous vaccines to mitigate its impact. This content focuses on various aspects of COVID-19 vaccines, including production, distribution, administration, efficacy, safety, and regulations. COVID-19 vaccine production has been a top priority for researchers and pharmaceutical companies worldwide. Several manufacturers have developed vaccines using various technologies such as mRNA, viral vector, and protein subunit, undergoing rigorous testing and clinical trials to ensure safety and efficacy. Once vaccines receive approval from regulatory bodies, they are distributed to healthcare facilities and vaccination centers, requiring careful planning and coordination. Governments and international organizations are working to ensure equitable distribution, prioritizing vulnerable populations and herd immunity. Vaccine administration involves healthcare professionals delivering vaccines through injections, with proper training and safety protocols to minimize adverse reactions. Efficacy refers to the vaccine's ability to prevent infection or reduce the severity of symptoms, with most vaccines showing high efficacy rates, ranging from 60% to 95%. Vaccine safety is monitored closely, and while common side effects include pain and swelling at the injection site, fever, and fatigue, serious side effects are rare.

Vaccine procurement involves purchasing vaccines from manufacturers, with governments securing supplies through contracts and partnerships. Vaccine allocation ensures that vaccines are distributed to specific populations, with priority given to vulnerable groups like healthcare workers and the elderly. Vaccine prioritization determines which populations should receive vaccines first, based on risk factors. Vaccine passports are digital or physical documents that prove vaccination status, and may be required for travel or work, with regulations varying by jurisdiction. Vaccine mandates, which require vaccination for employment or participation in certain activities, remain a controversial issue. Vaccine regulations ensure vaccines are safe and effective, and policies governing vaccine use in schools, workplaces, and travel may change as supplies and public health conditions evolve.

Covid-19 Vaccination Market Driver

The expansion of vaccination programs is the key driver of the market. The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing demand for vaccines as governments and healthcare organizations prioritize widespread vaccination to control the virus and achieve herd immunity. This heightened demand leads to increased production and sales for vaccine manufacturers, resulting in long-term procurement contracts being signed to ensure a consistent vaccine supply. These contracts provide stability and revenue for manufacturers, with more contracts expected to be established as vaccination programs expand.

Vaccine distribution, administration, and logistics are crucial elements in the vaccine market, requiring efficient vaccine storage, transportation, and scheduling. Vaccine safety, efficacy, and monitoring are also vital considerations, along with addressing vaccine hesitancy and acceptance through education and outreach efforts. Vaccine regulations, policies, and campaigns are essential in ensuring vaccine coverage, immunity, and compliance with side effects and potential mandates or certificates.

Covid-19 Vaccination Market Trends

Rising research and development investment is the upcoming trend in the market. The Covid-19 pandemic has necessitated the rapid development, production, and distribution of vaccines to prevent and treat the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Governments and the private sector have collaborated to invest in va

The MMR vaccine in the United Kingdom is a combined vaccine which immunizes against measles, mumps and rubella. In 2023/24, 85.6 percent of children in Scotland had received the second dose of the vaccine by their fifth birthday, compared to 83.9 percent of children in England. Rise of measles in recent years In 2018, there were 989 cases of measles in England and Wales, this was the highest number of annual recorded cases since 2013. From 2000 to 2019, cases of measles generally increased in England and Wales. Views towards vaccines in the UK In the UK most of the population believe in the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. A 2018 survey of British respondents showed that 89 percent of the population believed that vaccines are important for children to have. In the same survey question, sixteen other European countries had a higher belief in the importance of child vaccinations than the UK, compared to twenty-one other countries which scored lower than the UK.

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Vaccine Research Market Size 2024-2028

The vaccine research market size is forecast to increase by USD 21.4 billion, at a CAGR of 10.84% between 2023 and 2028.

The market is driven by the high prevalence of infectious diseases worldwide, necessitating the continuous development of new and effective vaccines. The adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in vaccine research and development (R&D) is a significant trend, enabling faster discovery and analysis of potential vaccine candidates. However, the market faces substantial challenges. The high cost of vaccine R&D and manufacturing remains a major obstacle, requiring substantial investment and resources to bring new vaccines to market. Additionally, the complex regulatory landscape and the need for extensive clinical trials add to the challenges, necessitating strategic planning and collaboration among stakeholders to navigate these hurdles effectively.
Companies seeking to capitalize on market opportunities must focus on innovative approaches to vaccine development, leveraging AI and collaborative partnerships to reduce costs and accelerate the R&D process. Navigating regulatory challenges and maintaining a strong focus on safety and efficacy will be essential for success in this dynamic market.

What will be the Size of the Vaccine Research Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2018-2022 and forecasts 2024-2028 - in the full report.
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The market continues to evolve, shaped by various dynamics and applications across numerous sectors. Disease burden and emerging infectious diseases necessitate ongoing research and development, driving the need for innovative vaccine delivery systems and effective funding mechanisms. Government grants and private investment play crucial roles in advancing research, particularly for chronic diseases and immunocompromised individuals. The vaccine landscape is further influenced by the complexities of vaccine hesitancy, potency assays, and adverse events. Predictive and mathematical modeling, cost-effectiveness analysis, and machine learning contribute to enhancing vaccine administration and distribution. GMP manufacturing, global immunization initiatives, and clinical research are integral components of this dynamic market.

Regulatory approvals, health equity, antigenic drift, and vaccine surveillance are essential elements in ensuring vaccine efficacy and safety. Universal health coverage, immunological memory, and personalized medicine are transforming the vaccine industry, with genetic sequencing and intellectual property playing key roles. Antimicrobial resistance, herd immunity, and vaccine effectiveness are ongoing concerns, requiring continuous research and innovation. Epidemiological modeling, vaccine manufacturing, and storage are critical in addressing disease outbreaks and pandemics. Data analysis, national immunization programs, and sterility testing are essential in long-term safety and post-marketing surveillance. Biopharmaceutical companies engage in various clinical trials, from phase 1 to phase 3, to bring new vaccines to market.

Value-based healthcare, public health policy, and immunization schedules influence vaccine distribution and vaccination rates. Outbreak response, cold chain logistics, and viral evolution are crucial aspects of pandemic preparedness. The market is a dynamic and ever-evolving landscape, shaped by the ongoing challenges and advancements in vaccine development and distribution.

How is this Vaccine Research Industry segmented?

The vaccine research industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

End-user

  Public
  Private


Age Group

  Pediatric
  Adult


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    Germany
    UK


  APAC

    China


  Rest of World (ROW)

.

By End-user Insights

The public segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Government entities, including the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), play a significant role in vaccine research. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments worldwide have made substantial investments in vaccine development, funding every stage from basic science to clinical trials. These efforts led to the creation of several effective vaccines. Government grants have been instrumental in advancing research on chronic diseases, immunocompromised individuals, and antigenic drift. Vaccine delivery systems, potency assays, adverse events, predictive modeling, mathematical modeling, cost-effectiveness analysis, and vaccine administration are all

Evaluating the effectiveness of the human papillomavirus vaccination (HPV) programme using regression discontinuity design.

In the last two years, the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a scientific and social challenge worldwide. Vaccines have been the most effective intervention for reducing virus transmission and disease severity. However, virus genetic variants are still circulating among vaccinated individuals with different symptomatology disease cases. Understanding the protective or disease associated mechanisms in vaccinated individuals is relevant to advance in vaccine development and implementation. To address this objective, serum protein profiles were characterized by quantitative proteomics and data analysis algorithms in four cohorts of vaccinated individuals uninfected and SARS-CoV-2 infected with asymptomatic, nonsevere and severe disease symptomatology. The results showed that immunoglobulins were the most overrepresented proteins in infected cohorts when compared to PCR-negative individuals. The immunoglobulin profile varied between different infected cohorts and correlated with protective or disease associated capacity. Overrepresented immunoglobulins in PCR-positive individuals correlated with protective response against SARS-CoV-2, other viruses, and thrombosis in asymptomatic cases. In nonsevere cases, correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 and HBV together with risk of myasthenia gravis and allergy and autoantibodies were observed. Patients with severe symptoms presented risk for allergy, chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and autoantibodies. The analysis of underrepresented immunoglobulins in PCR-positive compared to PCR-negative individuals identified vaccine-induced protective epitopes in various coronavirus proteins including the Spike receptor-binding domain RBD. Non-immunoglobulin proteins were associated with COVID-19 symptoms and biological processes. These results evidence host-associated differences in response to vaccination and the possibility of improving vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.

Supplementary Information Files for Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK: The Oxford Coronavirus explanations, attitudes, and narratives survey (OCEANS) IIBackground: Our aim was to estimate provisional willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine, identify predictive socio-demographic factors, and, principally, determine potential causes in order to guide information provision. Methods: A non-probability online survey was conducted (24th September-17th October 2020) with 5,114 UK adults, quota sampled to match the population for age, gender, ethnicity, income, and region. The Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Scale assessed intent to take an approved vaccine. Structural equation modelling estimated explanatory factor relationships. Results: 71.7% (n=3,667) were willing to be vaccinated, 16.6% (n=849) were very unsure, and 11.7% (n=598) were strongly hesitant. An excellent model fit (RMSEA=0.05/CFI=0.97/TLI=0.97), explaining 86% of variance in hesitancy, was provided by beliefs about the collective importance, efficacy, side effects, and speed of development of a COVID-19 vaccine. A second model, with reasonable fit (RMSEA=0.03/CFI=0.93/TLI=0.92), explaining 32% of variance, highlighted two higher-order explanatory factors: ‘excessive mistrust’ (r=0.51), including conspiracy beliefs, negative views of doctors, and need for chaos, and ‘positive healthcare experiences’ (r=-0.48), including supportive doctor interactions and good NHS care. Hesitancy was associated with younger age, female gender, lower income, and ethnicity, but socio-demographic information explained little variance (9.8%). Hesitancy was associated with lower adherence to social distancing guidelines. Conclusions: COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is relatively evenly spread across the population. Willingness to take a vaccine is closely bound to recognition of the collective importance. Vaccine public information that highlights prosocial benefits may be especially effective. Factors such as conspiracy beliefs that foster mistrust and erode social cohesion will lower vaccine up-take.

mRNA Vaccine and Therapeutics Market Outlook

The global mRNA Vaccine and Therapeutics market size was valued at approximately USD 46 billion in 2023 and is anticipated to reach about USD 139 billion by 2032, growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13.2% during the forecast period. This remarkable growth can be attributed to the increasing prevalence of infectious diseases, advancements in biotechnology, and the rapid development and approval of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, which have paved the way for broader applications of mRNA technology in therapeutics.

A significant driving factor for the growth of the mRNA Vaccine and Therapeutics market is the unprecedented success and efficacy of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. The COVID-19 pandemic showcased the capability of mRNA technology to deliver rapid, scalable, and effective vaccine solutions. This has not only boosted public and governmental confidence in mRNA platforms but also accelerated research and investment in the field. The versatility of mRNA technology, which can be adapted swiftly for various pathogens, provides a robust foundation for the continued expansion of its applications in other infectious diseases and beyond.

Moreover, ongoing advancements in biotechnology and genetic research are propelling the development of novel mRNA therapies. The ability of mRNA technology to instruct cells to produce specific proteins opens up new avenues for treating a wide range of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and rare genetic conditions. Innovations in delivery mechanisms, such as lipid nanoparticles, have enhanced the stability and efficacy of mRNA therapeutics, further driving market growth. Additionally, partnerships and collaborations between pharmaceutical companies and research institutions are fostering an ecosystem conducive to rapid development and commercialization of mRNA-based products.

Another crucial growth factor is the increasing investment from both public and private sectors. Governments worldwide are recognizing the potential of mRNA technology and are funding research initiatives to explore its full capabilities. Simultaneously, venture capitalists and pharmaceutical giants are investing heavily in mRNA startups and R&D projects, aiming to capitalize on the promising future of mRNA therapeutics. These investments are not only accelerating the pace of innovation but also expanding the pipeline of mRNA-based drugs and vaccines targeting a variety of diseases.

From a regional perspective, North America holds the largest share of the mRNA Vaccine and Therapeutics market, driven by substantial R&D investments, a strong biotechnology industry, and favorable regulatory frameworks. Europe follows closely, with significant contributions from countries like Germany, the UK, and France. The Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness the fastest growth, fueled by rising healthcare expenditure, increasing awareness about advanced therapeutics, and expanding biopharmaceutical manufacturing capabilities in countries like China and India. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa regions, while currently smaller markets, are expected to grow steadily due to improving healthcare infrastructures and increasing access to advanced medical treatments.

RNA-Based Therapeutics and Vaccines represent a transformative approach in modern medicine, offering the potential to treat a wide array of diseases beyond traditional methods. Unlike conventional vaccines and therapeutics, RNA-based solutions utilize the body's cellular machinery to produce proteins that can combat diseases directly. This innovative approach not only allows for rapid development and deployment in response to emerging health threats but also provides a platform for personalized medicine. As research and development in this field advance, the potential applications of RNA-based therapeutics and vaccines continue to expand, promising new treatments for conditions that were previously difficult to address.

Product Type Analysis

The mRNA Vaccine and Therapeutics market can be segmented by product type into mRNA Vaccines and mRNA Therapeutics. The mRNA Vaccines segment has garnered significant attention and investment, particularly due to the success of COVID-19 vaccines developed by companies such as Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna. These vacci

Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in non-endemic countries can lead to large economic costs and livestock losses but the use of vaccination has been contentious, partly due to uncertainty about emergency FMD vaccination. Value of information methods can be applied to disease outbreak problems such as FMD in order to investigate the performance improvement from resolving uncertainties. Here we calculate the expected value of resolving uncertainty about vaccine efficacy, time delay to immunity after vaccination and daily vaccination capacity for a hypothetical FMD outbreak in the UK. If it were possible to resolve all uncertainty prior to the introduction of control, we could expect savings of £55 million in outbreak cost, 221,900 livestock culled and 4.3 days of outbreak duration. All vaccination strategies were found to be preferable to a culling only strategy. However, the optimal vaccination radius was found to be highly dependent upon vaccination capacity for all management objectives. We calculate that by resolving the uncertainty surrounding vaccination capacity we would expect to return over 85% of the above savings, regardless of management objective. It may be possible to resolve uncertainty about daily vaccination capacity before an outbreak, and this would enable decision makers to select the optimal control action via careful contingency planning.

This statistic displays the results of a survey asking individuals in the United Kingdom whether they believe that vaccines are effective in preventing infectious diseases in 2019. According to the results, 53 percent of respondents definitely believe that vaccines are effective in preventing disease, while only seven percent of respondents are do not believe in vaccines to some extent.

This project was funded as part of UKRI’s rapid response to COVID-19 to provide real-time data to support the development of tailored public health guidance about the COVID-19 vaccine for ethnic minority communities in the UK. The aim of this study was to understand the impact of public health communications on the experiences and beliefs about COVID-19 vaccinations for minority ethnic groups in the UK. This involved: • A rapid systematic literature review of factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination uptake in minority ethnic groups. • Three waves of in-depth interviews and focus groups with (i) practitioners in local public health and community organisations, and (ii) residents from diverse communities in London and Birmingham were conducted between September 2021 and June 2022. • Collation of COVID-19 vaccine communications targeting Black and Asian audiences in the UK that were released between January 2021 and June 2022. Practitioner interviews identified public health communication challenges relating to the knowledge, skills and capacity required to develop appropriately tailored messages. They also demonstrated the effectiveness of co-produced, two-way local communications using trusted expert sources and communication channels that are preferred by communities. Resident interviews highlighted differences within- and between- minority ethnic group attitudes and experiences. They also indicated that anti-vax messages were being shared via multiple sources with varying impacts, including on community cohesion as well as vaccine behaviours. The longitudinal design revealed that strongly positive and negative vaccine attitudes held over time, but also showed changes in attitudes, risk perceptions and behaviours relating to individual and peer experiences during the pandemic, as well as changes in government and public health responses. These findings suggest that the experience of the COVID-19 vaccine has increased delay or refusal of other routinely available vaccines, due to increased information-seeking and a desire to regain autonomy over health decision-making.

Psychological drivers of behaviour can help explain why individuals engage in protective and risky health behaviours. Understanding behavioural determinants can inform strategies to promote behaviour change and using a theory-driven approach underpinned by behavioural science, facilitates a more detailed understanding of mechanisms of change. Evidence indicates some minority ethnic groups have lower intentions to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. This is of considerable concern given higher COVID-19 incidence, morbidity, and mortality among minority ethnic groups. There is limited evidence of the reasons underpinning vaccine hesitancy in minority ethnic groups in the UK, but emerging evidence indicates it is related to beliefs about vaccine safety/efficacy and issues of mistrust towards formal services, as well as practical barriers such as access. This study will involve three waves of in-depth interviews and focus groups with minority ethnic community members and organisations in London and Birmingham to understand (i) specific barriers and facilitators of vaccine uptake, (ii) changes in COVID-19 vaccination risk perceptions over time, (iii) challenges and strategies for building and sustaining community support for vaccination programmes, and (iv) the impact of public health campaigns on vaccination intention. We will also evaluate national and local campaigns across the UK to identify mechanisms of action of health messages using a behavioural science framework. This will facilitate the rapid development of evidence-based, theoretically informed, tailored health messages that are critical for the ongoing success of the UK mass vaccination programme. It will also support the sustained community engagement that is crucial for optimising public health outcomes.

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Human Combination Vaccines Market Size 2025-2029

The human combination vaccines market size is forecast to increase by USD 7.72 billion, at a CAGR of 8.8% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is characterized by significant growth opportunities and challenges. Key drivers include the increasing prevalence of infectious diseases and the need for more effective multi-dose vaccines. For instance, the combination of Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP) vaccines has proven effective in mitigating the spread of these diseases. Similarly, the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccines have demonstrated success in preventing associated cancers and infectious diseases, respectively. However, challenges persist in the form of increasing antiviral drug resistance, which can reduce the efficacy of some vaccines. Sterility assurance and quality control are essential components of vaccine production, ensuring safety and efficacy.
Additionally, the threat from bioterrorism necessitates the development of combination vaccines against potential agents, such as anthrax and smallpox. Furthermore, the consolidation of different immunization schedules across various countries adds complexity to vaccine development and distribution. Companies operating in this market must navigate these challenges while capitalizing on the growing demand for combination vaccines to ensure long-term success.

What will be the Size of the Human Combination Vaccines Market during the forecast period?

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The market continues to evolve, driven by advancements in vaccine technology and the persistent threat of infectious diseases. Tetanus vaccine, nasal vaccines, meningococcal vaccine, mumps vaccine, and Hib vaccine are among the many types of vaccines that play a crucial role in disease prevention. Cold chain management is a critical aspect of ensuring vaccine efficacy, particularly for temperature-sensitive vaccines. Infectious diseases remain a significant global health concern, necessitating ongoing research and development in vaccine technologies. Virus-like particles, nanoparticle vaccines, oral vaccines, and recombinant vaccines are among the novel approaches being explored.

Public health initiatives prioritize vaccination programs, with combination vaccines, such as MMR and pentavalent, streamlining immunization schedules and improving herd immunity. Regulatory approval processes and clinical trials are ongoing for new vaccines, including HPV, polio, pneumococcal, and measles vaccines. Vaccine delivery systems continue to advance, with microneedle patches and mRNA vaccines offering potential solutions for improved access and administration. Ongoing challenges include vaccine acceptance, vaccine hesitancy, and economic impact, requiring continuous dialogue and collaboration between stakeholders in the public and private sectors. Disease prevention remains a top priority, with ongoing efforts to improve vaccine development, regulatory approval, and immunization rates.

Live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, and subunit vaccines all contribute to the diverse landscape of the market. The market's continuous dynamism underscores the importance of ongoing research and innovation in vaccine technology and delivery. Additionally, strategic partnerships and collaborations can help streamline vaccine production and distribution, enabling companies to address the challenges posed by the consolidation of immunization schedules.

How is this Human Combination Vaccines Industry segmented?

The human combination vaccines industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  Inactivated vaccine
  Live attenuated vaccine


Channel

  Hospitals
  Retailers
  Online


Route Of Administration

  Intramuscular
  Subcutaneous
  Oral
  Intradermal
  Nasal spray


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada
    Mexico


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The inactivated vaccine segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The inactivated vaccine segment dominates the market due to its better tolerability and fewer complications when multiple antigens are involved. These vaccines are developed using pathogen particles that have been destroyed or killed, ensuring they cannot divide. Inactivated combination vaccines address the challenge of producing complex vaccines by minimizing potential incompatibilities and interactions among different antigens and ingredients. The market is driven by the ongoing research and development in vaccine technologies, including nanoparticles, virus-like particles, and re

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Mono Vaccine Market Size 2024-2028

The mono vaccine market size is forecast to increase by USD2.47 billion at a CAGR of 4.5% between 2023 and 2028. The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing pediatric population and the rise in mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in the healthcare industry. However, the development, storage, and handling of vaccines present challenges. One major concern is ensuring the human vaccines maintain their potency and stability, which requires an airtight seal and proper preservation. Additionally, mono vaccines must be color-variation free to prevent potential misidentification. High-risk populations, such as HIV-positive individuals and alcoholics, require special handling to ensure vaccine efficacy. Scarifier technology is increasingly being used to improve vaccine efficacy and reduce the need for multiple doses.

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The market encompasses the production and distribution of sterile, multiple puncture tuberculin tests used for diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) in various sectors. These tests, which include Old Tuberculin (OT), are essential components of clinical use in office settings and institutions such as alcohol and drug rehabilitation centers, long-term care facilities, correctional institutions, mental institutions, nursing homes, and residential facilities. Sterile tuberculin tests are disposable diagnostic tools designed for intradermal application. The test involves the use of a scarifier to create small punctures in the skin, followed by the application of tuberculin.

The Mantoux method, a common technique for administering the test, requires the injection of a specific dosage of tuberculin, typically with the assistance of ether or acetone. Tuberculosis screening programs rely on these tests to identify individuals with tuberculosis sensitivity. The diagnostic procedure involves monitoring the development of erythema and induration at the injection site. If the reaction is significant, a chest x-ray and microbiological examination of sputum (sputa) may be necessary for confirmation. The advantages of sterile intradermal tests are numerous. They offer high sensitivity, reducing the risk of false negative results. However, it is crucial to note that no diagnostic test is foolproof, and false negatives can occur.

Moreover, these tests are easily administered, making them an ideal choice for large-scale screening programs. The market caters to various sectors, including healthcare facilities and institutions. The tests are essential for identifying and managing TB cases, particularly among high-risk populations such as alcoholics, intravenous drug users, and residents of long-term care facilities, correctional institutions, mental institutions, nursing homes, and residential facilities. In summary, the market focuses on the production and distribution of sterile, multiple puncture tuberculin tests for diagnosing tuberculosis. These tests are essential components of clinical use in various sectors, offering high sensitivity and ease of administration.

By providing accurate and reliable diagnostic tools, the market plays a crucial role in identifying and managing TB cases, ultimately contributing to the overall health and well-being of individuals and communities.

Market Segmentation

The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Type

  Meningococcal vaccine
  Japanese encephalitis vaccine
  Hepatitis vaccine
  Yellow fever vaccine
  Others


Geography

  North America

    US


  Europe

    Germany
    UK
    France


  Asia

    China


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The meningococcal vaccine segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.The meningococcal vaccine segment held the largest and fastest-growing share in The market in 2023. This can be attributed to the significant number of fatalities and severe complications, including meningitis, among patients affected by meningococcal meningitis. Meningococcal meningitis is a bacterial disease that spreads through direct contact with an infected person's respiratory or throat secretions. Asymptomatic carriers can also transmit the infection. The global prevalence of meningococcal disease is anticipated to drive the growth of the market throughout the forecast period. Meningococcal meningitis requires immediate medical attention due to its potentially fatal consequences. The Mantoux test, a common diagnostic method, involves the injection of tuberculin into the forearm, followed by the observation of the resulting erythema and induration.

Directions for application of the mono vaccine may include precautions such as avoiding alcohol, ether, or acetone before and after vaccina

Importance: COVID-19 vaccine development has progressed at unprecedented speed. Widespread public uptake of the vaccine is crucial to stem the pandemic. Objective: To examine the factors associated with survey participants’ self-reported likelihood of selecting and receiving a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine. Design, Setting and Participants: A survey of a nonprobability convenience sample of 2000 recruited participants including a choice-based conjoint analysis was conducted to estimate respondents’ probability of choosing a vaccine and willingness to receive vaccination . Participants were then asked to evaluate their willingness to receive each vaccine individually. The survey presented respondents with 5 choice tasks. In each, participants evaluated 2 hypothetical COVID-19 vaccines and were asked whether they would choose vaccine A, vaccine B, or neither vaccine . Vaccine attributes included efficacy, protection duration, major side effects, minor side effects, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval process, national origin of vaccine, and endorsement. Levels of each attribute for each vaccine were randomly assigned and attribute order was randomized across participants. Survey data wereas collected on July 9, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures: Average marginal component effect sizes and marginal means were calculated to estimate the relationship between each vaccine attribute-level and the probability of the respondent choosing a vaccine and self-reported willingness to receive vaccination . Results: A total of 1,971 US adults responded to the survey (median age 43; IQR: 30 to 58); 999 (51%) were women, 1,432 (73%) White, 277 (14%) Black, and 190 (10%) Latinx. An increase in efficacy from 50% to 70% was associated with a higher n increased the estimated probability of choosing a vaccine ofby .07 [95% CI: .06 to .09]; and an increase from 50% to 90% was associated with a higher probability of choosing a vaccine of .16 [95% CI: .15 to .18]. An increase in protection duration from 1 to 5 years was associated with a higher probability of choosing a vaccine of .05 [95% CI: .04 to .07]. A decrease in the incidence of major side effects from 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 1,000,000 was associated with a higher probability of choosing a vaccine of .07 [95% CI: .05 to .08]. An FDA emergency use authorization was associated with a lower probability of choosing a vaccine of -.03 [95% CI: -.01 to -.04] compared with full FDA approval. A vaccine that originated from a non-US country was associated with a lower probability of choosing a vaccine [China: -.13 (95% CI: -.11 to -.15 UK: -.04 (95% CI: -.02 to -.06)]. Endorsements from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [.09 (95% CI: .07 to .11)] and World Health Organization [.06 (95% CI: .04 to .08)], compared with an endorsement from President Trump, were associated with higher probabilities of choosing a vaccine. Analyses of participants’ willingness to receive each vaccine when assessed individually yield similar results. Efficacy was the most important factor. An increase in efficacy from 50% to 90% was associated with a 10% higher marginal mean willingness to receive a vaccine [.51 to .61]. A reduction in the incidence of major side effects was associated with a 4% higher marginal mean willingness to receive a vaccine [.54 to .58]. A vaccine originating in China was associated with a 10% lower willingness to receive a vaccine versus one developed in the US [.60 to .50] Endorsements from the CDC and WHO were associated with substantial increases in willingness to receive a vaccine, 7% and 6%, respectively , from a baseline endorsement by President Trump [.52 to .59; .52 to .58]. Conclusions and Relevance: In this survey study of US adults, vaccine-related attributes and political characteristics were associated with self-reported preferences for choosing a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine and self-reported willingness to receive vaccination. These results may help inform public health campaigns to address vaccine hesitancy when a COVID-19 vaccine becomes available.

BackgroundRecently a large clinical trial showed that the use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) among immunocompetent individuals aged 65 years and over was safe and efficacious. The aim of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of vaccinating immunocompetent 65 year olds with PCV13 vaccine in England. England is a country with universal childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination programme in place (7-valent (PCV7) since 2006 and PCV13 since 2010), as well as a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPV23) vaccination programme targeting clinical risk-groups and those ≥65 years.MethodA static cohort cost-effectiveness model was developed to follow a cohort of 65 year olds until death, which will be vaccinated in the autumn of 2016 with PCV13. Sensitivity analysis was performed to test the robustness of the results.ResultsThe childhood vaccination programme with PCV7 has induced herd protection among older unvaccinated age groups, with a resultant low residual disease burden caused by PCV7 vaccine types. We show similar herd protection effects for the 6 additional serotypes included in PCV13, and project a new low post-introduction equilibrium of vaccine-type disease in 2018/19. Applying these incidence projections for both invasive disease and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), and using recent measures of vaccine efficacy against these endpoints for ≥65 year olds, we estimate that vaccination of a cohort of immunocompetent 65 year olds with PCV13 would directly prevent 26 cases of IPD, 69 cases of CAP and 15 deaths. The associated cost-effectiveness ratio is £257,771 per QALY gained (using list price of £49.10 per dose and £7.51 administration costs) and is therefore considered not cost-effective. To obtain a cost-effective programme the price per dose would need to be negative. The results were sensitive to disease incidence, waning vaccine protection and case fatality rate; despite this, the overall conclusion was robust.ConclusionsVaccinating immunocompetent individuals aged ≥65 years with PCV13 is efficacious. However the absolute incidence of vaccine-type disease will likely become very low due to wider benefits of the childhood PCV13 vaccination programme, such that a specific PCV13 vaccination programme targeting the immunocompetent elderly would not be cost-effective.

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Vaccines Market Size 2025-2029

The vaccines market size is forecast to increase by USD 160.22 billion at a CAGR of 23.1% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by increased funding for research and development, leading to the launch of new vaccines. One of the most promising trends in this market is the development of nanoparticle vaccines, which offer enhanced immunogenicity and improved delivery systems. This trend is particularly evident in the development of nanoparticle vaccines, which offer enhanced efficacy and safety. However, the high cost of research, development, and manufacturing poses a significant challenge for market players. Examples include the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and influenza vaccine. These costs can be attributed to the complex production processes involved in vaccine creation, as well as the need for rigorous clinical trials to ensure safety and efficacy. 
However, the high cost of vaccine research, development, and manufacturing remains a significant challenge for market participants. Despite this, the market presents numerous opportunities for companies seeking to capitalize on the growing demand for vaccines, particularly in emerging economies with rising healthcare expenditures. Strategic partnerships, collaborations, and acquisitions are key strategies for companies looking to navigate the competitive landscape and stay ahead of the curve.
Overall, the market is poised for continued growth, with significant opportunities for innovation and investment in the coming years. Companies that can effectively address the challenges of cost and regulatory compliance while delivering high-quality, effective vaccines will be well-positioned to succeed.

What will be the Size of the Vaccines Market during the forecast period?

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The market driven by the continuous development of immunization programs and the pursuit of vaccine equity. Immunological memory, antibody response, and cost-effectiveness analysis are key factors influencing market growth. Vaccine supply chain, efficacy testing, preservation, patent, and licensing are essential aspects of the market. Nanotechnology and universal vaccines are emerging trends, aiming to improve vaccine accessibility and quality control. Vaccine manufacturing, regulatory approval, and economic impact are crucial elements in the market, with intellectual property, vaccine shelf life, and vaccine development pipeline being significant factors.
Vaccine innovation and vaccine safety monitoring are essential for addressing disease burden and ensuring potency, stability, and sterility. Vaccine logistics and vaccine stability are critical for successful distribution and administration, while vaccine safety monitoring emphasizes the importance of ongoing surveillance and immune response assessment. 

How is this Vaccines Industry segmented?

The vaccines industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  Subunit vaccines
  Live attenuated vaccines
  Inactivated vaccines
  Toxoid vaccines
  Others


End-user

  Hospitals
  Clinics


Technology

  mRNA vaccines
  Viral vector vaccines
  Protein based vaccines
  DNA vaccines
  Others


Route Of Administration

  Intramuscular
  Subcutaneous
  Oral
  Intranasal
  Others


Disease Type

  Influenza
  Human papillomavirus
  Hepatitis
  Measles
  mumps
  rubella
  Others


Age Group

  Pediatric
  Adult
  Adolescent
  Geriatric


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The subunit vaccines segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Subunit vaccines, integral components of the healthcare system's disease prevention strategy, employ specific antigenic pieces of a pathogen, such as proteins, sugars, or capsids, to induce a robust immune response. These vaccines, including the mRNA vaccines, are designed to target specific components of the pathogen, making them highly effective in preventing infections. The development process involves identifying and isolating these antigenic components, followed by formulation and rigorous testing to ensure safety and efficacy. For instance, in the realm of disease outbreak prevention, a phase 3 trial for the subunit TB vaccine candidate M72/AS01E was initiated in March 2024 in South Africa.

This trial aims to evaluate the vaccine's efficacy in preventing the progression from latent TB to active pulmonary TB, contributing to herd immunity and ultimately, disease surveillance and vaccine distribution within the healthcare s