In 2024, Hawaii had the highest rate of union membership among its working population, with 26.5 percent being a union member. The least unionized state was South Dakota, with a rate of 2.7 percent.

Amid growing evidence of “unequal democracy” in the United States, labor unions can play a potentially important role by ensuring that low income citizens’ opinions receive more equal consideration when elected officials make policy decisions. To investigate this possibility, I evaluate the relationship between labor union strength and representational equality across the states and find evidence that states with higher levels of union membership weigh citizens’ opinions more equally in the policymaking process. In contrast, there is no relationship between the volume of labor union contributions to political campaigns in a state and the equality of political representation. These findings suggest that labor unions promote greater political equality primarily by mobilizing their working class members to political action and, more broadly, underscore the important role organized labor continues to play in shaping the distribution of political power across American society.

Labor unions, or trade unions as they are known in Europe, are organizations formed by workers in order to represent their collective interests, particularly in relation to wages and working conditions. Historically, labor unions emerged during the industrial revolution of the nineteenth century to represent the interests of industrial workers, who flocked to work in factories, mines, and other growing manufacturing enterprises. In most high-income countries, labor unions reached their peak during the post-WWII period, when governments mediated between the interests of labor unions and the owners of capital. With the economic crises of the 1970s, however, the labor movement suffered historic defeats in Europe and North America, with union density declining rapidly in many countries due to a host of pro-market and anti-union policies which have come to be referred to as 'neoliberalism'. Labor unions today In the twenty-first century, labor unions have retreated from their key role in national economic decisions in many countries, as globalization has lowered barriers to movement of labor, enabled 'off-shoring' jobs to lower wage countries, and promoted the lowering of labor standards in order to pursue cost competitiveness. In spite of this trend, certain regions still showcase high levels of union density and retain their traditions of unions being involved in determining economic policy. Notably, the Nordic countries make up five of the top six most unionized countries, with Iceland in first place being followed by Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and then Norway.

Other notable trends among the top placed countries are states which have had a historical relationship with communism (often a key driver of the labor movement), such as Cuba, Vietnam, China, and Kazakhstan. In the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, labor unions and the wider labor movement has become more prominent, as workers have sought to fight for health & safety conditions in the workplace, as well as to combat high inflation related to the pandemic.

This special topic poll, conducted January 15-18, 2004, was undertaken to assess public opinion prior to President George W. Bush's 2004 State of the Union Address. Views were sought on President Bush and his handling of the presidency and issues such as the economy, foreign affairs, immigration, taxes, and education. Respondents were asked which issue they most wanted President Bush to discuss in his upcoming State of the Union Address, whether terrorism or the economy was a bigger problem facing the country, and how they felt about the policies of the Bush administration. Questions regarding the war with Iraq asked whether it was worth fighting, whether it contributed to the long-term security of the United States, and whether the number of United States military casualties in Iraq so far was acceptable. Opinions were solicited on the success of the United States efforts to break up the al Qaeda terrorist network, to win the cooperation of other countries in fighting terrorism, and to prevent further terrorist attacks in the United States, and whether the country was safer from terrorism now than before September 11, 2001. Several questions focused on the condition of the national economy, whether the economy was in a recession, and whether most Americans were better off financially than they were in 2001 when Bush became president. Respondents were also polled on how closely they were following the 2004 presidential campaign, whether they would vote for President Bush or a Democratic candidate, and whether President Bush or the Democrats in Congress could be trusted to deal with the main problems facing the nation in the next few years. Other topics addressed government spending on space exploration, whether same-sex marriages and civil unions should be legal, and whether entrepreneur Martha Stewart was guilty on charges of obstructing a federal investigation into possible insider stock trading. Background information on respondents includes sex, age, education, ethnicity, marital status, religion, household income, labor union membership, political orientation, political party affiliation, and the strength of their political party affiliation.

European Union Imports of machine & appliances for testing the hardness, strength or elasticity from United States was US$106.8 Million during 2024, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade.

The data shows the year-wise state, union territory and Central Government Health Scheme and Central Government organisation-wise data for beds and hospitals under the AYUSH medicine system. CGHS refers to the Central Government Health Scheme. Note: Figures of State Telangana is Provisional and information for Andhra Pradesh for the year 2014 is as on 01/01/2014.

This graph shows the total number of soldiers who were enlisted in the Union and Confederate armies during the American Civil War, between 1861 and 1865. The total population of the Union states was 18.9 million in 1860, and the Confederate states in the south had a population of 8.6 million. The Border States, who primarily supported the Union but sent troops to both sides, had a population of 3.5 million. From the graph we can see that over the course of the war a total of 2.1 million men enlisted for the Union Army, and 1.1 million enlisted for the Confederate Army. The Union Army had roughly double the number of soldiers of the Confederacy, and although the Confederacy won more major battles than the Union in the early stages of the war, the strength of numbers in the Union forces was a decisive factor in their overall victory as the war progressed.

Main Topics: Attitudinal/Behavioural Questions Attention to newspapers and television. Strength of political interest, attitude to election, perceived differences between political parties, opinion on Liberals and Scottish National Party. Opinion of Labour and Conservatives regarding rising prices. Knowledge, perception of parties' position/record on, and own opinion on: prices, strikes, unemployment, pensions, housing, North Sea Oil, Common Market, nationalisation, social services, wage controls and voluntary agreements, devolution, Scottish Assembly, Scottish Government. Should government: increase cash to health services, establish comprehensives, repatriate immigrants, control land, increase foreign aid, toughen up on crime, control pollution, give workers more power, curb Communists, spend on poverty, redistribute wealth, decentralise power, preserve countryside, maintain Catholic schools. Most/least important general aims. Degree of trust in Labour/Conservatives. Whether voted, when decided to vote, party preference (and strength of preference) second choice, vote in February/October 1974/1970, frequency of discussion about politics, party identification. Opinion on best type of government. Respondents were asked to give marks out of ten to political parties and personalities. Membership of party and/or political groups, political activity. Opinion on degree of power held by unions/big business. Predictions for: incomes, prices, unemployment, Britain's economy. Comparison of Britain's government and industry with that of Europe. Attitude towards: politicians, financial situation, chance of changing things, life in general, political parties, today's standards, occupation, local government, getting ahead, government's achievements. Likes/dislikes for Conservative, Labour, SNP and Liberals. Background Variables Age, sex, marital status, type of school attended, further education, tenure, type and length of residence, religion, extent of religiousness as a child and at present. Experience of unemployment in household, employment status (size of establishment) for respondent and spouse. Number of children. Income, trade union membership (respondent, spouse, and family). Place of residence during childhood. Respondent's and spouse's fathers' employment status, socio-economic group, social grade. Multi-stage, stratified Face-to-face interview 1974 1975 ACHIEVEMENT AGE AID ATTITUDES BRITISH POLITICAL P... BUSINESS MANAGEMENT BUSINESSES CATHOLIC SCHOOLS CHILDHOOD CHILDREN CIVIL AND POLITICAL... CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS COMMUNISM COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOLS CONSERVATIVE PARTY ... COST OF LIVING COUNTRYSIDE CONSERV... CRIME AND SECURITY DECENTRALIZED GOVER... DECISION MAKING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC CONDITIONS EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND ELDERLY ELECTION CAMPAIGNS ELECTIONS ELECTORAL ISSUES EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENTAL PLANN... EQUALITY BETWEEN TH... EUROPEAN ECONOMIC C... EUROPEAN UNION FAMILIES FATHER S OCCUPATION FATHER S OCCUPATION... FATHERS FINANCIAL EXPECTATIONS FINANCIAL RESOURCES FORECASTING GENDER GOVERNMENT HEALTH SERVICES HIGHER EDUCATION HOME OWNERSHIP HOUSEHOLDS HOUSEWIVES HOUSING HOUSING TENURE HUMAN SETTLEMENT INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INDUSTRIES INFLATION JOB SATISFACTION LABOUR PARTY GREAT ... LAND USE LAW ENFORCEMENT LIBERAL PARTY GREAT... LOCAL GOVERNMENT MARITAL STATUS MEMBERSHIP MORTGAGES NATIONAL ECONOMY NATIONALIZATION NEWSPAPER READERSHIP NEWSPAPERS OCCUPATIONAL STATUS OCCUPATIONS OIL RESOURCES PERIODICALS READERSHIP PERSONAL EFFICACY PETROLEUM INDUSTRY POLITICAL ACTION POLITICAL ALLEGIANCE POLITICAL ATTITUDES POLITICAL AWARENESS POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR POLITICAL COALITIONS POLITICAL INFLUENCE POLITICAL INTEREST POLITICAL LEADERS POLITICAL PARTICIPA... POLITICAL POWER POLITICIANS POLLUTION CONTROL POPULATION MIGRATION POVERTY PRESERVATION OF MON... PRICES PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATIZATION PROFITS PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PUBLIC SECTOR QUALITY OF LIFE REGIONAL GOVERNMENT RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION RELIGIOUS BEHAVIOUR RENTED ACCOMMODATION REPATRIATION RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY SATISFACTION SCOTTISH NATIONAL P... SELF EMPLOYED SOCIAL CLASS SOCIAL HOUSING SOCIAL ORIGIN SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL SECURITY BEN... SOCIAL SERVICES SOCIAL VALUES SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS SPOUSE S ECONOMIC A... SPOUSE S OCCUPATION SPOUSE S OCCUPATION... SPOUSES STANDARD OF LIVING STATE CONTROL STATE RETIREMENT PE... STRIKES STUDENTS Scotland TAXATION TELEVISION TELEVISION VIEWING TRADE UNION MEMBERSHIP TRADE UNIONS TRUST UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT VOTING BEHAVIOUR VOTING INTENTION WAGE DETERMINATION WAGES WAGES POLICY WELFARE POLICY WORKERS PARTICIPATION

This data collection is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that evaluate the Bush presidency and solicit opinions on a variety of political and social issues. Topics covered include opinions of Mikhail Gorbachev, Lech Walesa, and Dan Quayle, United States relations with the Soviet Union and leader Mikhail Gorbachev, the status of the cold war, whether the United States was superior to the Soviet Union in military strength, the intent behind the upcoming summit meeting between Bush and Gorbachev, the possibility of nuclear war, proposed reductions in military spending, troop levels in Western Europe, and German reunification. Additionally, respondents were questioned regarding the drug problem, abortion, aid to Eastern Europe, American investment in Eastern Europe, trade relations with Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union's attitude toward changes in Eastern Europe, the probability of future Soviet control of Eastern Europe, and the future of communism in the Soviet Union, China, and Eastern Europe. Demographic information collected includes sex, age, race, education, family income, religion, ethnicity, political orientation, party preference, voting behavior, and Soviet/ Eastern European ancestry and travel.

On behalf of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V., Kantar Emnid carried out a representative survey among the German voting population aged 18 and over. The focus of the survey was to determine opinions and attitudes on the topic of democracy and emotions.

Topics: Confidence in the future for one´s own future and the future of Germany based on item pairs (often fear of what is to come vs. everything will be fine, see black for Germany vs. confidence in Germany); emotional profile of the parties CDU, CSU, SPD, Bündnis 90/Die Grünen, FDP, Die Linke and AfD: Emotions triggered by parties (fear, indignation, indifference, hope, feeling safe, trust, despair, ford, contentment and confidence); frequency of different emotional states in the last week (depressed, happy, content, angry, overwhelmed, feeling that nothing matters, lots of energy, anxious, calm and serene); satisfaction with democracy; party preference (Sunday question); alternative voting intention; interest in politics; left-right self-rating; Importance of various aspects of society and basic rights (equal treatment before the law, equal opportunities in schooling, freedom of expression, equal rights for men and women, free disposal of property, freedom of belief, free choice of occupation, freedom to travel, free press and research, right to demonstrate, free use of leisure time, state guarantees social security as comprehensive as possible, low income disparities); realisation of various aspects in Germany (equal treatment before the law, freedom of expression, free press and research, state guarantees the most comprehensive social security possible) ; life satisfaction; satisfaction with the current economic situation in Germany; trust in institutions (German Bundestag, courts, police); feeling of safety in the neighbourhood after dark; tendency towards right-wing populism: Agreement with statements on various political issues (Most people can be trusted, ´The ones up there´ only do what they want, the parties should be taught a lesson in elections, I feel like a stranger in my own country, as a German you have nothing to say in Germany anymore, the real opinion of the people is suppressed, the media only bring what the rulers pretend, immigration leads to a dangerous mixing of peoples, immigrants can never become real Germans, democracy really should be abolished, election results in Germany are falsified); most suitable party to solve the problems in Europe; association of the European Union with different aspects (peace, security, prosperity, strength in the world); assessment of different politicians (Angela Merkel, Olaf Scholz, Horst Seehofer, Cem Özdemir, Christian Lindner, Sahra Wagenknecht, Alexander Gauland, Skalometer); party competences with regard to different political tasks (solving the central problems in Germany, ensuring social justice, refugee and asylum policy in the sense of the respondent, fighting crime, pension policy in the sense of the respondent, solving problems in the areas of rents and housing as well as care); party affiliation; strength of party affiliation.

Demography: sex; age; denomination or religious community; frequency of religious service attendance; highest level of education; employment status; occupational group; migration background.

Additionally coded were: Respondent ID; city size (BIK locality size, political locality size); federal state; west/east; constituency identifier (district/unincorporated town); sample (mobile vs. landline); weight.

Additionally coded were: Respondent ID; BIK locality size; political locality size; state; west/east; district code; sample (mobile vs. landline); weight.

The importance of civil society in policy-making is twofold; civil society organizations (CSOs) monitor government performance and mediate between citizens and the state to ensure proper implementation. In this study, we analyse the effects of two aspects of civil society (civic participation and CSO consultation) on member states’ implementation of European Union (EU) policy. The analysis is based on a novel dataset of practical implementation in 24 member states. Our findings reveal that the combination of high levels of civic participation and routine CSO consultations improves policy implementation. Furthermore, the effect is conditional on states’ bureaucratic capacity to accommodate societal interests regarding the EU directives. The results indicate a paradox; civil society is not effective in countries with low bureaucratic capacity, where civil society is needed most to improve government performance.

Soviet/American relations (1); confidence in United States/Soviet Union (2); actions of United States/Soviet Union (2); Ronald Reagan meeting with Mikhail Gorbachev (9); Ronald Reagan vs. Mikhail Gorbachev (5); arms control issues (2); nuclear vs. conventional weapons (1); complete eradication of nuclear weapons (3); genuine effort towards arms control (1); observing arms control (2); arms control protecting Britain (1); American anti-missile defense system (4); Soviet anti-missile defense system (2); Britain participation in anti-missile defense system research (1); United States vs. Soviet Union in conventional arms strength (1); eliminated missiles at the risk of national defense (3); economic issues (1); United States and economics (3); Japan and economics (2); European Common Market and economics (1); restricting imports to increase jobs (1); Tokyo Summit (2); limiting selling technology to Soviet Union (2).

The main objective of the European Innovation Indicators Panel is to conduct a comparative analysis of the innovation performance of the EU-27 member states and to know the strengths and weaknesses of research and innovation systems. It is structured in four main blocks, with twelve dimensions, for a total of 32 indicators, from which a composite index is calculated that reflects the weight of the different dimensions. Depending on the score achieved in the composite indicator, countries are grouped into four categories: leading countries in innovation, countries with high innovation, countries with moderate innovation and countries with low innovation. The performance of the Basque Country is compared in the EU-27 environment.cajaDESTACADOSHOME:hover {border: 3px solid #013161; border-radius: 10px;}/indicators/ambit_99/themed_45/indicatorsstruc.html?utm_source=web & utm_medium=description_operation & utm_campaign=panel_eis_c“style=”margin-left:20%"> The main objective of the European Innovation Indicators Panel is to conduct a comparative analysis of the innovation performance of the EU-27 member states and to know the strengths and weaknesses of research and innovation systems. It is structured in four main blocks, with twelve dimensions, for a total of 32 indicators, from which a composite index is calculated that reflects the weight of the different dimensions. Depending on the score achieved in the composite indicator, countries are grouped into four categories: leading countries in innovation, countries with high innovation, countries with moderate innovation and countries with low innovation. The performance of the Basque Country is compared in the EU-27 environment.cajaDESTACADOSHOME:hover {border: 3px solid #013161; border-radius: 10px;}/indicators/ambit_99/themed_45/indicatorsstruc.html?utm_source=web & utm_medium=description_operation & utm_campaign=panel_eis_c“style=”margin-left:20%">

This special-topic poll is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicit public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. This data collection assesses respondents' attitudes toward foreign policy under the Reagan administration. Included were questions measuring attitudes toward the Soviet Union, the relative military strength of the United States, and American relations with Arab nations, Israel, and western Europe. Respondents were asked questions on human rights, nuclear war, the spread of Communism, oil supply, and United States allies. Demographic information was collected, including respondent's race, age, sex, employment, number of children, and religion.

Main Topics: Attitudinal/Behavioural Questions Attention to television and newspapers, perceived bias in newspapers, perceived difference between political parties. Opinion of Conservative and Labour parties. Attitude to election and strength of political opinion and interest. Knowledge, perception of party position/record and own opinion on: prices, strikes in general, the miners' strike, pensions, the Common Market, nationalisation, social services, Communists, devolution, income tax and wage controls, Britain's dependency on other countries (USA, Russia, France, Germany and Australia). Trust in political parties, vote in election, and second choice, other parties considered, vote in 1970 and 1966. Frequency of discussion about politics, direction and strength of party identification. Respondents were asked to give marks out of ten to political parties and personalities. Prediction for incomes, unemployment, and Britain's economic situation. Opinion on: young people, accommodation, politicians, neighbourhood, life in general, personal financial status, occupation, political parties, today's standards, local government, change, getting ahead, government's achievements. Attitude to election results by a variety of criteria, identification of groups with too much or too little political power, groups with whom the respondent identifies. Likes and dislikes for Conservative and Labour parties. Background Variables Age, sex, marital status, employment status, socio-economic group, experience of unemployment in household, income, occupation, degree of supervision and responsibility in job (for self and spouse). Father's vote, party choice and strength of support. Father's occupation, employment status and social grade. Type of school attended, further education. Tenure, type and length of residence, expectation of move, place of residence during childhood. Trade union membership and interest, class identification. Newspapers read. Multi-stage, self-weighting, stratified, probability sample designed to represent the eligible British electorate on 28th February, 1974, living south of the Caledonian Canal and excluding Northern Ireland Face-to-face interview 1974 ACHIEVEMENT AGE ATTITUDE CHANGE ATTITUDES BRITISH POLITICAL P... CLASS CONFLICT CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS COAL MINING COMMUNISM CONSERVATIVE PARTY ... COST OF LIVING DECENTRALIZED GOVER... DECISION MAKING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ECONOMIC CONDITIONS EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND ELDERLY ELECTION CAMPAIGNS ELECTIONS ELECTORAL ISSUES EMPLOYMENT EUROPEAN ECONOMIC C... EUROPEAN UNION FAMILIES FATHER S OCCUPATION FATHER S OCCUPATION... FATHERS FINANCIAL EXPECTATIONS FINANCIAL RESOURCES FORECASTING GENDER GOVERNMENT GROUPS Great Britain HIGHER EDUCATION HOME OWNERSHIP HOUSEHOLDS HOUSEWIVES HOUSING HOUSING TENURE HUMAN SETTLEMENT INCOME INCOME TAX INFLATION INTERNATIONAL RELAT... INVOLUNTARY SHORT T... JOB SATISFACTION LABOUR PARTY GREAT ... LIBERAL PARTY GREAT... LOCAL GOVERNMENT MARITAL STATUS MARRIED WOMEN WORKERS MEMBERSHIP MORTGAGES NATIONAL ECONOMY NATIONALIZATION NEIGHBOURHOODS NEWSPAPER READERSHIP NEWSPAPERS OCCUPATIONAL TRAINING OCCUPATIONS PERIODICALS READERSHIP PERSONAL EFFICACY PLAID CYMRU POLITICAL ALLEGIANCE POLITICAL ATTITUDES POLITICAL AWARENESS POLITICAL BEHAVIOUR POLITICAL INFLUENCE POLITICAL INTEREST POLITICAL LEADERS POLITICAL POWER POLITICIANS POPULATION MIGRATION PREJUDICE PRICES QUALITY OF LIFE REFERENDUMS REGIONAL GOVERNMENT RENTED ACCOMMODATION RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY SATISFACTION SCOTTISH NATIONAL P... SELF EMPLOYED SOCIAL CLASS SOCIAL HOUSING SOCIAL ORIGIN SOCIAL POLICY SOCIAL SECURITY BEN... SOCIAL SERVICES SOCIAL VALUES SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS SPOUSE S ECONOMIC A... SPOUSE S OCCUPATION SPOUSE S OCCUPATION... SPOUSES STANDARD OF LIVING STATE RETIREMENT PE... STRIKES STUDENTS TAXATION TELEVISION TELEVISION VIEWING TRADE UNION MEMBERSHIP TRADE UNIONS TRUST UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT VOTING BEHAVIOUR VOTING INTENTION WAGES POLICY WELFARE POLICY YOUTH

Economic situation in Germany (4); economic policies of other countries (3); strongest countries economically (1); restrictions on trade (4); foreign investment (1); government control of economy (1); country pressuring Germany (2); countries to aid Germany in case of military attack (2); country with biggest influence (2); views on life appreciation (3); relations with other countries (3); future outlook on connections with other countries (3); opinion of other countries (3); possibility of war (1); United States vs. Soviet Union in military strength (1); efforts to promote peace (2); reducing nuclear arms (2); compliance with nuclear disarmament (2); possible nuclear attack (2); terrorism (1); flow of national intelligence (1); technology (1); politics in social life (1); persuasive discussion (1).

This opinion survey was conducted on June 1-July 6, 2002 via telephone (except Poland, which held face-to-face interviews) with a sample size of 6,001. The survey was conducted in six different nations: Great Britain, Netherlands, Italy, Poland, France, and Germany. The survey was designed by an independent team of experts on public opinion and foreign policy from the United States and Europe. The topics covered include: what issues the respondent thinks are particularly important, including foreign policy, the economy, social issues, health issues, war/security issues, and the environment; the status of government programs; their thoughts on US government programs; their rating of countries' influence in the world; respondents' political leanings; their thoughts on the strength of the European Union, economic versus military strength; George W. Bush's handling of problems; threats to Europe; feelings toward other countries; thoughts on NATO; thoughts on the US potentially invading Iraq; and thoughts about events in the Middle East.

Please Note: This dataset is part of the historical CISER Data Archive Collection and is also available at the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research at https://doi.org/10.25940/ROPER-31085381. We highly recommend using the Roper Center version as they may make this dataset available in multiple data formats in the future.

Voting behaviour and political attitudes. Topics: Husehold finances in last and next 12 months; national economy in last and next 12 months; participated in the 1996 lower house election; vote in the 1996 lower house election; spouse: vote in the 1996 election; use of preference vote in 1996; tactical voting; knowledge: representation of party respondent voted for; radio and TV: sufficient information; radio and TV: impartial party which media favoured most; like about the parties (open question); government performance; provide a job for everyone; reducing income differences is harmful; the economic situation is unfavourable; privatisation is going to help; unprofitable enterprises should be closed down; atheists are unfit for public office; nationalism is always harmful chance of getting ahead; politicians should care more about crime; abortion should be allowed; preference of patriotic politician; church has too much influence; split of Czechoslovakia was wrong; restitution was wrong; left-right self-placement (7-point scale); satisfaction with democracy; last election; respondent close to any party; first party close to respondent second party close to respondent; third party close to respondent; party closest to respondent; any party closer than others; which party closer than others; how close to closest party; parties care what people want; parties are necessary; recall of name of candidate; sympathy of parties; state of economy; change in economic situation; MPs´ idea what people think contact with MP; who is in power; the way people vote; people say or hide opinion; left-right placement of parties; elections help to keep politicians honest; in election campaigns people can learn; elections divide the country; benefits of elections far outweigh the costs; death penalty; husband is to earn the money; clergy should not influence vote too many people rely on government assistance; smooth cooperation in firms is impossible; not enough respect for traditional Czech values; schools should teach children to obey; get rid of conflicts between the parties; for democracy turnout does not matter; voters decide how things are run; most voters cannot make intelligent decisions; better leaders would be chosen through exams; Czech Rep join the NATO; Czech Rep join the EEC; preferred relationship between Czech R and Slovakia; present regime compared to pre-1989 regime; people should refrain from criticizing Czech officials; politician may act contrary to the law; some people earn millions; people are responsible for their poverty; competent people can earn a lot of money; people get rich here mainly in an illegal way; private ownership should be expanded; more efforts to reduce inequalities; less government intervention; more toughness needed against Romany offenders; Romanians should be let to lead their own way of live; knowledge about electoral threshold, name of Minister of Transport, number of seats in Czech lower house; language spoken at home; occupation (respondent and spouse): ISCO code, EGP-10 classification and EGP-6 classification; strength of religious belief; frequency of church attendance; denomination; union membership: respondent; union membership: somebody else in household; gypsy or not(judgment of interviewer); date and length of the interview; number of contact attempts for interview; interview demanding; respondents primary electoral district.

Die Studie über das Bild Europas in Deutschland wurde von dimap im Auftrag des Bundespresseamtes durchgeführt. Im Erhebungszeitraum 30.10.2023 bis 10.11.2023 wurde die deutsche Bevölkerung ab 16 Jahren in telefonischen Interviews (CATI) zu folgenden Themen befragt: Einstellungen zur EU und den Europawahlen sowie Bewertung der EU-Politik. Die Auswahl der Befragten erfolgte durch eine mehrstufige Zufallsstichprobe nach dem RDD-Verfahren unter Einschluss von Festnetz- und Mobilfunknummern (Dual-Frame Stichprobe). Für spezielle Einblicke in die Einstellungen der jüngeren Bevölkerung, wurde die Stichprobe in der Altersgruppe der unter 25-Jährigen aufgestockt. Die Ergebnisse für diese Zusatzstichprobe, die im Erhebungszeitraum 13.11.2023 bis 01.12.2023 durchgeführt wurde, sind in einem separaten Datensatz zu finden. Interesse an der Europäischen Union und der Politik der EU: Verbundenheit mit der Stadt, dem Bundesland, Deutschland und Europa; geschätzter Einfluss in der Welt von verschiedenen Ländern bzw. Regionen (Europäische Union (EU), USA, China, Afrika, Russland und Deutschland); Interesse an der Politik der Europäischen Union; Informationshäufigkeit über die Politik der Europäischen Union; Informiertheit über die Politik der Europäischen Union; Stärken der Europäischen Union (offen); Schwächen der Europäischen Union (offen). Wahrnehmung der Rolle der EU: eher Vorteile oder eher Nachteile durch die Mitgliedschaft Deutschlands in der EU; Stärke der Auswirkungen der EU-Politik auf das Leben der Menschen in Deutschland. Zukünftige Themen der EU-Politik: Wichtigkeit verschiedener politischer Aufgabenbereiche der EU (Schutz der Außengrenzen der EU, Stärkung des Zusammenhalts unter den Mitgliedsstaaten, Stabilisierung des Euro, engere Zusammenarbeit in der Verteidigungspolitik, ausgewogenere Verteilung der Flüchtlinge und Asylbewerber auf die Mitgliedsländer); Vorankommen der EU bei den vorgenannten Aufgabenbereichen; Entwicklung der Dinge in der Europäischen Union eher in die richtige Richtung vs. eher in die falsche Richtung; EU mischt sich zu viel in die Angelegenheiten der einzelnen Mitgliedsländer ein; Präferenzen im Hinblick auf die zukünftige Zusammenarbeit in der Europäischen Union (Länder sollten ihre Zusammenarbeit vertiefen und weitere Zuständigkeiten an die EU abgeben, Länder sollten wieder stärker allein handeln und Zuständigkeiten von der EU zurückholen, an der Zusammenarbeit der EU-Länder sollte sich nichts Wesentliches ändern); Politikbereiche, in denen die EU-Mitgliedsstaaten stärker zusammenarbeiten vs. mehr national agieren sollten (in der Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik, in der Klima- und Energiepolitik, in der Flüchtlingspolitik, in der Sozialpolitik, in der Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik und in der Digitalpolitik); Wahrnehmung gemeinsamer Vorhaben der EU-Mitgliedsstaaten in den vorgenannten Bereichen. Wahl zum Europäischen Parlament: Institutionenvertrauen (EU-Kommission, EU-Parlament, EU-Ministerrat, europäischer Rat der Staats- und Regierungschefs, Vereinte Nationen, NATO, Bundesregierung und Bundestag); Wahrnehmung des EU-Parlaments als eher mehr oder eher weniger korrupt, durchsetzungsstark, einflussreich, langsam bei Entscheidungsprozessen, Teilnahme an der letzten Wahl zum EU-Parlament 2019; Wahlbeteiligungsabsicht bei den kommenden Wahlen zum Europäischen Parlament; Gründe bei der Europawahl nicht wählen zu gehen (Unzufriedenheit mit der Politik der EU, geringes oder fehlendes Interesse an Politik der EU, Parteien erscheinen für mich im Großen und Ganzen alle gleich, sehe bei keiner Partei meine eigenen Interessen vertreten, meine Stimme hat keinen Einfluss auf das Wahlergebnis); Einfluss der Bevölkerung auf die Entscheidungen der Europäischen Union; Meinung zur Herabsetzung des Wahlalters auf 16 Jahre für die Wahl zum Europäischen Parlament; Wahlalter sollte auch für die Bundestagswahlen auf 16 Jahre herabgesetzt werden; Wichtigkeit einer hohen Wahlbeteiligung an der Europawahl 2024. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Bundesland; Berlin Ost/West; Ortsgröße; Haushaltsgröße; Anzahl Personen im Haushalt unter 18 Jahren; höchster Bildungsabschluss; angestrebter Schulabschluss; Parteipräferenz. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Befragtennummer; Gewicht. The study on the image of Europe in Germany was conducted by dimap on behalf of the Federal Press Office. In the survey period from 30.10.2023 to 10.11.2023, the German population aged 16 and over was surveyed in telephone interviews (CATI) on the following topics: attitudes towards the EU and the European elections as well as assessment of EU policy. Respondents were selected using a multi-stage random sample based on the RDD method, including landline and mobile phone numbers (dual-frame sample). For special insights into the attitudes of the younger population, the sample was increased in the under-25 age group. The results for this additional sample, which was carried out in the survey period 13.11.2023 to 01.12.2023, can be found in a separate data set. Interest in the European Union and EU policies: attachment to the city, federal state, Germany and Europe; valued influence in the world of different countries or regions (European Union (EU), USA, China, Africa, Russia and Germany); interest in European Union policies; frequency of information about European Union policies; informedness about European Union policies; strengths of the European Union (open); weaknesses of the European Union (open). Perception of the role of the EU: advantages or disadvantages of Germany´s membership of the EU; strength of the impact of EU policy on the lives of people in Germany. Future EU policy issues: importance of various EU policy areas (protection of the EU´s external borders, strengthening cohesion among member states, stabilization of the euro, closer cooperation in defense policy, more balanced distribution of refugees and asylum seekers among member states); progress of the EU in the aforementioned areas; development of things in the European Union more in the right direction vs. the wrong direction; EU interferes too much in the affairs of individual member states; preferences with regard to future cooperation in the European Union (countries should deepen their cooperation and hand over more responsibilities to the EU, countries should act more alone again and take back responsibilities from the EU, nothing significant should change in terms of cooperation between EU countries); policy areas in which EU member states should cooperate more closely vs. should act more nationally (in foreign and security policy, in climate and energy policy, in refugee policy, in social policy, in economic and financial policy and in digital policy); perception of joint projects of the EU member states in the aforementioned areas. Election to the European Parliament: Trust in institutions (EU Commission, EU Parliament, EU Council of Ministers, European Council of Heads of State and Government, United Nations, NATO, German Federal Government and Bundestag); perception of the EU Parliament as rather more or rather less corrupt, assertive, influential, slow in decision-making processes, participation in the last election to the EU Parliament in 2019; intention to vote in the upcoming elections to the European Parliament; Reasons for not voting in the European elections (dissatisfaction with EU policies, little or no interest in EU policies, parties all seem largely the same to me, do not see my own interests represented by any party, my vote has no influence on the election result); influence of the population on the decisions of the European Union; opinion on lowering the voting age to 16 for elections to the European Parliament; voting age should also be lowered to 16 for Bundestag elections; importance of a high voter turnout in the 2024 European elections. Demography: sex; age; federal state; Berlin east/west; city size; size of household; number of people in household under 18; highest educational qualification; desired school-leaving qualification; party preference. Additionally coded were: Respondent number; weight.

Einstellungen zur Europäischen Union und zur Digitalisierung. 1. Einstellungen zur EU: eher positive oder eher negative Gedanken und Gefühle in Verbindung mit der EU; Zukunftssorgen in Bezug auf Deutschland und die EU; erwartete positive oder negative Auswirkung eines möglichen EU-Austritts Großbritanniens auf die übrigen EU-Mitgliedsstaaten; Einschätzung der Wahrscheinlichkeit des Eintretens ausgewählter Folgen eines möglichen EU-Austritts Großbritanniens; Rolle der Bundesregierung auf europäischer Ebene (Durchsetzen nationaler Interessen vs. Erreichen von Kompromissen zwischen EU-Mitgliedsstaaten). 2. Einstellungen zur Digitalisierung: eher Hoffnungen oder Befürchtungen in Verbindung mit Digitalisierung; Stärke der Veränderungen im alltäglichen Leben durch die Digitalisierung und Bewertung dieser Veränderungen; erwarteter Nutzen durch die Digitalisierung in verschiedenen Bereichen (Verkehr und Transport, Medizin, Schulen und Universitäten, Kampf gegen Kriminalität, private Kommunikation, Zugang zu Informationen aus Politik und Wirtschaft, Kommunikation mit Behörden und Ämtern sowie beim Kauf von Produkten und Dienstleistungen); gewünschter Einfluss der Politik auf das Thema Digitalisierung; Beurteilung der Aufgaben der Politik im Rahmen der Digitalisierung (Neugründung von Internetfirmen, Förderung der digitalen Bildung an Schulen und für Senioren, Stärkung des Datenschutzes, Ausbau des schnellen Internets in Stadt und Land, einheitliche Regelung für die Nutzung von Musik- und Videodateien in ganz Europa, Schutz vor Internetkriminalität sowie Anwendung digitaler Technik im Gesundheitswesen); Meinung zur Digitalisierung von Dienstleistungen und Informationen in Behörden und öffentlichen Einrichtungen; persönlich genutzte digitale Angebote der öffentlichen Verwaltung und Zufriedenheit mit diesen Angeboten; Meinung zur ständigen Weiterentwicklung der digitalen Technik; Meinung zur digitalen Bildung (genauso wichtig wie Lesen und Schreiben, möglichst viele digitale Angebote für Senioren, digitaler Bildungsbeginn bereits in der Grundschule); Zufriedenheit mit der Internetgeschwindigkeit zuhause. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; höchster Bildungsabschluss; Berufstätigkeit; berufliche Stellung; Familienstand; Konfession; Einkommen gruppiert); Parteipräferenz (Sonntagsfrage Bundestagswahl). Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Bundesland; Ortsgröße; Gewichtungsfaktor. Attitudes towards the European Union and towards digitization. 1. Attitudes towards the EU: more positive or more negative thoughts and feelings with regard to the EU; expectations for the future related to Germany and to the EU; expected positive or negative impact of a possible EU exit of Britain (Brexit) to the other EU Member States; assessment of the likelihood of the occurrence of selected consequences of a Brexit; role of the Federal Government at the European level (enforcement of national interests vs. reaching compromises between EU Member States). 2. Attitudes towards digitization: rather hopes or fears associated with digitization; strength of the changes in everyday life by digitization and evaluation of these changes; expected benefits due to digitization in various fields (transportation, medicine, schools and universities, the fight against crime, private communication, access to information from government and business, communication with public authorities as well as the purchase of products and services); desired influence of politics on digitization; assessment of political tasks related to digitization (creation of new Internet companies, promoting digital education in schools and for senior citizens, strengthening of data protection, expansion of fast Internet in urban and rural areas, uniform rules for the use of music and video files across Europe, protection against cyber crime and application of digital technology in health care); Opinion on the digitization of services and information in public authorities and institutions; personally used digital offers of the public service and satisfaction with these offers; opinion on the constant evolution of digital technology; opinion on digital education (as important as reading and writing, as many as possible digital services for seniors, digital education beginning in elementary school); satisfaction with the speed of Internet at home. Demography: age; sex; highest educational degree; employment; occupational position; marital status; confession; income (groups); party preference (Sunday question). Also encoded was: state; city size; weighting factor. Telefonisches Interview: CATI (Computerunterstützte telefonische Befragung) Telephone interview: CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) Wohnbevölkerung ab 18 Jahren in Privathaushalten Resident population aged 18 and over in private households