In 2023, the average unemployment rate for 25 to 49-year-olds was 2.5 percent. Among 15 to 24-year-olds, the unemployment rate was 2.2 percent. The unemployment rate represents the proportion of unemployed people in the total civilian labor force and is an indicator of the labor market and employment situation as well as part of the unemployment statistics.

Abstract

This is the fourth Labor Force Survey of Tonga. The first one was conducted in 1990. Earlier surveys were conducted in 1990, 1993/94, and 2003 and the results of those surveys were published by the Statistics Department.

The objective of the LFS survey is providing information on not only well-known employment and unemployment as well as providing comprehensive information on other standard indicators characterizing the country labour market. It covers those age 10 and over in the whole Kingdom. Information includes age, sex, activity, current and usual employment status, hours worked and wages and in addition included a seperate Food Insecurity Experiences Survey (FIES) questionniare module at the Household Level.

The conceptual framework used in this labour force survey in Tonga aligns closely with the standards and guidelines set out in Resolutions of International Conferences of Labour Statistician.

Geographic coverage

National coverage.

There are six statistical regions known as Division's in Tonga namely Tongatapu urban area, Tongatapu rural area, Vava'u, Ha'pai, Eua and the Niuas.Tongatapu Urban refers to the capital Nuku'alofa is the urban area while the other five divisions are rural areas. Each Division is subdivided into political districts, each district into villages and each village into census enumeration areas known as Census Blocks. The sample for the 2018 Labour Force Survey (LFS) was designed to cover at least 2500 employed population aged 10 years and over from all the regions. This was made mainly to have sufficient cases to provide information on the employed population.

Analysis unit

• Households (for food insecurity module questionnaire)
• Individuals.

Universe

Population living in private households in Tonga. The labour force questionnaire is directed to the population aged 10 and above. Disability short set of questions is directed to all individuals age 2 and above and the food insecurity experience scale is directed to the head of household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

2018 Tonga Labour force survey aimed at estimating all the main ILO indicators at the island group level (geographical stratas). The sampling strategy is based on a two stages stratified random survey.

1. Computation of the survey parameters: Total sample size per strata, number of households to interview in each Primary Sampling Unit (PSU = census block) and number of PSUs to select The stratification of the survey is the geographical breakdown by island group (6 stratas Tongatapu urban, Tongatapu rural, Vava'u, Ha'apai, 'Eua, Niuas)
2. The selection strategy is a 2 stages random survey where: Random selection of census blocks within each
3. Census blocks are randomly selected in first place, using probability proportional to size

4. 15 households per block are randomly selected using uniform probability

5. The sampling frame used to select PSUs (census blocks) and household is the 2016 Tonga population census.

The computation of sample size required the use of: - Tonga 2015 HIES dataset (labour force section) - Tonga 2016 population census (distribution of households across the stratas) The resource variable used to compute the sample size is the labour force participation rate from the 2015 HIES. The use of the 2015 labour force section of the Tonga HIES allows the computation of the design effect of the labour force participation rate within each strata. The design effect and sampling errors of the labour force participation rate estimated from the 2015 HIES in combination with the 2016 household population distribution allow to predict the minimum sample size required (per strata) to get a robust estimate from the 2018 LFS.

Total sample size: 2685 households Geographical stratification: 6 island groups Selection process: 2 stages random survey where census blocks are selected using Probability Proportional to Size (Primary Sampling Unit) in the first place and households are randomly selected within each selected blocks (15 households per block) Non response: a 10% increase of the sample happened in all stratas to account for non-response Sampling frame: the household listing from the 2016 population census was used as a sampling frame and the 2015 labour force section of the HIES was used to compute the sample size (using labour force participation rate.

Sampling deviation

No major deviation from the original sample has taken place.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The 2018 Tonga Labour Force Survey questionnaire included 15 sections:

IDENTIFICATION SECTION B: INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS SECTION C: EDUCATION (AGE 3+) SECTIONS B & C: EMPLOYMENT IDENTIFICATION AND TEMPORARY ABSENCE (AGE 10+) SECTION D: AGRICULTURE WORK AND MARKET DESTINATION SECTION E1: MAIN EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS SECTION E2: SECOND PAID JOB/ BUSINESS ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS SECTION F: INCOME FROM EMPLOYMENT SECTION G: WORKING TIME SECTION H: JOB SEARCH SECTION I: PREVIOUS WORK EXPERIENCE SECTION J: MAIN ACTIVITY SECTION K: OWN USE PRODUCTION WORK FOOD INSECURITY EXPERIENCES GPS + PHOTO

The questionniares were developed and administered in English and were translated into Tongan language. The questionnaire is provided as external resources.

The draft questionnaire was pre-tested during the supervisors training and during the enumerators training and it was finally tested during the pilot test. The pilot testing was undertaken on the 27th of May to the 1st of June 2018 in Tongatapu Urban and Rural areas. The questionnaire was revised rigorously in accordance to the feedback received from each test. At the same time, a field operations manual for supervisors and enumerators was prepared and modified accordingly for field operators to use as a reference during the field work.

Cleaning operations

The World Bank Survey Solutions software was used for Data Processing, STATA software was used for data cleaning, tabulation tabulation and analysis.

Editing and tabulation of the data will be undertaken in February/March 2019 in collaboration with SPC and ILO.

Response rate

A total, 2,685 households were selected for the sample. Of these existing households, 2,584 were successfully interviewed, giving a household response rate of 96.2%.

Response rates were higher in urban areas than in the rural area of Tongatapu.

-1 Tongatapu urban: 97.30%
-2 Tongatapu rural: 93.00%
-3 Vava'u: 100.00% -4 Ha'pai: 100.00% -5 Eua: 95.20% -6 Niuas: 80.00% -Total: 96.20%.

Sampling error estimates

Sampling errors were computed and are presented in the final report.

The sampling error were computed using the survey set package in Stata. The Finite Population Correction was included in the sample design (optional in svy set Stata command) as follow: - Fpc 1: total number of census blocks within the strata (variable toteas) - Fpc 2: Here is a list of some LF indicators presented with sampling error

-RSE: Labour force population: 2.2% Employment - population in employment: 2.2% Labour force participation rate (%): 1.7% Unemployment rate (%): 13.5% Composite rate of labour underutilization (%): 7.3% Youth unemployment rate (%): 18.2% Informal employment rate (%): 2.7% Average monthly wages - employees (TOP): 12%.

-95% Interval: Labour force population: 28,203 => 30,804 Employment - population in employment: 27,341 => 29,855 Labour force participation rate (%): 45.2% => 48.2% Unemployment rate (%): 2.2% => 3.9% Composite rate of labour underutilization (%): 16% => 21.4% Youth unemployment rate (%): 5.7% => 12.1% Informal employment rate (%): 44.3% => 49.4% Average monthly wages - employees (TOP): 1,174 => 1,904.

Social insurance is one of the most important pillars of German society. Their introduction has reduced the financial risk for employees due to absence from work, retirement and accidents. The companies in the sector finance themselves by levying contributions, which must be paid by all members. As membership is compulsory, every working person is a member of a social insurance scheme. The contribution is based on income. Because income levels and the employment situation can fluctuate, the income of insurance companies varies greatly. Despite the subsequent outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic, the positive development of the German economy, the low unemployment rate and rising income in the years prior to 2020 ensured that the industry's revenue has grown by an average of 0.4% per year over the last five years. In 2023, the industry's total turnover is expected to amount to €798.5 billion, which corresponds to a decline of 4.2% compared to the previous year. Federal subsidies are mitigating the decline in turnover in the sector. For example, a subsidy of 7 billion euros was approved for the health insurance funds, which was doubled in order to stabilise the contributions paid by contributors. Nevertheless, it can be assumed that contributions will rise again next year, as the federal government has already published a draft bill that provides for an increase in the supplementary contribution in order to close the funding gap of 17 billion euros in 2023. Insurance revenues are expected to grow more slowly in the coming years due to the deteriorating employment situation. IBISWorld expects revenue to increase by an average of 2.2% per year until 2028, reaching 890.5 billion euros in 2028. The introduction of the electronic health record is likely to characterise the industry in the coming years. This major project bundles numerous resources and requires cooperation between hospitals, pharmacies, doctors and insurance companies. In addition, the introduction of the basic pension will also occupy the industry in the coming years.

Abstract

the Ministry of Youth and Sports adopted the National Strategy for Youth Development, in cooperation with the Central Bureau of Statistics and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the National Youth and Youth Survey (NYS) project in Iraq and its width and the Kurdistan Region, which focused heavily on key aspects of youth In Iraq for the category (10-30) years in order to access a broad database to facilitate the work of strategic decision-makers to build and rehabilitate young people, to develop plans and programs to improve information, attitudes and practices based on modern scientific basis correct.

The main objective of this survey is: 1- Studying the knowledge, attitudes and practices of young men and women in old age, especially after the political and social changes that Iraq has undergone since 2003 with the aim of drawing up a clear national strategy for youth that meets the requirements and aspirations of this age group of the population. 2- Providing a database on youth to serve researchers, planners, decision-makers and policy makers in the preparation of health, social and developmental plans and programs aimed at improving their economic, social, cultural and scientific conditions. To estimate the size of the manpower and the labor force of young people in the society and their distribution according to the characteristics and knowledge of the size of employment and unemployment in society and to identify the characteristics and trends of the unemployed in order to follow the changes in employment rates and unemployment, 3- To study the relationship between the profession and the scientific specialization and to identify the reasons for the reluctance of young people to work in the private sector and handicrafts, as well as to create a modern database and provide all the information and statistics necessary to make comparisons and monitoring indicators at the local, regional and international levels, which helps to formulate policies to match the outputs of education and labor market Through labor market plans and strategies

The results of this national project are considered to meet the national need to integrate young people in the Iraqi national project right and transit to achieve natural rights and to strengthen the national gains and if we look at the statistics that resulted from the results of the survey, which give rise to optimism here and pessimistic there, we find that the picture will be clear and clear In this segment calls for the minimum requirements of modern institutions of government and international and civil and want to be effective in achieving the achievement of added and direct attention should be on a large scale as it needs multiple legislation in the political, economic and cultural aspects.

Geographic coverage

NYS is nationally representative, covering all governorates of Iraq, including Kurdistan.

Analysis unit

1- Households. 2- Youth aged (10-30)

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and selected youth aged 10-30.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design and Method of Selecting Sampling Units

The survey sample comprised 6492 households completely interviewed; these households are distributed across all governorates and included 15080 persons in the age of (10-30) years old who were completely interviewed. Data collection took place during the period from 25/3/2009 to 13/4/2009.

The sample of the Iraq national youth and adolescent's survey for the year 2009 was designed to be representative at the governorates level with a confidence interval of 95% and a margin of error of 7%. It was taken into account, while deciding on the sample size, to address the bias resulting from the adoption of the cluster method in selection households and also to address the possible non-response rate due to the fact that some households might not be cooperative with the interviewers while others may not be present in their homes during the fieldwork. To compute indicators, we take into account the relative weight of the population in each stratum, so that indicators showed are weighted using factors computed so that sampled population present the same pattern as the real population , for example the population of Baghdad Governorate constitutes around 22.1% of the whole Iraqi population while the Muthna governorate constitutes around 2.2%, etc.

In light of the above, the sample size was 6730 households with 360 households in each governorate with the exception of Baghdad where the sample amounted to 610 families, distributed on different environments (urban central, Suburbs, and rural areas) whereby 2500 households were sampled from the urban central area against some 2250 in the Suburbs areas and 1980 households in the rural communities, on the level of Iraq as a whole.

The design of the sample relied on the following criteria: • Providing indicators with an adequate representation on the governorates level and on the environmental level in each governorate (urban central - suburbs - and rural), since the surveys, previously implemented over the past three years in Iraq, aimed at reaching that level of details. • Adapting the available sample frames with the aim of selecting an adequate representative sample with the absence of a modern sample frame. • Choosing a sampling design appropriate for Iraq current situation and facilitates completing fieldwork efficiently

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey tool is a long and detialed questionnaire for both Househlds and individuals 10-30.

Response rate

6492 households were interviewed with a response rate of 96.5%, while 15080 youth and adolescents were also interviewed with a total response rate of 92.6% (94.5% for females and 91.1% for males) that reached its utmost in the governorate of Najaf (100%) and its lowest was in As-Sulaimanya Governorate (73.2%).

Web design service companies have experienced significant growth over the past few years, driven by the expanding use of the Internet. As online operations have become more widespread, businesses and consumers have increasingly recognized the importance of maintaining an online presence, leading to robust demand for web design services and boosting the industry’s profit. The rise in broadband connections and online business activities further spotlight this trend, making web design a vital component of modern commerce and communication. This solid foundation suggests the industry has been thriving despite facing some economic turbulence related to global events and shifting financial climates. Over the past few years, web design companies have navigated a dynamic landscape marked by both opportunities and challenges. Strong economic conditions have typically favored the industry, with rising disposable incomes and low unemployment rates encouraging both consumers and businesses to invest in professional web design. Despite this, the sector also faced hurdles such as high inflation, which made cost increases necessary and pushed some customers towards cheaper substitutes such as website templates and in-house production, causing a slump in revenue in 2022. Despite these obstacles, the industry has demonstrated resilience against rising interest rates and economic uncertainties by focusing on enhancing user experience and accessibility. Overall, revenue for web design service companies is anticipated to rise at a CAGR of 2.2% during the current period, reaching $43.5 billion in 2024. This includes a 2.2% jump in revenue in that year. Looking ahead, web design companies will continue to do well, as the strong performance of the US economy will likely support ongoing demand for web design services, bolstered by higher consumer spending and increased corporate profit. On top of this, government investment, especially at the state and local levels, will provide further revenue streams as public agencies seek to upgrade their web presence. Innovation remains key, with a particular emphasis on designing for mobile devices as more activities shift to on-the-go platforms. Companies that can effectively adapt to these trends and invest in new technologies will likely capture a significant market share, fostering an environment where entry remains feasible yet competitive. Overall, revenue for web design service providers is forecast to swell at a CAGR of 1.9% during the outlook period, reaching $47.7 billion in 2029.

Portugal’s construction industry registered growth of 6.3% and 2.2% in real terms in 2017 and 2018 respectively, following an average annual growth of -3.1% during 2014-2016. This growth can be attributed to an increase in private consumption, rising household real disposable income, declining unemployment and rising wages. Read More