As of February 2023, around 71.3 percent of recent college graduates who majored in criminal justice were underemployed in the United States. Of those who majored in performing arts, about 64 percent were underemployed.

In June 2024, about 40.5 percent of recent college graduates were underemployed in the United States. This indicated no change from the previous month.The Federal Reserve Bank of New York defines underemployment as "working in a job that typically does not require a bachelor’s degree". Recent college graduates are those aged 22 to 27 with a bachelor's degree or higher

United States - Unemployment Rate - College Graduates - Master's Degree, 25 years and over was 2.50% in February of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Unemployment Rate - College Graduates - Master's Degree, 25 years and over reached a record high of 6.70 in April of 2020 and a record low of 1.00 in May of 2000. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Unemployment Rate - College Graduates - Master's Degree, 25 years and over - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on March of 2025.

In February 2025, the unemployment rate for those aged 16 and over in the United States came to 4.5 percent. Service occupations had an unemployment rate of 6.3 percent in that month. The underemployment rate of the country can be accessed here and the monthly unemployment rate here. Unemployment by occupation in the U.S. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics publish data on the unemployment situation within certain occupations in the United States on a monthly basis. According to latest data released from May 2023, transportation and material moving occupations experienced the highest level of unemployment that month, with a rate of around 5.6 percent. Second ranked was farming, fishing, and forestry occupations with a rate of 4.9 percent. Total (not seasonally adjusted) unemployment was reported at 3.6 percent in March 2023. Other data on the U.S. unemployment rate by industry and class of worker shows comparable results. It should be noted that the data were not seasonally adjusted to account for normal seasonal fluctuations in unemployment. The monthly unemployment by occupation data can be compared to the seasonally adjusted monthly unemployment rate. In March 2023, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 3.5 percent, which was an increase from the previous month. The annual unemployment rate in 2022 was 3.6 percent, down from a high of 9.6 in 2010. Unemployment in the United States trended downward after the coronavirus pandemic, and is now experiencing consistently low rates - a sign of economic stability. Individuals who opt to leave the workforce and stop looking for employment are not included among the unemployed. The civilian labor force participation rate in the U.S. rose to 62.2 percent in 2022, down from 67.1 percent in 2000, before the financial crisis.

Abstract

The main objective of collecting data on the Palestinian Labour Force Survey 1998 (Third Quarter) including components of employment, unemployment and underemployment, is to provide basic information on the relative size and structure of the Palestinian labour force. Data collected at different points in time provide a basis for monitoring current trends and changes in the labour market and in employment. These data supported with information on other aspects of the economy provide a basis for the evaluation and analysis of macro-economic policies.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual aged 10 years and above

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling Frame: In the absence of a population census since 1967, the major task, with regard to constructing a master sample, was developing a sampling frame of suitable units covering the whole country. Such units have been used as the PSUs (Primary Sampling Units) in the first stage of selection. For the second stage of selection, all PSUs have been listed in the field at the household level. This provided a sampling frame for selecting the households.

Sample Design: The sample is a two-stage stratified cluster random sample.

Target Population: All Palestinians aged 15 years and above living in the Palestinian Territories, excluding nomads and persons living in institutions such as prisons or shelters.

Stratification: Four levels of stratification were made: 1. Stratification by District. 2. Stratification by place of residence which comprises: (a) Municipalities; (b) Villages; and (c) Refugee Camps 3. Stratification by size of locality. 4. Stratification by cell identification by locality.

Sampling Unit: First stage sampling units are the area units (Cells) in the master sample. The second stage sampling units are households.

Sample Size: The sample size in the tenth round/ third quarter (July 1998 - September 1998) was about 7,632 (about 23,305 persons of age work).

Target cluster size: The next important issue in sample design is the target cluster size or "sample-take," the number of households to be selected per PSU on the average. In this survey persons of working age had been selected from 480 master sample areas. Therefore, the sample take was around 16 households.

Sample Rotation: Each round covered all the 480 master sample areas (except for the first round which covers 5/6 of these, i.e. 480 areas with proportionately increased sample-take per cluster so as to keep the same sample size). Basically, the areas remained fixed over time, but within each area a proportion of the households was replaced each round. During the first phase when the survey was conducted at 6- monthly interval or quarterly surveys were introduced, the same households remain in the sample over 6 consecutive rounds. A high overlap of 5¤6 is then achieved between consecutive rounds (making the sample efficient for monitoring trends), reducing linearly to zero overlap after 6 rounds. In each round, 1 6 (i.e. 80) clusters are listed - i.e. 320 over the whole year as before.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey questionnaire was designed according to the International Labour Organization (ILO) recommendations. The questionnaire includes four main parts: 1. Identification Data: The main objective for this part is to record the necessary information to identify the household, such as, cluster code, sector, type of locality, cell, housing number and the cell code.

1. Quality Control: This part involves groups of controlling standards to monitor the field and office operation, to keep in order the sequence of questionnaire stages (data collection, field and office coding, data entry, editing after entry and store the data).

2. Household Roster: This part involves demographic characteristics about the household, like number of persons in the household, date of birth, sex, educational level.etc.

3. Employment Part: This part involves the major research indicators, where one questionnaire had been answered by every 15 years and over household member, to be able to explore their labour force status and recognize their major characteristics toward employment status, economic activity, occupation, place of work, and other employment indicators.

Response rate

• Response rate in the third quarter was 87.6%

Abstract

The main objective of collecting data on the Palestinian labour force 1995 including components of employment, unemployment and underemployment, is to provide basic information on the relative size and structure of the Palestinian labour force. Data collected at different points in time provide a basis for monitoring current trends and changes in the labour market and in employment. These data supported with information on other aspects of the economy provide a basis for the evaluation and analysis of macro-economic policies.

Geographic coverage

The Data are representative at region level (West Bank, Gaza Strip), locality type (urban, rural, camp) and governorates.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual

Universe

The survey covered all the Palestinian households who are a usual residence in the Palestinian Territory.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling Frame In the absence of a population census since 1967, the major task, with regard to constructing a master sample, was developing a frame of suitable units covering the whole country. Such units have been used as the PSUs (Primary Sampling Units) in the first stage of selection. For the second stage of selection, all PSUs have been listed in the field at the household level. This provided a sampling frame for selecting the households.

Sample Unit First stage sampling units are the erea units in the master sample. the second stage sampling units are households.

Sample Size The sample size is about 7,625 households allowing for non-reponse and related losses. This amounts to a sample of around 26,000 persons of working age for the survey round. The sample size is large enough to provide estimates of the main characteristics of labour force at the national level and for major domains or sub-populations, and also to monitor significant changes in those characteristics (especially after the survey frequency is increased to quaterly rounds).

Stratification Four levels of stratification have been made: - Stratification by District. - Stratification by type of (Locality) which comprises: (a) Municipalities (b)Villages (c)Refugee Camps

• Stratification by locality size.
• Stratification by cell identification in that order.

Sampling deviation

Sample Design The target population: consist of all Palestinian individuals aged 15 years and above living in West Bank and Gaza Strip, excluding nomads and persons living in institutions such as prisons, shelters.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey tool was designed taking into account the Palestinian conditions, international standards, data processing requirements and the comparability of outputs with other related surveys conducted in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The questionnaire included four parts:

• The first part for recoding necessary elements for survey management and controls;
• The second part for identifying the sample household;
• The third part for recoding the household roster and the demographic characteristics for household members
• The last part for recoding the labour force characteristics for household members in the working age.

Cleaning operations

Editing after data entry: In this stage, all questionnaires were edited after data entry in order to minimize errors related data entry.

Data were entered to the computer using a data entry template written in BLAISE. Data entry was organized in one files, corresponding to the main parts of the questionnaire. A data entry template was designed to reflect an exact image of the questionnaire, and included various electronic checks: logical check, range checks, consisting checks and cross-validation. Complete manual inspection of results after data entry was performed, and questionnaires containing field-related errors were sent back to the field for correction.

Response rate

" The overall response rate for the survey was 98.3%

Sampling error estimates

Since the data reported here are based on a sample suvrey and not on coplete enumeration, they are subject to two main types of errors: sampling errors and nonsampling errors.

Sampling errors are random outcomes of the sample design, and are, therefore, easily measurable. A description of the estimated variances and the effects of the sample design on sampling errors are provided in the report and Table A. In general, the assessments is that the sample size and sample design provide reliable estimates of the main labour force indicators.

Data appraisal

Detailed information on the data appraisal is available in the Survey Report.

Abstract

The main objective of collecting data on the Palestinian Labour Force Survey 1998 (Fourth Quarter) including components of employment, unemployment and underemployment, is to provide basic information on the relative size and structure of the Palestinian labour force. Data collected at different points in time provide a basis for monitoring current trends and changes in the labour market and in employment. These data supported with information on other aspects of the economy provide a basis for the evaluation and analysis of macro-economic policies.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual aged 10 years and above

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling Frame: In the absence of a population census since 1967, the major task, with regard to constructing a master sample, was developing a sampling frame of suitable units covering the whole country. Such units have been used as the PSUs (Primary Sampling Units) in the first stage of selection. For the second stage of selection, all PSUs have been listed in the field at the household level. This provided a sampling frame for selecting the households.

Sample Design: The sample is a two-stage stratified cluster random sample.

Target Population: All Palestinians aged 15 years and above living in the Palestinian Territories, excluding nomads and persons living in institutions such as prisons or shelters.

Stratification: Four levels of stratification were made: 1. Stratification by District. 2. Stratification by place of residence which comprises: (a) Municipalities; (b) Villages; and (c) Refugee Camps 3. Stratification by size of locality. 4. Stratification by cell identification by locality.

Sampling Unit: First stage sampling units are the area units (Cells) in the master sample. The second stage sampling units are households.

Sample Size: The sample size in the the eleventh round/ fourth quarter (October 1998 - December 1998) about 7,631 households (23,045 persons of working age).

Target cluster size: The next important issue in sample design is the target cluster size or "sample-take," the number of households to be selected per PSU on the average. In this survey persons of working age had been selected from 480 master sample areas. Therefore, the sample take was around 16 households.

Sample Rotation: Each round covered all the 480 master sample areas (except for the first round which covers 5/6 of these, i.e. 480 areas with proportionately increased sample-take per cluster so as to keep the same sample size). Basically, the areas remained fixed over time, but within each area a proportion of the households was replaced each round. During the first phase when the survey was conducted at 6- monthly interval or quarterly surveys were introduced, the same households remain in the sample over 6 consecutive rounds. A high overlap of 5¤6 is then achieved between consecutive rounds (making the sample efficient for monitoring trends), reducing linearly to zero overlap after 6 rounds. In each round, 1 6 (i.e. 80) clusters are listed - i.e. 320 over the whole year as before.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey questionnaire was designed according to the International Labour Organization (ILO) recommendations. The questionnaire includes four main parts: 1. Identification Data: The main objective for this part is to record the necessary information to identify the household, such as, cluster code, sector, type of locality, cell, housing number and the cell code.

1. Quality Control: This part involves groups of controlling standards to monitor the field and office operation, to keep in order the sequence of questionnaire stages (data collection, field and office coding, data entry, editing after entry and store the data).

2. Household Roster: This part involves demographic characteristics about the household, like number of persons in the household, date of birth, sex, educational level.etc.

3. Employment Part: This part involves the major research indicators, where one questionnaire had been answered by every 15 years and over household member, to be able to explore their labour force status and recognize their major characteristics toward employment status, economic activity, occupation, place of work, and other employment indicators.

Response rate

• Response rate in the fourth quarter was 86.4%

Abstract

Department of Census and Statistics (DCS) designed a Labour Force Survey(LFS) on a quarterly basis to measure the levels and trends of employment, unemployment and labour force in Sri Lanka on a continuous basis. This survey commenced from the first quarter 1990 with USAID technical assistance and is being continued by the DCS. Mainly, following information can be obtained by the survey. 1.The economically active / inactive from population. 2.Employment by major industry group and employment status. 3.Unemployment rates by level of education and by age group 4.The informal sector employment. 5.The underemployment rates by sector and by major industries 6.Total Jobs in Sri Lanka with Secondary Employment 7.Informal Employment in Sri Lanka 8.Literacy 9.Computer Literacy

Geographic coverage

National Coverage

Analysis unit

Individuals from the population aged 15 years or more

Universe

Working age population (15 years and above) living in the non-institutional households in Sri Lanka.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling plan and the sampling frame Two stage stratified sampling procedure is adopted to select a sample of 25,750 housing units to be enumerated at the survey. The sampling frame prepared for 2012 Census of Population and Housing is used as the sampling frame for the sample selection of LFS in 2018.

Sample size At the beginning in 1990, the sample size was 2,000 housing units per quarter in areas other than North and East, and the sample size was increased to 4,000 housing units per quarter in 1996 and continued thereafter. In 1992, 1997 and in 2004 an annual sample of 20,000 housing units was selected to give reliable estimates by district level. However, in order to provide district level estimates precisely, it was decided to use 20,000 - 25,000 housing units as the annual sample from 2006 to 2010. In 2018 25,750 Housing units were selected for the sample.

Sample Allocation In 2018, 2575 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) were allocated to each district and to each sector (Urban, Rural and Estate) by using the Neymann allocation method which considers the variance of unemployment rate as usually. The allocated sample for each district then equally distributed for 12 months. The survey was conducted from January till December in 2018.

Selection of Primary Sampling Units (PSU) Primary sampling units are the census blocks prepared at the Census of Population and Housing - 2012.

Selection of Secondary Sampling Units (SSU) Secondary Sampling Units are the housing units in the selected 2575 primary sampling units (census blocks). From each selected primary sampling unit, 10 housing units (SSU) are selected for the survey using systematic random sampling method.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Survey Schedule and CAPI Programme Current survey concepts and methods are very similar to those introduced at the beginning. However, some changes have been made over the years in 2006, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017 & 2018 to improve the accuracy and usefulness of the data. The questionnaire is attached as an external resource.

Cleaning operations

Data was processed by following 2 steps, 1. Feeding data to the CAPI system by enumerator. 2. Sending data to the head office through each district offices. Computer edit check programs are used to capture unusual observations in the data files.

Sampling error estimates

The estimation procedure is given in the section 2.6 in the Annual Report.The Annual Report is attched in the External Resources Section.

Data appraisal

The adjustments for non-response is given in the section 2.7 in the Annual Report.The Annual Report is attched in the External Resources Section.

Abstract

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 100% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE PALESTINIAN CENTRAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS

The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) carried out four rounds of the Labor Force Survey 2021 (LFS). The survey rounds covered a total sample of about 25,179 households (about 6,300 households per quarter).

The main objective of collecting data on the labour force and its components, including employment, unemployment and underemployment, is to provide basic information on the size and structure of the Palestinian labour force. Data collected at different points in time provide a basis for monitoring current trends and changes in the labour market and in the employment situation. These data, supported with information on other aspects of the economy, provide a basis for the evaluation and analysis of macro-economic policies.

The raw survey data provided by the Statistical Agency were cleaned and harmonized by the Economic Research Forum, in the context of a major project that started in 2009. During which extensive efforts have been exerted to acquire, clean, harmonize, preserve and disseminate micro data of existing labor force surveys in several Arab countries.

Geographic coverage

Covering a representative sample on the region level (West Bank, Gaza Strip), the locality type (urban, rural, camp) and the governorates.

Analysis unit

1- Household/family. 2- Individual/person.

Universe

The survey covered all Palestinian households who are a usual residence of the Palestinian Territory.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

THE CLEANED AND HARMONIZED VERSION OF THE SURVEY DATA PRODUCED AND PUBLISHED BY THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH FORUM REPRESENTS 100% OF THE ORIGINAL SURVEY DATA COLLECTED BY THE PALESTINIAN CENTRAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS

The methodology was designed according to the context of the survey, international standards, data processing requirements and comparability of outputs with other related surveys.

---> Target Population: It consists of all individuals aged 10 years and Above and there are staying normally with their households in the state of Palestine during 2020.

---> Sampling Frame: The sampling frame consists of a comprehensive sample selected from the Population, Housing and Establishments Census 2017: This comprehensive sample consists of geographical areas with an average of 150 households, and these are considered as enumeration areas used in the census and these units were used as primary sampling units (PSUs).

---> Sampling Size: The estimated sample size is 8,040 households in each quarter of 2021.

---> Sample Design The sample is two stage stratified cluster sample with two stages : First stage: we select a systematic random sample of 536 enumeration areas for the whole round. Second stage: we select a systematic random sample of 15 households from each enumeration area selected in the first stage.

---> Sample strata: The population was divided by: 1- Governorate (17 governorates, where Jerusalem was considered as two statistical areas) 2- Type of Locality (urban, rural, refugee camps).

---> Sample Rotation: Each round of the Labor Force Survey covers all of the 536 master sample enumeration areas. Basically, the areas remain fixed over time, but households in 50% of the EAs were replaced in each round. The same households remain in the sample for two consecutive rounds, left for the next two rounds, then selected for the sample for another two consecutive rounds before being dropped from the sample. An overlap of 50% is then achieved between both consecutive rounds and between consecutive years (making the sample efficient for monitoring purposes).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey questionnaire was designed according to the International Labour Organization (ILO) recommendations. The questionnaire includes four main parts:

---> 1. Identification Data: The main objective for this part is to record the necessary information to identify the household, such as, cluster code, sector, type of locality, cell, housing number and the cell code.

---> 2. Quality Control: This part involves groups of controlling standards to monitor the field and office operation, to keep in order the sequence of questionnaire stages (data collection, field and office coding, data entry, editing after entry and store the data.

---> 3. Household Roster: This part involves demographic characteristics about the household, like number of persons in the household, date of birth, sex, educational level…etc.

---> 4. Employment Part: This part involves the major research indicators, where one questionnaire had been answered by every 15 years and over household member, to be able to explore their labour force status and recognize their major characteristics toward employment status, economic activity, occupation, place of work, and other employment indicators.

Cleaning operations

---> Raw Data PCBS started collecting data since 1st quarter 2020 using the hand held devices in Palestine excluding Jerusalem in side boarders (J1) and Gaza Strip, the program used in HHD called Sql Server and Microsoft. Net which was developed by General Directorate of Information Systems. From the beginning of March 2020, with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and the home quarantine imposed by the government, the personal (face to face) interview was replaced by the phone interview for households who had phone numbers from previous rounds, and for those households that did not have phone numbers, they were referred to and interviewed in person (face to face interview). Using HHD reduced the data processing stages, the fieldworkers collect data and sending data directly to server then the project manager can withdrawal the data at any time he needs. In order to work in parallel with Gaza Strip and Jerusalem in side boarders (J1), an office program was developed using the same techniques by using the same database for the HHD.

---> Harmonized Data - The SPSS package is used to clean and harmonize the datasets. - The harmonization process starts with a cleaning process for all raw data files received from the Statistical Agency. - All cleaned data files are then merged to produce one data file on the individual level containing all variables subject to harmonization. - A country-specific program is generated for each dataset to generate/ compute/ recode/ rename/ format/ label harmonized variables. - A post-harmonization cleaning process is then conducted on the data. - Harmonized data is saved on the household as well as the individual level, in SPSS and then converted to STATA, to be disseminated.

Response rate

The survey sample consists of about 32,160 households of which 25,179 households completed the interview; whereas 16,355 households from the West Bank and 8,824 households in Gaza Strip. Weights were modified to account for non-response rate. The response rate in the West Bank reached 79.8% while in the Gaza Strip it reached 90.5%.

Sampling error estimates

---> Sampling Errors Data of this survey may be affected by sampling errors due to use of a sample and not a complete enumeration. Therefore, certain differences can be expected in comparison with the real values obtained through censuses. Variances were calculated for the most important indicators: the variance table is attached with the final report. There is no problem in disseminating results at national or governorate level for the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

---> Non-Sampling Errors Non-statistical errors are probable in all stages of the project, during data collection or processing. This is referred to as non-response errors, response errors, interviewing errors, and data entry errors. To avoid errors and reduce their effects, great efforts were made to train the fieldworkers intensively. They were trained on how to carry out the interview, what to discuss and what to avoid, carrying out a pilot survey, as well as practical and theoretical training during the training course. Also data entry staff were trained on the data entry program that was examined before starting the data entry process. To stay in contact with progress of fieldwork activities and to limit obstacles, there was continuous contact with the fieldwork team through regular visits to the field and regular meetings with them during the different field visits. Problems faced by fieldworkers were discussed to clarify any issues. Non-sampling errors can occur at the various stages of survey implementation whether in data collection or in data processing. They are generally difficult to be evaluated statistically.

They cover a wide range of errors, including errors resulting from non-response, sampling frame coverage, coding and classification, data processing, and survey response (both respondent and interviewer-related). The use of effective training and supervision and the careful design of questions have direct bearing on limiting the magnitude of non-sampling errors, and hence enhancing the quality of the resulting data. The implementation of the survey encountered non-response where the case ( household was not present at home ) during the fieldwork visit and the case ( housing unit is vacant) become the high percentage of the non response cases. The total non-response rate reached 16.7% which is very low once compared to the

Abstract

The employment/unemployment data are required at very short intervals to monitor the program made in the employment generating policies of the government. To satisfy this need, Sri Lanka Labour Force Survey was designed as a quarterly basis survey to measure the levels and trends of employment, unemployment and labour force in Sri Lanka. Thus the survey is repeated four times each year (in most years) since the first quarter of 1990.

Key objectives of the survey - To study the economically active / inactive population. - To analyze employment by major industry group and employment status. - To determine unemployment rates by level of education and by age group - To study the informal sector employment. - To determine the underemployment rates by sector and by major industries

In January 2006, significant improvements have been made to the survey schedule in such aspects as literacy, household economic activities, informal sector employment, underemployment etc. The survey covered all 25 districts in 2012.

Geographic coverage

National coverage.

Analysis unit

Individuals from the population aged 10 years or more

Universe

Working age population (10 years and above) living in the non-institutional households in Sri Lanka

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

2.1 Sampling plan and the sampling frame

A two stage stratified sampling procedure was adopted to select a sample of 19,420 housing units to be enumerated in the survey. The master sampling frame prepared for 2011 - Census of Population and Housing was used as the sampling frame for the selection of sample for the Labour Force Survey 2012.

2.2 Sample size

The quarterly survey was conducted since 1990 using a sample of 2,000 housing units per quarter in areas other than North and East, and the sample size was increased to 4,000 housing units per quarter in 1996 and continued thereafter. However, in 1992 and 1997, an annual sample of 20,000 housing units was selected to give reliable district level estimates. In 2004 again 20,000 housing units were selected for the survey. However, in order to provide district level estimates precisely, it was decided to use 20,000 - 25,000 housing units as the annual sample. As such, in 2012, the annual sample of 19,420 housing units was selected.

2.3 Sample Allocation

Allocation of 19,420 Primary Sampling Units (PSU's) for the Districts and sectors were done using the Neymann Allocation procedure. In other words, the allocation of PSU's to strata was disproportionate, designed to produce estimates of acceptable reliability for each area for which separate estimates were needed. Then The District sample was equally distributed among the 12 monthly rounds. Table 1 gives the sample distributions by District for year 2012.

Table 1: Sample allocation by District - 2012.

District Housing District Housing Units Units Total 19,420 Mullaitivu 360 Colombo 1710 Kilinochchi 360 Gampaha 1670 Batticaloa 540 Kalutara 940 Ampara 610 Kandy 1,470 Trncomalee 380 Matale 410 Kurunegala 1 ,530 Nuwara-eliya 540 Puttalam 610 Galle 1,140 Anuradhapura 630 Matara 1,010 Polonnaruwa 430 Hambantota 770 Badulla 730 Jaffna 690 Moneragala 360 Mannar 360 Ratnapura 970 Vavuniya 390 Kegalle 810

2.4 Selection of Primary Sampling Units (PSU)

Primary sampling units are the census blocks prepared for the Census of Population and Housing - 20011. The sample frame, which is a collection of all census blocks in the domain, was used for the selection of primary sampling units. A sample of 19,420 primary sampling units was selected from the sampling frame for the 2012 labour force survey.

2.5 Selection of Secondary Sampling Units (SSU)

Secondary Sampling Units are the housing units in the selected 19,420 primary sampling units (census blocks). From each primary sampling unit 10 housing units (SSU) were selected for the survey.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Sampling error estimates

The estimation procedure is given in the section 2.6 in the Annual Report.

The Annual Report is attched in the External Resources Section.

Data appraisal

The adjustments for non-response is given in the section 2.7 in the Annual Report.

The Annual Report is attched in the External Resources Section.

Abstract

The purpose of the LFS is to provide information on the economically active population. The main objective of collecting data on the economically active population is among others to provide basic information on the size and structure of Botswana’s workforce.

Unlike the first and second Labour Force Surveys, the 2005/06 survey collected information from persons aged 7 years old and above while the previous surveys collected information from persons aged 12 years and above. The inclusion of the 7 years and above category was to measure the extent of child labour in this country. The coding of the occupations was based on the 1988 International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO-88), whilst the definition of the informal sector is in accordance with the 1993 System of National Accounts (SNA -1993). Few questions were asked about the informal activities and migration status of the labour force as this survey was mainly designed to capture information on the labour force characteristics.

Survey Objectives The broad objective of the survey was to obtain comprehensive data on the status of the labour market prevailing in Botswana. More detailed objectives were; • To provide measures of both current and usual economic activity. • To obtain a measure of the size of employment in both formal and informal sector. • To provide measures of unemployment and underemployment. • To estimate the extent of child labour, obtain child employment activities and reasons for working. • To estimate total population for the period.

The survey data would provide, among others, baseline information on indicators of employment and unemployment levels, and information necessary that can be used to develop, manage, evaluate and report on labour market policies.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Households
• Individuals aged 7 years and above

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

SAMPLING FRAME In general the 2001 Population and Housing Census, undertaken in August, is the Sampling Frame on which sample selection for the Survey Programmes are based. The census result gives information on population, number of household at Locality, Enumeration Area (EA), village and district/town levels. Also given for each EA is information on ecological zones in rural areas.

The Sampling frame was defined and constituted by all Enumeration Areas (EAs) found in three geographical regions viz. (i) Cities & Towns (ii) Urban Villages, and (iii) Rural Districts as defined by the 2001 Population and Housing Census.

Being a two-stage design, two frames were required one for each stage.

The sampling frame for the first stage based on the 2001 Population and Housing Census. This comprised the list of all Enumeration Area (EA) together with number of households. In the census the EAs were frames of manageable size (in terms of dwellings/households).

The sampling frame for the second stage was produced only in the selected EAs. Before the beginning of the survey interviews, the field teams listed all private habitable dwellings/households in their EAs. Thus the number of occupied households in the selected EA served as sampling frame for that EA.

The frame for the Botswana Labour Force Survey 2005/6 consisted of 4,143 EAs being the total number of Enumeration Areas (EAs) delineated during the 2001 Population and Housing Census.

STRATIFICATION When national level estimates are the main focus a type of stratification that is simple to implement and highly efficient is implicit stratification. It is a form of geographic stratification, which when used together with systematic pps sampling automatically distributes the sample proportionately into each of the nation's administrative subdivisions, as well as the urban and rural sectors.

Creation of strata is dictated by two principal criteria. These include a need to: i. provide estimates for each major region of the country. ii. increase precision

Thus, stratification variables included cities/towns and administrative districts. Apart from national and rural estimates, the Government, which is the main user of CSO data, requires accurate estimates for all regions for planning and monitoring of development projects. Stratification was therefore undertaken such that all districts and major urban centres become their own strata. With regard to increase precision consideration was also given to group EAs according to ecological zones in rural districts and according to income categories in cities/towns.

Geographical stratification along ecological zones and income categories was expected to improve the accuracy of survey data in view that homogeneity of the variables was relatively high (implicit stratification).

There are five major rural ecological zones, namely: -Village, -Lands -Cattle Post -Freehold Farms -Mixture of Land and Cattle Post

During the delineation of the maps, each EA was associated with unique ecological zone and thus, grouping the EAs into respective zones was not a problem. To facilitate the selection according to the stratification variables and EAs were listed in some order, for example starting cattle post, then farms etc. in case of rural areas.

Note: See detail sampling procedure description in final report

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaires are the primary recording documents of the survey. In the development of the questionnaires, a reference group was formed to work into the questionnaire. The final version of the questionnaires were finalized on the basis of the experiences gained from the Pilot Survey conducted using the drafted questionnaires for the survey.

The 2005/6 BLFS consisted of two questionnaires, namely i. The Household Questionnaire, and ii. The Individual Questionnaire

Household Questionnaire: This questionnaire is a standardized questionnaire of the CSO's Household Survey Programme except with a little modification as per the need of the designated survey. This questionnaire also set the criteria for eligibility of being an BLFS individual questionnaire respondent.

The Household questionnaire was divided into four major sets of questions, namely i. Socio-Demographic Characteristics ii. Parental Survivor and Fostering iii. Education and Training

Eligibility Criteria was not a question asked by the respondent. It was meant for the interviewer to identify persons who were eligible for an individual questionnaire. UCriteriaU: “Those respondents who were aged 7 years and more and also usual members of this household were eligible for an individual respondent.”

Individual Questionnaire: All the eligible individuals from the household questionnaire were asked questions on the individual questionnaire.

The process of individual questionnaire development was not a simple task. The challenge was to develop the types of questions that led to achieving the survey objectives. Standardised questionnaire were developed so as to provide the basis for current (where feasible) and future comparability. More specifically, questions and the design structure of the questionnaire took into full account a set of objectives spelt out above with a view to address them.

The individual questionnaire has the questions mainly on the following topics: Section 1: For all persons aged 7 years and above A: Usual Activity. B: Current Activity Section 2: For all who did not work in the last 7 days and who were available for work (12 years and above) Section 3: For all employed in the 7 days. A: Main Economic Activity (for 7 years and above) B: Secondary Activity (for 12 years and above) C: Usual Hours Worked (for 7 years and above) D: Actual Hours Worked (for 7 years and above) E: Additional Work F: Different Work G: On the Job Training H: Income from Employment Business Section 4: Migration (For all persons aged 12 years and above) Section 5: Housework and Work at School Section 6: Health and Safety

PRE-TEST The Botswana Labour Force Survey instruments (household and individual) were pretested in areas in and around Gaborone on the 14-16 April 2005. Households were selected at random from EAs belonging to different strata according to the stratification in the sample design.

Cleaning operations

Before data entry was carried out, questionnaires were edited to check if all the relevant questions have been responded to and coded according to the codes designed for the study. Editing and coding started in August 2005 by 19 Coders and finished in August 2006. Data entry was carried out under the supervision of one programmer/supervisor. Consistency checks on the data set as per the Computer edit Specifications were performed.

Abstract

The major aim of the survey is to collect a set of comprehensive statistics on the various dimensions of country’s civilian labour force as a means to pave the way for skill development, planning, employment generation, assessing the role and importance of the informal sector and, sizing up the volume, characteristics and contours of employment. The broad objectives of the survey are as follows: - To collect data on the socio-demographic characteristics of the total population i.e. age, sex, marital status, level of education, current enrolment and migration etc; - To acquire current information on the dimensions of national labour force; i.e. number of persons employed, unemployed, and underemployed or out of labour market; - To gather descriptive facts on the engagement in major occupational trades and the nature of work undertaken by the institution/organization; - To profile statistics on employment status of the individuals, i.e. whether they are employers, own account workers, unpaid family workers or paid employees (regular/casual); - To classify non-agricultural enterprises employing household member(s) as formal and informal; - To quantify the hours worked at main/subsidiary occupations; - To provide data on wages and mode of payment for paid employees; - To make an assessment of occupational health and safety of employed persons by causes, type of treatment, conditions that caused the accident/injury and time of recovery; and - To collect data on the characteristics of unemployed persons i.e. age, sex, level of education, previous experience if any, occupation, industry, employment status related to previous job, waiting time invested in the quest for work, their availability for work and expectations for future employment.

The reference period is a week i.e. seven days before the date of enumeration.

Geographic coverage

The survey covers all urban and rural areas of the four provinces of Pakistan defined as such by 1998 Population Census, excluding Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and military restricted areas. The population of excluded areas constitutes about 2% of the total population. All sample enumeration blocks in urban areas and mouzas/dehs/villages in rural areas are enumerated.

Analysis unit

Individual

Universe

The universe for Labour Force Survey consists of all urban and rural areas of the four provinces of Pakistan defined as such by 1998 Population Census excluding FATA and military restricted areas. The population of excluded areas constitutes about 2% of the total population.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design: A stratified two-stage sample design is adopted for the survey.

Sampling Frame: Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS) has developed its own sampling frame for urban areas. Each city/town is divided into enumeration blocks. Each enumeration block is comprised of 200 to 250 households on the average with well-defined boundaries and maps.The list of enumeration blocks as updated through Economic Census 2003-04 and the list of villages/mouzas/dehs of 1998 Population Census are taken as sampling frames. Enumeration blocks & villages are considered as Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) for urban and rural domains respectively.

Stratification Plan Urban Domain: Karachi, Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Multan, Sialkot, Sargodha, Bahawalpur, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Peshawar, Quetta and Islamabad are considered as large cities. Each of these cities constitutes a separate stratum, further sub-stratified according to low, middle and high income groups based on the information collected in respect of each enumeration block at the time of demarcation/ updating of urban area sampling frame. Remaining Urban Areas: In all the four provinces after excluding the population of large cities from the population of an administrative division, the remaining urban population is grouped together to form a stratum. Rural Domain: Each administrative district in the Punjab, Sindh and North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) is considered an independent stratum whereas in Balochistan, each administrative division constitutes a stratum.

Selection of primary sampling units (PSUs): Enumeration blocks in urban domain and mouzas/dehs/villages in rural are taken as Primary Sampling Units (PSUs). In the urban domain, sample PSUs from each ultimate stratum/sub-stratum are selected with probability proportional to size (PPS) method of sampling scheme. In urban domain, the number of households in an enumeration block as updated through Economic Census 2003 and village population of 1998 Census for rural domain is considered as measure of size. Selection of secondary sampling units (SSUs): The listed households of sample PSUs are taken as Secondary Sampling Units (SSUs). A specified number of households i.e. 12 from each urban sample PSU, 16 from rural sample PSU are selected with equal probability using systematic sampling technique with a random start.

Sample Size and Its Allocation: A sample of 36400 households is considered appropriate to provide reliable estimates of key labour force characteristics at National/Provincial level. The entire sample of households (SSUs) is drawn from 2576 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) out of which 1204 are urban and 1372 are rural. The overall sample has been distributed evenly over four quarters independently. As urban population is more heterogeneous therefore, a higher proportion of sample size is allocated to urban domain. To produce reliable estimates, a higher proportion of sample is assigned to NWFP and Balochistan in consideration to their smallness. After fixing the sample size at provincial level, further distribution of sample PSUs to different strata in rural and urban domains in each province is made proportionately.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The Labour Force Survey Questionnaire is made up of 10 Sections and covers the following: - Household compositiuon and demographic information - Current activity of all household members (10 years and over) - Underemployment - For Paid employees only - Occupational Injuries/Diseases (All employed persons) - Unemployment

Cleaning operations

Soon after data collection, the supervisors edit, check and clean the filled-in questionnaires manually for consistency and completeness and refer back to field where necessary. Editing and coding is done at headquarter by the subject matter section. Computer edit checks are applied to get even with errors identified at the stage of data entry. The relevant numerical techniques are used to eliminate erroneous data resulting from mistakes made during coding. The survey records are further edited and rectified through a series of computer processing stages.

Response rate

The number of sample households 36253(99.6% of the total sample) enumerated is less than the estimated sample size 36400 due to non-contact and refusal cases in urban and rural areas.

Abstract

The major aim of the survey is to collect a set of comprehensive statistics on the various dimensions of country’s civilian labour force. The survey profiles information to pave the way for skill development, planning, employment generation, assessing the role and importance of the informal sector and, sizing up the volume, characteristics and contours of employment. The specific objectives of the survey are as follows:

• To collect data on the socio-demographic characteristics of the total population i.e. age, sex, marital status, level of education, current enrolment and migration etc;
• To acquire current information on the dimensions of Pakistan’s labour force; i.e. number of persons employed, unemployed, underemployed or out of labour market;
• To gather descriptive facts on the engagement in major occupational traits and the nature of work undertaken by the institution/organization;
• To profile statistics on employment status of the individuals, i.e.,whether they are employers, own account workers, unpaid family workers or paid employees (regular/casual);
• To classify non-agricultural enterprises employing household member(s) as formal and informal;
• To put figure on the hours worked at main/subsidiary occupations;
• To provide data on wages and mode of payment for paid employees;
• To quantify occupational health and safety of employed persons by causes, type of injuries/diseases occurred, parts of body injured, type of treatment received and period of absence from work; and
• To collect data on the characteristics of unemployed persons i.e. age, sex, level of education, previous experience if any, occupation, industry, employment status related to previous job, waiting time invested in the quest for work, their availability for work and expectations for future employment.

Geographic coverage

The universe for Labour Force Survey consists of all urban and rural areas of the four provinces of Pakistan defined as such by 1998 Population Census, excluding Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Northern Areas, Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and military restricted areas and protected areas of NWFP. The Population of excluded areas constitute about 3% of the total population.

Sampling procedure

Sample Design Sampling Frame: Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS) has developed its own sampling frame for urban areas. Each city/town is divided into a number of enumeration blocks. Each enumeration block is based on 200 to 250 households on the average with well defined boundaries and maps. The list of enumeration blocks as updated through Economic Census 2003-04 and the list of villages/mouzas/dehs of 1998 Population Census have been taken as sampling frame. Enumeration blocks and villages are considered as Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) from urban and rural domains respectively.

Stratification Plan Urban Domain: Karachi, Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Multan, Sialkot, Sargodha, Bahawalpur, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Peshawar, Quetta and Islamabad are considered as large cities. Each of these cities constitutes a separate stratum, further sub-stratified according to low, middle and high income groups based on the information collected in respect of each Enumeration Block at the time of demarcation/ updating of urban area sampling frame.

Remaining Urban Areas: After excluding the population of large cities from the population of respective ex-administrative division, the remaining urban population of exadministrative division from provinces is grouped together to form another stratum called other urban. Thus each ex-division in remaining urban areas in the four provinces constitutes a stratum.

Rural Domain: Each administrative district in the Punjab, Sindh and NWFP is considered an independent stratum whereas in Balochistan, each ex-administrative division constitutes a stratum.

Sample Design: A stratified two-stage sample design has been adopted for the survey. i) Selection of primary sampling units (PSUs): Enumeration Blocks in urban domain and mouzas/dehs/villages in rural are taken as Primary Sampling Units (PSUs). Sample PSUs are drawn with probability proportional to size (PPS) method. In urban domain, the number of households in an enumeration block as updated in 2003-04 through Economic Census and respective population of 1998 Census for a stratum is considered as measure of size. ii) Selection of secondary sampling units (SSUs): The constituent households of sample PSUs are taken as Secondary Sampling Units (SSUs). A specified number of households i.e. 12 from each urban sample PSU, 16 from rural sample PSU have been selected with equal probability using systematic sampling technique with random a start.

Sample Size and Its Allocation: Keeping in view the variability of characteristics, population distribution and availability of field resources, a sample of 18912 households have been considered appropriate to provide reliable estimates of key labour force characteristics. The entire sample of households (SSUs) has been drawn from 1347 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) out of which 660 are urban and 687 are rural. As urban population is more heterogeneous therefore, a higher proportion of sample size is allocated to urban domain. In order to get reliable estimates, a higher proportion of sample has been assigned to NWFP and Balochistan in consideration to their smallness. After fixing the sample size at provincial level, further distribution of sample PSUs to different strata in rural and urban domains in each province is made proportionately.

Sample Covered: All enumeration Blocks in urban areas and mouzas/dehs/villages in rural areas have been enumerated. The number of sample households (18,858) enumerated is less than the estimated sample size (18,912) due to non-contact and refusal cases in urban and rural areas.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The LFS 2003-04 Questionnaire is divided into the following 11 sections: Section 1: Identification Section 2: Field operations Section 3: Editing/coding at headquarter Section 4: Household composition and demographic information Section 5: Current activity Section 6: Underemployment Section 7: For paid employees only Section 8: Occupational injuries/diseases (all employed persons) Section 9: Questions to be addressed to head of household or his/her proxy Section 10: Unemployment Section 11: Work activity

Cleaning operations

Editing is done at headquarter by the subject matter section. Computer edit checks are applied to get even with errors identified at the stage of data entry. Data ranges in numerical values are used to eliminate erroneous data resulting from mistakes made during coding. The survey records are further edited and rectified through a series of computer processing stages.