Abstract

The Rohingya refugee population living in settlements in Cox’s Bazar is dependent on international assistance. Presently, there are limits on how self-sufficient refugees can be, as they have restricted freedom of movement beyond the areas where the settlements are and also have no right to work. In addition, there is insufficient land within their settlements to support subsistence farming. As a result, many refugees are unable to access cash independently to support themselves, and many struggle for the basic necessities not already covered by humanitarian assistance. All current assistance in the form of in-kind distributions and services are free of charge. This includes, for example, food, shelter materials, household items and health services. A number of cash-for-work schemes were designed to support and manage some of the basic services and works in the camps; however, to date, they have not created sufficient income opportunities for refugees or host communities. Likewise, our teams have confirmed that some humanitarian aid items are being sold at local markets. This shows refugees are adopting other, and potentially harmful, coping mechanisms to generate cash for their needs that are not, or not fully, covered by current humanitarian assistance. Negative coping strategies such as food borrowing, reduction in the number of meals and reduced consumption of preferred foods are witnessed across the entire Rohingya refugee population. Between April and May 2018, UNHCR piloted the delivery of unconditional and unrestricted Multipurpose Cash Grants (MPGs) to cover unmet basic needs. This extended to all residents of Camp 5 and Camp 6 in the Kutupalong refugee settlement and was equivalent to approximately half of the monthly Minimum Expenditure Basket (MEB) for a family of five.

After completing the delivery of the grants, UNHCR conducted a detailed Post-Distribution Monitoring (PDM) survey (320 households were interviewed). A Post-Distribution Monitoring (PDM) survey is a mechanism to collect and understand refugees’ feedback on the assistance provided by humanitarian agencies like UNHCR. PDMs are widely used by UNHCR and help to evaluate the effectiveness of the assistance provided directly by UNHCR or through its partners. A PDM is conducted independently from the distribution exercise itself, but closely following it in time. This PDM was intended to evaluate the adequacy of the cash grant provided as well as patterns in its use. It also sought to identify challenges and constraints experienced, and seek refugees’ feedback on any improvements required to implement similar assistance again in the future.

The PDM supports a hypothesis that the current basic in-kind assistance packages provided to refugees are not sufficient to meet all demonstrated needs, with the result that potentially harmful coping mechanisms like selling assistance are employed. The adoption of this cash programme by UNHCR, therefore, seeks to ensure that refugees can address their multiple needs in accordance with their household and personal priorities, including benefits such as greater access to a more diversified diet, better hygiene or shelter improvements.

Geographic coverage

Camp 5 and Camp 6 in the Kutupalong refugee settlement.

Analysis unit

Household.

Sampling procedure

For this PDM exercise, samples of 160 households from each camp (5 and 6) were randomly selected – for a total of 320 households. They are selected with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. The selected sample includes a 20% buffer to achieve a desired level of statistical significance and precision amongst the targeted population. The households that participated during the survey were geo-referenced using GPS. The GPS coordinates of surveyed households were sourced from data collected in the field during a Family Counting Exercise conducted by UNHCR and the Refugee Relief and Repatriation Commissioner’s (RRRC) office from October to November 2017. This was part of a Linking Exercise4conducted from January to February 2018. In general, the GPS readings for most households were accurate (=15 meters). To ensure the confidentiality of respondents, the sampled households were selected randomly using an ArcGIS sampling tool.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

the questionnaire contains the following sections: interviewee details and household demographics, receiving and spending the cash assistance (basic facts), risks and problems, markets and prices, expenditure, medium-term outcomes, accountability to affected populations

Cleaning operations

Data was edited and anonymised with recoding and local suppression. Four observations were removed because they presented a high individual risk of reidentification.

Abstract

IPUMS-International is an effort to inventory, preserve, harmonize, and disseminate census microdata from around the world. The project has collected the world's largest archive of publicly available census samples. The data are coded and documented consistently across countries and over time to facillitate comparative research. IPUMS-International makes these data available to qualified researchers free of charge through a web dissemination system.

The IPUMS project is a collaboration of the Minnesota Population Center, National Statistical Offices, and international data archives. Major funding is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Demographic and Behavioral Sciences Branch of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Additional support is provided by the University of Minnesota Office of the Vice President for Research, the Minnesota Population Center, and Sun Microsystems.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Household

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: No - Vacant units: No - Households: Yes - Individuals: Yes - Group quarters: Yes (institutional) - Special populations: Homeless, boat people

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Dwellings: Not available - Households: An individual or group of people who inhabit part or all of the physical or census building and usually live together and eat together from one kitchen. One kitchen means that the daily needs are managed and combined into one. - Group quarters: An institutional household includes people living in a dormitory, barracks, or insitution where everyday needs are managed by an institution or foundation. Also includes groups of 10 or more people in lodging houses or buildings.

Universe

All population, Indonesian and foreign, residing in the territorial area of Indonesia, regardless of residence status. Includes homeless, refugees, ship crews, and people in inaccessible areas. Diplomats and their families residing in Indonesia were excluded.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Statistics Indonesia

SAMPLE DESIGN: Geographically stratified systematic sample (drawn by MPC).

SAMPLE UNIT: Household

SAMPLE FRACTION: 10%

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 22,928,795

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three questionnaires: C1 to enumerate regular households living in areas covered in the census mappling; C2 for the population living in areas not included in the mapping, such as remote areas; and L2 for the homeless, boat people, and tribes.

Abstract

IPUMS-International is an effort to inventory, preserve, harmonize, and disseminate census microdata from around the world. The project has collected the world's largest archive of publicly available census samples. The data are coded and documented consistently across countries and over time to facillitate comparative research. IPUMS-International makes these data available to qualified researchers free of charge through a web dissemination system.

The IPUMS project is a collaboration of the Minnesota Population Center, National Statistical Offices, and international data archives. Major funding is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Demographic and Behavioral Sciences Branch of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Additional support is provided by the University of Minnesota Office of the Vice President for Research, the Minnesota Population Center, and Sun Microsystems.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: No - Vacant units: No - Households: Yes - Individuals: Yes - Group quarters: Yes

Universe

Population with a main residence in the territory

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Statistics Austria

SAMPLE UNIT: household

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 883,878

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

For every enumeration unit the same form was used all over the country

Response rate

COVERAGE: 100%

Abstract

IPUMS-International is an effort to inventory, preserve, harmonize, and disseminate census microdata from around the world. The project has collected the world's largest archive of publicly available census samples. The data are coded and documented consistently across countries and over time to facillitate comparative research. IPUMS-International makes these data available to qualified researchers free of charge through a web dissemination system.

The IPUMS project is a collaboration of the Minnesota Population Center, National Statistical Offices, and international data archives. Major funding is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Demographic and Behavioral Sciences Branch of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Additional support is provided by the University of Minnesota Office of the Vice President for Research, the Minnesota Population Center, and Sun Microsystems.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Household

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: No - Vacant units: No - Households: Yes - Individuals: Yes - Group quarters: Yes (institution) - Special populations: Yes (refugee, homeless, boating population)

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Dwellings: The dwelling unit refers to that part of the structure occupied by the household. - Households: A household is defined as a person or group of persons who normally eat and live together. - Group quarters: Groups of people living together in places such as hospitals, colleges, hotels, barracks, and prisons.

Universe

All persons living in Sierra Leone

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Statistics Sierra Leone (SLL)

SAMPLE DESIGN: Systematic sample of every 10th household with a random start, drawn by the Minnesota Population Center

SAMPLE UNIT: Household

SAMPLE FRACTION: 10%

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 494,298

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Sierra Leone 2004 Population and Housing Census questionnaire

Abstract

IPUMS-International is an effort to inventory, preserve, harmonize, and disseminate census microdata from around the world. The project has collected the world's largest archive of publicly available census samples. The data are coded and documented consistently across countries and over time to facillitate comparative research. IPUMS-International makes these data available to qualified researchers free of charge through a web dissemination system.

The IPUMS project is a collaboration of the Minnesota Population Center, National Statistical Offices, and international data archives. Major funding is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Demographic and Behavioral Sciences Branch of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Additional support is provided by the University of Minnesota Office of the Vice President for Research, the Minnesota Population Center, and Sun Microsystems.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Household

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: No - Vacant units: No - Households: Yes - Individuals: Yes - Group quarters: No - Special populations: Yes (Homeless, refugees, camps)

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Dwellings: A building is an independent free-standing structure irrespective of its construction material, composed of one or more rooms. - Households: A household consists of a person or a group of persons who live together in the same housing unit or part of it and who consider themselves as one unit in terms of the provision of food and/or other essentials of living for the group. When most of the members of such a group are related by blood (i.e., biologically) the group shall be referred to as a Private Household for the purpose of the census. On the other hand when the group (i.e., household as defined earlier) consists of members who are not related by blood and they are more than 10, they will be considered as Non-Institutional Collective Household. Note that if the group consists of 10 or less members, it should be considered a private household. - Group quarters: An institution is usually a set of premises used to house a large number of people who are not related by blood or marriage but bound together by a common objective or personal interest (e.g., universities, boarding houses, hospitals, army barracks, camps, prisons, hotels, etc.)

Universe

Residents of South Sudan

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Evaluation and Statistics

SAMPLE DESIGN: Long form questionnaire for sedentary households (selected enumeration areas) and a sample of nomad households.

SAMPLE UNIT: Household

SAMPLE FRACTION: 7%

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 542,765

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Two forms: Long Questionnaire (for a sample of areas) and Short Questionnaire (for the rest of the country). The information used here is based on the long form questionnaire.

Abstract

IPUMS-International is an effort to inventory, preserve, harmonize, and disseminate census microdata from around the world. The project has collected the world's largest archive of publicly available census samples. The data are coded and documented consistently across countries and over time to facillitate comparative research. IPUMS-International makes these data available to qualified researchers free of charge through a web dissemination system.

The IPUMS project is a collaboration of the Minnesota Population Center, National Statistical Offices, and international data archives. Major funding is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Demographic and Behavioral Sciences Branch of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Additional support is provided by the University of Minnesota Office of the Vice President for Research, the Minnesota Population Center, and Sun Microsystems.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Households

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: No - Households: Yes

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Group quarters: Group quarters consist of schools/colleges, barracks, prisons, hospitals and other institutions.

Universe

All persons who spent the Census Night in

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Constructed by census agency.

SAMPLE DESIGN: Systematic sample of every tenth household.

SAMPLE FRACTION: 10%

SAMPLE UNIVERSE: The microdata sample includes conventional households, unconventional households (i.e. group quarters and those included in special populations), and households in refugee camps.

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 3,841,935

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

A long form was used to enumerate individuals in private households and in institutions such as schools, colleges, barracks, prisons, and hospitals. The long form includes both individual and housing characteristics. A greatly abbreviated form was used for persons in transit or who slept outdoors, in hotels or boarding houses.

Abstract

IPUMS-International is an effort to inventory, preserve, harmonize, and disseminate census microdata from around the world. The project has collected the world's largest archive of publicly available census samples. The data are coded and documented consistently across countries and over time to facillitate comparative research. IPUMS-International makes these data available to qualified researchers free of charge through a web dissemination system.

The IPUMS project is a collaboration of the Minnesota Population Center, National Statistical Offices, and international data archives. Major funding is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Demographic and Behavioral Sciences Branch of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Additional support is provided by the University of Minnesota Office of the Vice President for Research, the Minnesota Population Center, and Sun Microsystems.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Households and persons

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: Yes - Vacant units: No - Households: Yes - Individuals: Yes - Group quarters: Yes - Special populations: Homeless people, temporarily absent persons, and temporary residents

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Dwellings: Housing stock are living quarters irrespective of ownership, including residential buildings, special houses (like hostels, houses for lonely and old people, children's homes, boarding houses for disabled, school hostels and boarding school), flats, service housings, other living accomodations in other buildings suited for living. - Households: A group of people sharing the same housing unit (or one person living alone), jointly keeping the house, i.e. fully or partially pooling their individual budgets for common expenditures for food and daily living needs or having a common budget who may or may not be related by kinship. - Group quarters: Groups of people living at the same institution (housing unit), sharing meals, without having individual budgets or common consumer expenditures, subject to the same general rules, and usually unelated by kinship.

Universe

All population inside the country, including private and institutional households and their housing conditions

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: National Statistical Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic

SAMPLE DESIGN: 20% sample drawn by the country: systematic sample of every 5th household or every 5th individual in collective household 10% sample drawn by MPC from the 20% sample: systematic sample of every 2nd household

SAMPLE UNIT: Households

SAMPLE FRACTION: 10%

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 476,886 (persons in private and selected households only)

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

There are two forms: "List of residents and their housing conditions" (Form 1) and "Census questionnaire" (Form 2).

Response rate

COVERAGE: 100%

Abstract

IPUMS-International is an effort to inventory, preserve, harmonize, and disseminate census microdata from around the world. The project has collected the world's largest archive of publicly available census samples. The data are coded and documented consistently across countries and over time to facillitate comparative research. IPUMS-International makes these data available to qualified researchers free of charge through a web dissemination system.

The IPUMS project is a collaboration of the Minnesota Population Center, National Statistical Offices, and international data archives. Major funding is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Demographic and Behavioral Sciences Branch of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Additional support is provided by the University of Minnesota Office of the Vice President for Research, the Minnesota Population Center, and Sun Microsystems.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Dwelling

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: Yes - Vacant units: No - Households: Yes - Individuals: Yes - Group quarters: No

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Dwellings: A building or part of a building constructed for one household only, with one or more independent entrance leading to the public road without passing through another housing unit. - Households: One person or a group of persons with or without a family relationship who live in the same housing unit or part of the same housing unit, share meals, and make joint provisions of food and other essentials of living. - Group quarters: Elderly homes, orphan homes, psycho-therapy clinics and hospitals, and other collective households - Special populations: Camp residents

Universe

(1) All persons living in the Palestinian Territory on the census date, regardless of nationality, citizenship, reason of presence, and place of residence in the Palestinian Territory. (2) All Palestinians who live abroad temporarily and for less than a year whose usual place of residence is in the Palestinian Teritory (these persons are counted with their households). (3) All Palestinians who are studying abroad, regardless of the study period and length of residence abroad, and all Palestinian persons detained in Israeli jails regardless of the detention period. NOTE: Sample includes West Bank only; it excludes Gaza Strip.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Palestinian National Authority, Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics

SAMPLE DESIGN: A systematic random sample of 20 percent of households. IPUMS drew a systematic sample of every second household.

SAMPLE UNIT: household

SAMPLE FRACTION: 10%

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 455,019

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Population, Housing and Establishment Census - 2007 questionnaire, including form number 19/1 PHC

Abstract

IPUMS-International is an effort to inventory, preserve, harmonize, and disseminate census microdata from around the world. The project has collected the world's largest archive of publicly available census samples. The data are coded and documented consistently across countries and over time to facillitate comparative research. IPUMS-International makes these data available to qualified researchers free of charge through a web dissemination system.

The IPUMS project is a collaboration of the Minnesota Population Center, National Statistical Offices, and international data archives. Major funding is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Demographic and Behavioral Sciences Branch of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Additional support is provided by the University of Minnesota Office of the Vice President for Research, the Minnesota Population Center, and Sun Microsystems.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Household

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: No - Vacant units: No - Households: Yes - Individuals: Yes - Group quarters: Yes - Special populations: Yes (Homeless)

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Dwellings: A dwelling unit may be defined as any structure; permanent, semi permanent or traditional where people live and sleep. It may be a hut, house, stores with a sleeping room or rooms at the back or sides, a shelter of reeds/straw such as those used by fishermen, or any other structure where people sleep. - Households: A household consists of one or more persons, related or unrelated, who live together and make common provision for food. They regularly take all their food from the same pot, and/or share the same grain store (nkhokwe) or pool their incomes for the purpose of purchasing food. Persons in a household may live in one or more dwelling units. - Group quarters: Collective household refers to a large group of people who live together and sharing common facilities such as kitchen, toilet, lounge, and dormitories. In such situation the residents may not have complete independent quarters that qualify as housing units as their living quarters during the census period.

Universe

All persons present in Malawi at the time of census. These include foreigners with acknowledged status as refugees, and citizens of Malawi who at the time of census are absent temporarily (less than 6 months). However, diplomatic personnel of the foreign diplomatic and consular representative offices, foreign military personnel and their family members, and the members and representatives of the international organizations and communities located in Malawi are not enumerated.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: National Statistical Office

SAMPLE DESIGN: Systematic sample of every 10th household with a random start, drawn by the Minnesota Population Center

SAMPLE UNIT: Household

SAMPLE FRACTION: 10%

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 1,343,078

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Census questionnaire containing questions on demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the population, dwelling unit characteristics, emigration, and maternal and general deaths

Abstract

IPUMS-International is an effort to inventory, preserve, harmonize, and disseminate census microdata from around the world. The project has collected the world's largest archive of publicly available census samples. The data are coded and documented consistently across countries and over time to facillitate comparative research. IPUMS-International makes these data available to qualified researchers free of charge through a web dissemination system.

The IPUMS project is a collaboration of the Minnesota Population Center, National Statistical Offices, and international data archives. Major funding is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Demographic and Behavioral Sciences Branch of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Additional support is provided by the University of Minnesota Office of the Vice President for Research, the Minnesota Population Center, and Sun Microsystems.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Household

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: No - Vacant units: No - Households: Yes - Individuals: Yes - Group quarters: No

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Dwellings: A housing unit means a building or a part of building which is meant for residence of household. It is separate from other parts inside the building from construction and residential point of view. There could be one or more than one housing units/dwelling units in one building, and at the time of enumeration more than one household can reside in one housing unit. - Households: A household means one or more than one person who lives under one cooking arrangement and other common necessities of life. If one person is living alone, he will also be treated as one household. Generally, the members of household are relatives, but the friends, servants of the household and other non relatives residing with them can also be included in the household. - Group quarters: Housing unit which has been constructed or specified as the collective residence of some social, governmental or business purpose, e.g. hotel, hostel, residential, barracks of armed or semi armed forces, residential camps, jails, sanatorium, mental hospital disabled, poor, orphans paupers and institutions etc specified for residence at other such persons.

Universe

All those persons who reside in Pakistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Northern areas and within the boundaries of tribal areas, including Afghans refugees mixing up and living with general population out of camps.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE: Population Census Organization

SAMPLE DESIGN: Systematic sample of every 10th household with a random start, drawn by the Minnesota Population Center. *NOTE: The sample excludes 3 provinces: Fata, Northern Areas, and Kashmir.

SAMPLE UNIT: Household

SAMPLE FRACTION: 10%

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 13,102,024

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

There are two Population Census forms. The short form includes information about household characteristics, basic demographic information about persons in the household and additional information about religion, language, literacy and citizenship. The long form was collected for approximately 8% of the population and included additional questions about migration, disability, occupation, disability and fertility.