A series of recessions in the 1970s and 1980s meant that unemployment rates in some Western European countries rose to their highest levels since the Great Depression in the 1930s. While countries such as West Germany closed out the period of prosperity (known as the "Golden Age of Capitalism") with unemployment rates below one percent, figures rose gradually in the 1970s, and then furthermore in the 1980s. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the highest levels of unemployment in the listed countries were observed in Ireland and the United States; although the highest levels of unemployment in the 1980s were observed in Spain, during its transition to democracy. Of the major economic powers listed here, Japan saw the least amount of fluctuation, with a high of just 2.5 percent in the given periods; almost half of the U.S.' lowest unemployment figure in these periods.

Unemployment Rate in Austria decreased to 6.90 percent in May from 7.30 percent in April of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Austria Unemployment Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

This study re-analyzes Isaac Ehrlich's 1960 cross-section data on the relationship between aggregate levels of punishment and crime rates. It provides alternative model specifications and estimations. The study examined the deterrent effects of punishment on seven FBI index crimes: murder, rape, assault, larceny, robbery, burglary, and auto theft. Socio-economic variables include family income, percentage of families earning below half of the median income, unemployment rate for urban males in the age groups 14-24 and 35-39, labor force participation rate, educational level, percentage of young males and non-whites in the population, percentage of population in the SMSA, sex ratio, and place of occurrence. Two sanction variables are also included: 1) the probability of imprisonment, and 2) the average time served in prison when sentenced (severity of punishment). Also included are: per capita police expenditure for 1959 and 1960, and the crime rates for murder, rape, assault, larceny, robbery, burglary, and auto theft.

Graph and download economic data for Unemployment Rate - 20 Yrs. & over (LNS14000024) from Jan 1948 to May 2025 about 20 years +, household survey, unemployment, rate, and USA.

Abstract (en): This study re-analyzes Isaac Ehrlich's 1960 cross-section data on the relationship between aggregate levels of punishment and crime rates. It provides alternative model specifications and estimations. The study examined the deterrent effects of punishment on seven FBI index crimes: murder, rape, assault, larceny, robbery, burglary, and auto theft. Socio-economic variables include family income, percentage of families earning below half of the median income, unemployment rate for urban males in the age groups 14-24 and 35-39, labor force participation rate, educational level, percentage of young males and non-whites in the population, percentage of population in the SMSA, sex ratio, and place of occurrence. Two sanction variables are also included: 1) the probability of imprisonment, and 2) the average time served in prison when sentenced (severity of punishment). Also included are: per capita police expenditure for 1959 and 1960, and the crime rates for murder, rape, assault, larceny, robbery, burglary, and auto theft. Funding insitution(s): United States Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. National Institute of Justice (J-LEAA-006-76).

Unemployment Rate in the United States remained unchanged at 4.20 percent in May. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Unemployment Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Graph and download economic data for Infra-Annual Labor Statistics: Unemployment Rate Total: 15 Years or over for Japan (LRUNTTTTJPA156S) from 1955 to 2024 about 15 years +, Japan, unemployment, and rate.

Der Autor befasst sich zunächst mit der Analyse des Problemgegenstandes der Arbeitslosigkeit hinsichtlich der Abgrenzung, Entwicklung und Klassifizierung. Es werden verschiedene makroökonomische Arbeitsmarktheorien vorgestellt und auf ihre mögliche Nutzbarkeit für die Entwicklung eines statistischen Regressionsmodells hin analysiert. Das gleiche Ziel verfolgt die Untersuchung bestehender makroökonometrischer Modelle hinsichtlich der Einbeziehung der Arbeitslosigkeit und der verwendeten erklärenden Variablen. Die Ergebnisse dieser theoretischen Vorarbeiten fließen in Form potentieller unabhängiger Erklärungsgrößen in die Modellentwicklung ein (Definition der Haupteinflussbereiche auf die Arbeitslosigkeit und Auswahl von Repräsentativvariablen für die einzelnen Bereiche). Anhand dieser theoretisch eingeführten Prognosevariablen für die Vorhersage der Arbeitslosigkeit in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland wird ein Regressionsmodell mit Referenzzeitraum 1960 bis 1990 entwickelt. Mit Hilfe von Stabilitätsuntersuchungen ergab sich, dass die Annahme konstanter Parameter für die Arbeitslosigkeitserklärung nicht aufrechterhalten werden kann. Daher musste zu einem variablen Regressionsmodell übergegangen werden. Dabei wurden als Ziele sowohl die Verbesserung der Anpassungseigenschaften als auch die Realisierung von Prognosevorteilen angestrebt. Gleichzeitig wird aufgrund der Analysen ein Arbeitslosigkeitsmodell generiert, welches auf Basis aktueller Parameterwerte detaillierte Interpretationen hinsichtlich der wesentlichen, auf den Problemgegenstand einwirkenden Einflussfaktoren erlaubt. Festgehalten wird dabei auf ein Eingleichungsmodell. Der Hauptteil der Untersuchung beschäftigt sich zum einen mit der statistischen Auswertung und dem Vergleich der variablen Parametermodelle sowohl untereinander als auch mit den statischen Regressionsmodellen. Zum anderen werden die Chancen und Grenzen sowie die Anpassungs- und Prognosepotentiale der einzelnen Modellansätze erörtert. Die Modellergebnisse werden interpretiert hinsichtlich des Problemgegenstandes der Arbeitslosigkeit in Richtung der Identifikation der Haupteinflussfaktoren, der Gegenüberstellung mit den makroökonomischen Theorien und der Ableitung geeigneter Maßnahmen zur Senkung der Arbeitslosigkeit. In allen konstruierten Modellvarianten wurde die Arbeitslosigkeit indirekt über die Arbeitsangebots-Arbeitsnachfragekonstellation erklärt. Als wesentlichste, die Arbeitslosigkeitsentwicklung steuernden Einflussfaktoren stellten sich dabei die gesamtwirtschaftliche Nachfrage (Sozialprodukt), die Arbeitsproduktivität und die Anzahl der Erwerbspersonen heraus. Die aus dem volkswirtschaftlichen Leistungserstellungsprozess resultierenden Wirkungen führten dabei zu einer Entlastung des Arbeitsmarktes, da die beschäftigungsfördernden Einflüsse der Sozialproduktentwicklung im Referenzzeitraum stärker waren als die arbeitsplatzssparenden Effekte der Produktivitätsentwicklung: Diese positiven Wirkungen wurden jedoch durch den starken Anstieg des Arbeitskräfteangebots in Form von Erwerbspersonen überkompensiert. Eine in dieser Hinsicht günstigere Situation ergab sich erst ab 1986/87.Als Arbeitslosigkeitsvermindernde Maßnahmen wird insbesondere den verschiedenen Möglichkeiten zur Verringerung der Erwerbspersonen bzw. zur Arbeitszeitverkürzung der Vorrang gegeben. Von spürbaren Wirkungen kann allerdings nur dann ausgegangen werden, wenn diese Maßnahmen ohne bzw. mit nur teilweisen Lohnausgleich durchgeführt werden. Da bereits heute eine Einkommensumverteilung von den sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigten Arbeitnehmern und den Unternehmen hin zu den Arbeitslosen durch die Beiträge zur Arbeitslosenversicherung stattfindet, würden sich aufgrund sinkender Versicherungsbeiträge und niedrigeren Steuerbelastungen nur geringe Nettolohnverluste für die Arbeitnehmer ergeben. Gleichzeitig würde jedoch eine wesentlich gerechtere Verteilung der Arbeit über die Gesellschaft stattfinden. Flankiert werden sollten diese Maßnahmen durch Qualifizierungsprogramme und andere, die strukturelle Arbeitslosigkeit abbauende Schritte.Die Strategie eines forcierten Sozialproduktwachstums wird als Ergänzungsmaßnahme betrachtet, die allerdings nur im Falle eines qualitativen Wachstums befürwortet wird. Verzeichnis der Tabellen (ZA-Datenbank HISTAT): A. Tabellen des Autors (H. Tschenscher)A.1 Jahresdaten IA.2 QuartalsdatenA.3 Jahresdaten II B. Wirtschaftliche Rahmendaten (aus den Jahresgutachten des Sachverständigenrats)B.1 Bevölkerung, Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitslosigkeit (1960-1990)B.2 Struktur der Arbeitslosigkeit (1960-1990)B.3a Bruttowertschöpfung, Bruttoninlandsprodukt, Sozialprodukt in jeweiligen Preisen (1960-1990)B.3b Bruttowertschöpfung, Bruttoninlandsprodukt, Sozialprodukt in Preisen von 1985 (1960-1990)B.4 Verteilung des Volkseinkommens (1960-1990)B.5 Einkommen, Produktivität und Lohnstückkosten (1960-1990)B.6 Einkommen und Einkommensverwendung der privaten Haushalte (1960-1990)B.7a Privater V...

The Question “Why unemployment?” is one of the most central topics of economic theory since the great depression. Unemployment remains one of the most important problems of economic policies in industrial countries. Unemployment has different causes and therefore also different countermeasures are required. “Together with the destruction of environment unemployment and inflation are in the focus of economic and political discussions on macroeconomic problems and are considered as the greatest challenges of economic policy. Depending on the level of unemployment there is a higher focus on inflation or on unemployment, if both are on an alarming level at the same time they are in the shot simultaneously. In anyway both issues need to be analyzed together because they are not independent from each other. Experiences from the recent years have shown that combating inflation leads to an increase in unemployment, at least temporarily but probably also permanently. The other way around; combating unemployment may under certain circumstances also lead to an increase in inflation… Unemployment and inflation are macroeconomic problems. The level of both undesirable developments is determined by the relations in the entire economy. Therefor it is necessary to use macroeconomic theory which deals the general economic context for the analysis. Both problems are enhanced by structural factors which also need to be analyzed. In contrast to microeconomic theory which focuses on different individual decision makers, in macroeconomic theory decision makers and decisions are summarized in macroeconomic aggregates. The common procedure is to summarize decision makers into aggregates like “private households”, “enterprises” and “the state” and the decision makers concerning the use of income into “private consumption”, “investments” and “public expenditure” (Kromphardt, Jürgen, 1998: Arbeitslosigkeit und Inflation (unemployment and inflation). 2., newly revised A. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, p. 17-18). Macroeconomic approaches on the explanation of unemployment and inflation are highly controversial in economic theory. Therefore the author starts with the attempt to present different explanations for unemployment and inflation from different macroeconomic positions. There are different unemployment: classical unemployment (reason: real wages to high), Keynesian unemployment (reason: demand for goods to low), unemployment due to a lack of working places (reason: capital stock to low). These positions give conflicting explanations and recommendations because they are based on different perceptions of the starting position. Therefor the author confronts central positions with empirical data on the macro level with the following restriction: “It is impossible to prove theories as correct (to verify). This is a reason for the fact that macroeconomic controversies do not come to a conclusion but are continued in a modified way. Furthermore economic statements in this field always affect social and political interests as all economic policies favor or put as a disadvantage interests of distinct social groups in a different way.“ (Kromphardt, a.a.O., S. 20).

Data tables in HISTAT (1) Development of employment: Presented by the development of annual average unemployment rates and the balance of labor force of the institute for labor market and occupation research (IAB, Nuremberg) after the domestic concept(employment with Germany as the place of work) For characterizing the overall economic developments, those values are used which play an important role in the reports of the German central bank: (2) Inflation: Rate of differences in the price index for costs of living compared to the previous year (3) Currency reserves of German federal banks and the German central bank: measure for foreign economic situation and the payment balance of the central bank (4) Development of economic growth: Presented by the nominal and real growth rate of the GDP (5) Inflation rate of the GDP, money supply, growth rate of the price index of the GDP (6) Labor productivity (= GDP per employee, domestic concept) (7) Real wage per employee (8) Exchange rate: DM/$ (monthly averages) (9) Growth of DGP, productivity, economically active population, real incomes, unemployment rate and adjusted wages (10) Time series connected with labor demand (11) GDP, labor volume, employees, working hours and labor productivity (12) Employee compensation, wages and salaries (domestics), costs of labor, earnings, unit labor costs and wage ratio (13) Real earnings in the producing sector R

The number of unemployed persons in Austria decreased to 296100 in May of 2025 from 311800 in April of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Austria Unemployed Persons - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Graph and download economic data for Unemployment Rate - Black or African American (LNS14000006) from Jan 1972 to May 2025 about African-American, 16 years +, household survey, unemployment, rate, and USA.

In Northern Ireland in the 1960s, widespread inequalities between the Catholic and Protestant communities led to a civil rights campaign, which later developed into a 30-year conflict known as the Troubles. Although Protestants made up around two-thirds of the north's population, they also had disproportionate control of the government and economy. As a result, the unemployment rate among Catholics was around 2.5 times higher than that of Protestants in the early-70s. As the conflict developed, high unemployment among young Catholic men in particular was a major factor in the growth of Republican paramilitary organizations such as the Irish Republican Army. The Fair Employment Act of 1976 sought to undo this inequality by promoting equal opportunities and prohibiting religious discrimination; however, unemployment grew even higher in the 1980s, with over a third of Catholic men unemployed by 1987.

This study of 678 adults in the Detroit metropolitan area in 1960 provides measures of their job satisfaction and use of leisure time, as well as information on their friendships, buying patterns, and political preferences. Questions on job satisfaction queried respondents about job preferences, hours worked at current job, preference for self-employment, type of supervisors at workplace, chances for promotion, and the work culture and environment at respondents' current jobs. Questions on leisure time elicit information on time spent watching television and the programs watched often, newspapers and magazines read regularly and favorite columnists, books read, time spent on other hobbies and crafts such as photography, music, and sports, vacation time, use of spare time, memberships in clubs and organizations, and time spent socializing with friends, relatives, colleagues, and neighbors. Other items probed respondents' opinions about causes of unemployment, their feelings about their standard of living, and their future plans, financial obligations, buying patterns, use and ownership of telephones, self-perceived social class, political party preference, and choice of gubernatorial and presidential candidates in the last election. Additional items probed respondents' attitudes toward Blacks as neighbors and co-workers. Demographic variables specify age, sex, race, education, place of birth, length of residence in the Detroit area, home ownership, length of time at present residence, marital status, number of children, original nationality of paternal family, income, occupation, religious preferences, and class identification.

Source

World Bank Database

Content

Columns :

Country Name, Country Code,Indicator Name, Indicator Code and Years 1960-2019.

Data :

Data on the level of unemployment in the world, between the years 1960-2019.

Graph and download economic data for Harmonized Unemployment: Monthly Levels: Aged 25 and over: Females for United States (LFHUADFEUSM647S) from Jan 1960 to Dec 2023 about females, 25 years +, unemployment, and USA.

Ghana unemployment rate for 2024 was 3.01%, a 0.06% decline from 2023.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>Ghana unemployment rate for 2023 was <strong>3.06%</strong>, a <strong>0.02% decline</strong> from 2022.</li>
<li>Ghana unemployment rate for 2022 was <strong>3.08%</strong>, a <strong>0.3% decline</strong> from 2021.</li>
<li>Ghana unemployment rate for 2021 was <strong>3.38%</strong>, a <strong>0.07% increase</strong> from 2020.</li>
</ul>Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment.

The number of unemployed persons in Spain decreased to 2512.72 Thousand in April of 2025 from 2580.14 Thousand in March of 2025. This dataset provides - Spain Unemployed Persons - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

United States US: Employment To Population Ratio: National Estimate: Aged 15+: Male data was reported at 66.030 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 65.770 % for 2016. United States US: Employment To Population Ratio: National Estimate: Aged 15+: Male data is updated yearly, averaging 71.300 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2017, with 58 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 78.880 % in 1960 and a record low of 63.690 % in 2010. United States US: Employment To Population Ratio: National Estimate: Aged 15+: Male data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.World Bank: Employment and Unemployment. Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a country's population that is employed. Employment is defined as persons of working age who, during a short reference period, were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period (i.e. who worked in a job for at least one hour) or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangements. Ages 15 and older are generally considered the working-age population.; ; International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in November 2017.; Weighted Average; The series for ILO estimates is also available in the WDI database. Caution should be used when comparing ILO estimates with national estimates.

Euro Area unemployment rate for 2023 was 6.53%, a 0.22% decline from 2022.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>Euro Area unemployment rate for 2022 was <strong>6.75%</strong>, a <strong>0.98% decline</strong> from 2021.</li>
<li>Euro Area unemployment rate for 2021 was <strong>7.73%</strong>, a <strong>0.09% decline</strong> from 2020.</li>
<li>Euro Area unemployment rate for 2020 was <strong>7.82%</strong>, a <strong>0.32% increase</strong> from 2019.</li>
</ul>Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment.

Poland unemployment rate for 2023 was 2.91%, a 0.02% increase from 2022.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>Poland unemployment rate for 2022 was <strong>2.89%</strong>, a <strong>0.48% decline</strong> from 2021.</li>
<li>Poland unemployment rate for 2021 was <strong>3.36%</strong>, a <strong>0.2% increase</strong> from 2020.</li>
<li>Poland unemployment rate for 2020 was <strong>3.16%</strong>, a <strong>0.12% decline</strong> from 2019.</li>
</ul>Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment.