Understanding the size and spatial distribution of material stocks is crucial for sustainable resource management and climate change mitigation. This study presents high-resolution maps of buildings and mobility infrastructure stocks for the United Kingdom (UK) and the Republic of Ireland (IRL) at 10 m, combining satellite-based Earth observations, OpenStreetMaps, and material intensities research. Stocks in the UK and IRL amount to 19.8 Gigatons or 279 tons/cap, predominantly aggregate, concrete and bricks, as well as various metals and timber. Building stocks per capita are surprisingly similar across medium to high population density, with only the lowest population densities having substantially larger per capita stocks. Infrastructure stocks per capita decrease with higher population density. Interestingly, for a given building stock within an area, infrastructure stocks are substantially larger in IRL than in the UK. These maps can provide useful insights for sustainable urban planning and advancing a circular economy.

This dataset features a detailed map of material stocks in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland on a 10m grid based on high resolution Earth Observation data (Sentinel-1 + Sentinel-2), crowd-sourced geodata (OSM) and material intensity factors.

Spatial extent
This dataset covers the whole British Isles. Due to processing reasons, the dataset is internally structured into the Island of Ireland, and the Island of Great Britain.

Temporal extent
The map is representative for ca. 2018.

Data format
The data are organized by nations. Within each nation, data are split into 100km x 100km tiles (EQUI7 grid), and mosaics are provided.

Within each tile, images for area, volume, and mass at 10m spatial resolution are provided. Units are m², m³, and t, respectively. Each metric is split into buildings, other, rail and street (note: In the paper, other, rail, and street stocks are subsumed to mobility infrastructure). Each category is further split into subcategories (e.g. building types).

Additionally, a grand total of all stocks is provided at multiple spatial resolutions and units, i.e.

• t at 10m x 10m
• kt at 100m x 100m
• Mt at 1km x 1km
• Gt at 10km x 10km

For each nation, mosaics of all above-described data are provided in GDAL VRT format, which can readily be opened in most Geographic Information Systems. File paths are relative, i.e. DO NOT change the file structure or file naming.

Additionally, the grand total mass per nation is tabulated for each island in mass_grand_total_t_10m2.tif.csv. County code and the ID in this table can be related via zones_name_pop.csv.

Material layers
Note that material-specific layers are not included in this repository because of upload limits. Only the totals are provided (i.e. the sum over all materials).

Further information
For further information, please see the publication.
Visit our website to learn more about our project MAT_STOCKS - Understanding the Role of Material Stock Patterns for the Transformation to a Sustainable Society.

Publication

D. Wiedenhofer, F. Schug, H. Gauch, M. Lanau, M. Drewniok, A. Baumgart, D. Virág, H. Watt, A. Cabrera Serrenho, D. Densley Tingley, H. Haberl, D. Frantz (2024): Mapping material stocks of buildings and mobility infrastructure in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 206, 107630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107630

Funding
This research was primarly funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (MAT_STOCKS, grant agreement No 741950).

Acknowledgments
We thank the European Space Agency and the European Commission for freely and openly sharing Sentinel imagery; Microsoft for Building Footprints; Geofabrik and all contributors for OpenStreetMap.This dataset was partly produced on EODC - we thank Clement Atzberger for supporting the generation of this dataset by sharing disc space on EODC, and Wolfgang Wagner for granting access to preprocessed Sentinel-1 data.

The data shows superficial polygons, bedrock polygons and fault linear geological information, sourced from published Geological Survey of Northern Ireland 1:250 000 scale maps - superficial (Quaternary 1991) and bedrock (Solid 1997). Full Northern Ireland coverage is available (Bedrock extends west into RI). The data is available in vector format. BGS licensing terms and conditions apply to external use of the data.

Bedrock is the solid rock at or below the land surface. Over much of Ireland, the bedrock is covered by materials such as soil and gravel. The Bedrock map shows what the land surface of Ireland would be made up of if these materials were removed. As the bedrock is commonly covered, bedrock maps are an interpretation of the available data. Geologists map and record information on the composition and structure of rock outcrops (rock which can be seen on the land surface) and boreholes (a deep narrow round hole drilled in the ground). Areas are drawn on a map to show the distribution of rocks. To produce this dataset, the Geological Survey Ireland (GSI) bedrock geology 1:500,000 and 1:100,000 maps were generalised. The Northern Irish data was generalised using the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland (GSNI) 1:250,000 bedrock geology map. The UK data was generalised using the British Geological Survey (BGS) 1:650,000 bedrock geology map. This map is to the scale 1:1,250,000. When printed at that scale 1cm on the map relates to a distance of 12.5km.The map is intended to be used as a teaching resource.

This dataset consists of the vector version of the Land Cover Map 2000 for Northern Ireland, containing individual parcels of land cover (the highest available resolution). Level 2 & Level 3 attributes are available. Level 2, the standard level of detail, provides 26 LCM2000 target or ('sub') classes. This is the most widely used version of the dataset. Level 3 gives higher class detail. However, the quality of this level of detail may vary in different areas of the country, requiring expert interpretation. The dataset is part of a series of data products produced by the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology known as LCM2000. LCM2000 is a parcel-based thematic classification of satellite image data covering the entire United Kingdom. LCM2000 is derived from a computer classification of satellite scenes obtained mainly from Landsat, IRS and SPOT sensors and also incorporates information derived from other ancillary datasets. LCM2000 was classified using a nomenclature corresponding to the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) Broad Habitats, which encompasses the entire range of UK habitats. In addition, it recorded further detail where possible. The series of LCM2000 products includes vector and raster formats, with a number of different versions containing varying levels of detail and at different spatial resolutions. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/9f043047-d1c7-4852-b513-aa00204022a8

United Kingdom Exports of maps, hydrographic or similar charts (printed) to Ireland was US$359.15 Thousand during 2024, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. United Kingdom Exports of maps, hydrographic or similar charts (printed) to Ireland - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on July of 2025.

United Kingdom Imports from Ireland of Maps, Hydrographic or Similar Charts (Printed) was US$91.14 Thousand during 2024, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. United Kingdom Imports from Ireland of Maps, Hydrographic or Similar Charts (Printed) - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on June of 2025.

The 1:250k Geological Maps of Northern Ireland comprise the Superficial Deposits Map (Drift, 1991) and the Bedrock Map (Solid Geology, 1997). These maps identify landscape areas based on their lithology. The scale of the maps is 1:250 000 and provides a simplified interpretation of the geology that may be used as a guide at a regional level, but should not be relied on for local geology. Superficial deposits are younger geological deposits formed during the most recent geological time; the Quaternary. These deposits rest on older rocks or deposits referred to as bedrock. The superficial deposits theme defines landscape areas with a geological name and their deposit-type or lithological composition. The Superficial map shows the deposits within the extent of the six Counties of Northern Ireland. The Bedrock map comprises the bedrock geology and contains dykes and geological faults. Bedrock geology describes the main mass of solid rocks forming the earth's crust. Bedrock is present everywhere, whether exposed at surface in outcrops or concealed beneath superficial deposits or water bodies. Geological names are based on the lithostratigraphic or lithodemic hierarchy of the rocks. The lithostratigraphic scheme arranges rock bodies into units based on rock-type and geological time of formation. Where rock-types do not fit into the lithostratigraphic scheme, for example intrusive, deformed rocks subjected to heat and pressure resulting in new or changed rock types; then their classification is based on their rock-type or lithological composition. This assesses visible features such as texture, structure, mineralogy. Dykes defines small, narrow areas of a specific type of bedrock geology; that is igneous rocks which have been intruded into the landscape at a later date than the surrounding bedrock. Geological faults occur where a body of bedrock has been fractured and displaced by large scale processes affecting the earth's crust (tectonic forces). The Bedrock map shows the main bedrock geological divisions in Northern Ireland and coverage extends to the west into the Republic of Ireland. The printed map includes a stratigraphic column. Digital datasets have been derived from the maps and comprise three layers. 1. Superficial polygons, 2. Bedrock polygons and 3. Linear features. Attribute tables describe the polygon features. These data are generalised and superseded by the 1:10k Geological Maps of Northern Ireland.

No Publication Abstract is Available

Data sources: England & Wales - Office for National Statistics (ONS)Scotland - National Records of Scotland (NRS)Northern Ireland - Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA)Coverage: United Kingdom The boundaries used have been generalised using a point remove algorithm for web display using the following thresholds:Euro Regions - 250 metres Local Authorities - 150 metres Middle Super Output Area (MSOA) - 100 metres Lower Super Output Area (LSOA) - 75 metres Output Area (OA) - 50 metres The boundaries have been set to display at the following scale thresholds: Euro Regions - > 1:4,000,000 Local Authorities - 1:300,000 – 1:4,000,000 Middle Super Output Area (MSOA) - 1:100,000 – 1:300,000 Lower Super Output Area (LSOA) - 1:40,000 – 1:100,000 Output Area (OA) - < 1:40,000The currency of this data is 2011.

This web map service (WMS) is the 25m raster version of the Land Cover Map 2015 (LCM2015) for Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It shows the target habitat class with the highest percentage cover in each 25m x 25m pixel. The 21 target classes are based on the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) Broad Habitats, which encompass the entire range of UK habitats.

This dataset consists of a 25m resolution raster version of the Land Cover Map 2000 for Northern Ireland. Each 25m pixel represents a 25m area of land cover target class, broadly representing Broad Habitats (see below). The dataset is part of a series of data products produced by the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology known as LCM2000. LCM2000 is a parcel-based thematic classification of satellite image data covering the entire United Kingdom. LCM2000 is derived from a computer classification of satellite scenes obtained mainly from Landsat, IRS and SPOT sensors and also incorporates information derived from other ancillary datasets. LCM2000 was classified using a nomenclature corresponding to the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) Broad Habitats, which encompasses the entire range of UK habitats. In addition, it recorded further detail where possible. The series of LCM2000 products includes vector and raster formats, with a number of different versions containing varying levels of detail and at different spatial resolutions. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/b93de9e7-176b-49cb-92aa-4eccdb72aac1

The 1885 UK parliamentary constituencies for Ireland were re-created in 2017 as part of a conference paper delivered at the Southern Irish Loyalism in Context conference at Maynooth University. The intial map only included the territory of the Irish Free State and was created by Martin Charlton and Jack Kavanagh. The remaining six counties of Ulster were completed by Eoin McLaughlin in 2018-19, the combined result is a GIS map of all the parliamentary constituecies across the island of Ireland for the period 1885-1918. The map is available in both ESRI Shapefile format and as a GeoPackage (GPKG). The methodology for creating the constituencies is outlined in detail below.

Methodology

A map showing the outlines of the 1855 – 1918 Constituency boundaries can be found on page 401 of Parliamentary Elections in Ireland, 1801-1922 (Dublin, 1978) by Brian Walker. This forms the basis for the creation of a set of digital boundaries which can then be used in a GIS. The general workflow involves allocating an 1885 Constituency identifier to each of the 309 Electoral Divisions present in the boundaries made available for the 2011 Census of Population data release by CSO. The ED boundaries are available in ‘shapefile’ format (a de facto standard for spatial data transfer). Once a Constituency identifier has been given to each ED, the GIS operation known as ‘dissolve’ is used to remove the boundaries between EDs in the same Constituency. To begin with Walker’s map was scanned at 1200 dots per inch in JPEG form. A scanned map cannot be linked to other spatial data without undergoing a process known as georeferencing. The CSO boundaries are available with spatial coordinates in the Irish National Grid system. The goal of georeferencing is to produce a rectified version of the map together with a world file. Rectification refers to the process of recomputing the pixel positions in the scanned map so that they are oriented with the ING coordinate system; the world file contains the extent in both the east-west and north-south directions of each pixel (in metres) and the coordinates of the most north-westerly pixel in the rectified image.

Georeferencing involves the identification of Ground Control Points – these are locations on the scanned map for which the spatial coordinates in ING are known. The Georeferencing option in ArcGIS 10.4 makes this a reasonably pain free task. For this map 36 GCPs were required for a local spline transformation. The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 provides the legal basis for the constituencies to be used for future elections in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. Part III of the Seventh Schedule of the Act defines the Constituencies in terms of Baronies, Parishes (and part Parishes) and Townlands for Ireland. Part III of the Sixth Schedule provides definitions for the Boroughs of Belfast and Dublin.

The CSO boundary collection also includes a shapefile of Barony boundaries. This makes it possible code a barony in two ways: (i) allocated completely to a Division or (ii) split between two Divisions. For the first type, the code is just the division name, and for the second the code includes both (or more) division names. Allocation of these names to the data in the ED shapefile is accomplished by a spatial join operation. Recoding the areas in the split Baronies is done interactively using the GIS software’s editing option. EDs or groups of EDs can be selected on the screen, and the correct Division code updated in the attribute table. There are a handful of cases where an ED is split between divisions, so a simple ‘majority’ rule was used for the allocation. As the maps are to be used at mainly for displaying data at the national level, a misallocation is unlikely to be noticed. The final set of boundaries was created using the dissolve operation mentioned earlier. There were a dozen ED that had initially escaped being allocated a code, but these were quickly updated. Similarly, a few of the EDs in the split divisions had been overlooked; again updating was painless. This meant that the dissolve had to be run a few more times before all the errors have been corrected.

For the Northern Ireland districts, a slightly different methodology was deployed which involved linking parishes and townlands along side baronies, using open data sources from the OSM Townlands.ie project and OpenData NI.

This layer of the map based index (GeoIndex) shows the availability of 1:50000 series geological maps. For England and Wales (and Northern Ireland), map sheets normally cover an area 30 km east-west and 20 km north-south; in Scotland the coverage is 20 km east-west and 30 km north-south. The 1:50 000 geological map grids are based on an early Ordnance Survey 1:63 360 (one inch to one mile) scale map grid and are not related to the current Ordnance Survey 1:50 000 map sheets. Maps are normally available in both flat and folded formats.

LCM2007 is a parcel-based thematic classification of satellite image data covering the entire United Kingdom. The map updates and upgrades the Land Cover Map of Great Britain (LCMGB) 1990 and LCM2000. Like the earlier 1990 and 2000 products, LCM2007 is derived from a computer classification of satellite scenes obtained mainly from Landsat, IRS and SPOT sensors. It also covers Northern Ireland and incorporates information derived from other ancillary datasets. LCM2007 was classified using a nomenclature corresponding to the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) Broad Habitats, which encompasses the entire range of UK habitats. In addition, it recorded further detail where possible, incorporating land cover classes sought by other users. LCM2007 is produced in both vector and raster formats, with a number of different versions containing varying levels of detail and at different spatial resolutions. This dataset consists of the 1km raster, percentage Aggregate Class. Northern Ireland only.

This data is experimental, see the ‘Access Constraints or User Limitations’ section for more details. This dataset has been generalised to 10 metre resolution where it is still but the space needed for downloads will be improved.A set of UK wide estimated travel area geometries (isochrones), from Output Area (across England, Scotland, and Wales) and Small Area (across Northern Ireland) population-weighted centroids. The modes used in the isochrone calculations are limited to public transport and walking. Generated using Open Trip Planner routing software in combination with Open Street Maps and open public transport schedule data (UK and Ireland).The geometries provide an estimate of reachable areas by public transport and on foot between 7:15am and 9:15am for a range of maximum travel durations (15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes). For England, Scotland and Wales, these estimates were generated using public transport schedule data for Tuesday 15th November 2022. For Northern Ireland, the date used is Tuesday 6th December 2022.The data is made available as a set of ESRI shape files, in .zip format. This corresponds to a total of 18 files; one for Northern Ireland, one for Wales, twelve for England (one per English region, where London, South East and North West have been split into two files each) and four for Scotland (one per NUTS2 region, where the ‘North-East’ and ‘Highlands and Islands’ have been combined into one shape file, and South West Scotland has been split into two files).The shape files contain the following attributes. For further details, see the ‘Access Constraints or User Limitations’ section:AttributeDescriptionOA21CD or SA2011 or OA11CDEngland and Wales: The 2021 Output Area code.Northern Ireland: The 2011 Small Area code.Scotland: The 2011 Output Area code.centre_latThe population-weighted centroid latitude.centre_lonThe population-weighted centroid longitude.node_latThe latitude of the nearest Open Street Map “highway” node to the population-weighted centroid.node_lonThe longitude of the nearest Open Street Map “highway” node to the population-weighted centroid.node_distThe distance, in meters, between the population-weighted centroid and the nearest Open Street Map “highway” node.stop_latThe latitude of the nearest public transport stop to the population-weighted centroid.stop_lonThe longitude of the nearest public transport stop to the population-weighted centroid.stop_distThe distance, in metres, between the population-weighted centroid and the nearest public transport stop.centre_inBinary value (0 or 1), where 1 signifies the population-weighted centroid lies within the Output Area/Small Area boundary. 0 indicates the population-weighted centroid lies outside the boundary.node_inBinary value (0 or 1), where 1 signifies the nearest Open Street Map “highway” node lies within the Output Area/Small Area boundary. 0 indicates the nearest Open Street Map node lies outside the boundary.stop_inBinary value (0 or 1), where 1 signifies the nearest public transport stop lies within the Output Area/Small Area boundary. 0 indicates the nearest transport stop lies outside the boundary.iso_cutoffThe maximum travel time, in seconds, to construct the reachable area/isochrone. Values are either 900, 1800, 2700, or 3600 which correspond to 15, 30, 45, and 60 minute limits respectively.iso_dateThe date for which the isochrones were estimated, in YYYY-MM-DD format.iso_typeThe start point from which the estimated isochrone was calculated. Valid values are:from_centroid: calculated using population weighted centroid.from_node: calculated using the nearest Open Street Map “highway” node.from_stop: calculated using the nearest public transport stop.no_trip_found: no isochrone was calculated.geometryThe isochrone geometry.iso_hectarThe area of the isochrone, in hectares.Access constraints or user limitations.These data are experimental and will potentially have a wider degree of uncertainty. They remain subject to testing of quality, volatility, and ability to meet user needs. The methodologies used to generate them are still subject to modification and further evaluation.These experimental data have been published with specific caveats outlined in this section. The data are shared with the analytical community with the purpose of benefitting from the community's scrutiny and in improving the quality and demand of potential future releases. There may be potential modification following user feedback on both its quality and suitability.For England and Wales, where possible, the latest census 2021 Output Area population weighted centroids were used as the starting point from which isochrones were calculated.For Northern Ireland, 2011 Small Area population weighted centroids were used as the starting point from which isochrones were calculated. Small Areas and Output Areas contain a similar number of households within their boundaries. 2011 data was used because this was the most up-to-date data available at the time of generating this dataset. Population weighted centroids for Northern Ireland were calculated internally but may be subject to change - in the future we aim to update these data to be consistent with Census 2021 across the UK.For Scotland, 2011 Output Area population-weighted centroids were used as the starting point from which isochrones were calculated. 2011 data was used because this was the most up-to-date data available at the time of work.The data for England, Scotland and Wales are released with the projection EPSG:27700 (British National Grid).The data for Northern Ireland are released with the projection EPSG:29902 (Irish Grid).The modes used in the isochrone calculations are limited to public transport and walking. Other modes were not considered when generating this data.A maximum value of 1.5 kilometres walking distance was used when generating isochrones. This approximately represents typical walking distances during a commute (based on Department for Transport/Labour Force Survey data and Travel Survey for Northern Ireland technical reports).When generating Northern Ireland data, public transport schedule data for both Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland were used.Isochrone geometries and calculated areas are subject to public transport schedule data accuracy, Open Trip Planner routing methods and Open Street Map accuracy. The location of the population-weighted centroid can also influence the validity of the isochrones, when this falls on land which is not possible or is difficult to traverse (e.g., private land and very remote locations).The Northern Ireland public transport data were collated from several files, and as such required additional pre-processing. Location data are missing for two bus stops. Some services run by local public transport providers may also be missing. However, the missing data should have limited impact on the isochrone output. Due to the availability of Northern Ireland public transport data, the isochrones for Northern Ireland were calculated on a comparable but slight later date of 6th December 2022. Any potential future releases are likely to contained aligned dates between all four regions of the UK.In cases where isochrones are not calculable from the population-weighted centroid, or when the calculated isochrones are unrealistically small, the nearest Open Street Map ‘highway’ node is used as an alternative starting point. If this then fails to yield a result, the nearest public transport stop is used as the isochrone origin. If this also fails to yield a result, the geometry will be ‘None’ and the ‘iso_hectar’ will be set to zero. The following information shows a further breakdown of the isochrone types for the UK as a whole:from_centroid: 99.8844%from_node: 0.0332%from_stop: 0.0734%no_trip_found: 0.0090%The term ‘unrealistically small’ in the point above refers to outlier isochrones with a significantly smaller area when compared with both their neighbouring Output/Small Areas and the entire regional distribution. These reflect a very small fraction of circumstances whereby the isochrone extent was impacted by the centroid location and/or how Open Trip Planner handled them (e.g. remote location, private roads and/or no means of traversing the land). Analysis showed these outliers were consistently below 100 hectares for 60-minute isochrones. Therefore, In these cases, the isochrone point of origin was adjusted to the nearest node or stop, as outlined above.During the quality assurance checks, the extent of the isochrones was observed to be in good agreement with other routing software and within the limitations stated within this section. Additionally, the use of nearest node, nearest stop, and correction of ‘unrealistically small areas’ was implemented in a small fraction of cases only. This culminates in no data being available for 8 out of 239,768 Output/Small Areas.Data is only available in ESRI shape file format (.zip) at this release.https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright

Data identifying landscape areas (shown as polygons) attributed with geological names and rock type descriptions. The scale of the data is 1:625 000 scale providing a simplified interpretation of the geology. Onshore coverage is provided for all of England, Wales, Scotland, the Isle of Man and Northern Ireland. Bedrock geology describes the main mass of solid rocks forming the earth's crust. Bedrock is present everywhere, whether exposed at surface in outcrops or concealed beneath superficial deposits or water bodies. The bedrock geology of the UK is very diverse and includes three broad classes based on their mode of origin: igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. The data includes attribution to identify each rock type (in varying levels of detail) as described in the BGS Rock Classification Scheme (volumes 1-3 ). The bedrock has formed over long periods of geological time, from the Archean eon some 7500 million years ago, to the relatively young Pliocene, 58 million years ago. The age of the rocks is identified in the data through their BGS lexicon name (published for each deposit at the time of the original survey or subsequent digital data creation). For stratified rocks i.e. arranged in sequence, this will usually be of a lithostratigraphic type. Other rock types for example intrusive igneous bodies will be of a lithodemic type. More information on the formal naming of UK rocks is available in the BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. Geological names are based on the lithostratigraphic or lithodemic hierarchy. The lithostratigraphic scheme arranges rock bodies into units based on rock-type and geological time of formation. Where rock-types do not fit into the lithostratigraphic scheme, for example intrusive, deformed rocks subjected to heat and pressure resulting in new or changed rock types; then their classification is based on their rock-type or lithological composition using visible features such as texture, structure, mineralogy. The data are available in vector format (containing the geometry of each feature linked to a database record describing their attributes) as ESRI shapefiles and are delivered free of charge under the terms of the Open Government Licence.

This dataset consists of a 1km resolution raster version of the Land Cover Map 2000 for Northern Ireland. Each 1km pixel represents the dominant target class (or 'sub class') across the 1km area. The target classes broadly represent Broad Habitats (see below). The dataset is part of a series of data products produced by the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology known as LCM2000. LCM2000 is a parcel-based thematic classification of satellite image data covering the entire United Kingdom. LCM2000 is derived from a computer classification of satellite scenes obtained mainly from Landsat, IRS and SPOT sensors and also incorporates information derived from other ancillary datasets. LCM2000 was classified using a nomenclature corresponding to the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) Broad Habitats, which encompasses the entire range of UK habitats. In addition, it recorded further detail where possible. The series of LCM2000 products includes vector and raster formats, with a number of different versions containing varying levels of detail and at different spatial resolutions. Full details about this dataset can be found at https://doi.org/10.5285/e025d2f5-059c-41de-b856-202d8b2d4719

The data shows polygonal and selected linear geological information, sourced from GSNI 1:10 000 or 1:10 560 scale maps of Northern Ireland. However, geological units are identified using the most up-to-date nomenclature and that may differ from that on the printed maps. The geology was fitted to the relevant Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland topographic base at the time of survey. The dataset is currently under expansion and point data will be added progressively in future releases. The data is available in vector format. GSNI licensing terms and conditions apply to external use of the data.

The data consists of 6 themes; Bedrock Superficial Artificial Mass Movement Linear Point data

This is the land parcels (polygon) dataset for the UKCEH Land Cover Map of 2019 (LCM2019) representing Northern Ireland. It describes Northern Ireland's land cover in 2019 using UKCEH Land Cover Classes, which are based on UK Biodiversity Action Plan broad habitats. This dataset was derived from the corresponding LCM2019 20m classified pixels dataset. All further LCM2019 datasets for Northern Ireland are derived from this land parcel product. A range of land parcel attributes are provided. These include the dominant UKCEH Land Cover Class given as an integer value and a range of per-parcel pixel statistics to help assess classification confidence and accuracy; for a full explanation please refer to the dataset documentation. LCM2019 represents a suite of geospatial land cover datasets (raster and polygon) describing the UK land surface in 2019. These were produced at the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology by classifying satellite images from 2019. LCM2019 was simultaneously released with LCM2017 and LCM2018. These are the latest in a series of UKCEH land cover maps, which began with the 1990 Land Cover Map of Great Britain (now usually referred to as LCM1990) followed by UK-wide land cover maps LCM2000, LCM2007 and LCM2015. This work was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council award number NE/R016429/1 as part of the UK-SCAPE programme delivering National Capability.

This data is experimental, see the ‘Access Constraints or User Limitations’ section for more details. This dataset has been generalised to 10 metre resolution where it is still but the space needed for downloads will be improved.A set of UK wide estimated travel area geometries (isochrones), from Output Area (across England, Scotland, and Wales) and Small Area (across Northern Ireland) population-weighted centroids. The modes used in the isochrone calculations are limited to public transport and walking. Generated using Open Trip Planner routing software in combination with Open Street Maps and open public transport schedule data (UK and Ireland).The geometries provide an estimate of reachable areas by public transport and on foot between 7:15am and 9:15am for a range of maximum travel durations (15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes). For England, Scotland and Wales, these estimates were generated using public transport schedule data for Tuesday 15th November 2022. For Northern Ireland, the date used is Tuesday 6th December 2022.The data is made available as a set of ESRI shape files, in .zip format. This corresponds to a total of 18 files; one for Northern Ireland, one for Wales, twelve for England (one per English region, where London, South East and North West have been split into two files each) and four for Scotland (one per NUTS2 region, where the ‘North-East’ and ‘Highlands and Islands’ have been combined into one shape file, and South West Scotland has been split into two files).The shape files contain the following attributes. For further details, see the ‘Access Constraints or User Limitations’ section:AttributeDescriptionOA21CD or SA2011 or OA11CDEngland and Wales: The 2021 Output Area code.Northern Ireland: The 2011 Small Area code.Scotland: The 2011 Output Area code.centre_latThe population-weighted centroid latitude.centre_lonThe population-weighted centroid longitude.node_latThe latitude of the nearest Open Street Map “highway” node to the population-weighted centroid.node_lonThe longitude of the nearest Open Street Map “highway” node to the population-weighted centroid.node_distThe distance, in meters, between the population-weighted centroid and the nearest Open Street Map “highway” node.stop_latThe latitude of the nearest public transport stop to the population-weighted centroid.stop_lonThe longitude of the nearest public transport stop to the population-weighted centroid.stop_distThe distance, in metres, between the population-weighted centroid and the nearest public transport stop.centre_inBinary value (0 or 1), where 1 signifies the population-weighted centroid lies within the Output Area/Small Area boundary. 0 indicates the population-weighted centroid lies outside the boundary.node_inBinary value (0 or 1), where 1 signifies the nearest Open Street Map “highway” node lies within the Output Area/Small Area boundary. 0 indicates the nearest Open Street Map node lies outside the boundary.stop_inBinary value (0 or 1), where 1 signifies the nearest public transport stop lies within the Output Area/Small Area boundary. 0 indicates the nearest transport stop lies outside the boundary.iso_cutoffThe maximum travel time, in seconds, to construct the reachable area/isochrone. Values are either 900, 1800, 2700, or 3600 which correspond to 15, 30, 45, and 60 minute limits respectively.iso_dateThe date for which the isochrones were estimated, in YYYY-MM-DD format.iso_typeThe start point from which the estimated isochrone was calculated. Valid values are:from_centroid: calculated using population weighted centroid.from_node: calculated using the nearest Open Street Map “highway” node.from_stop: calculated using the nearest public transport stop.no_trip_found: no isochrone was calculated.geometryThe isochrone geometry.iso_hectarThe area of the isochrone, in hectares.Access constraints or user limitations.These data are experimental and will potentially have a wider degree of uncertainty. They remain subject to testing of quality, volatility, and ability to meet user needs. The methodologies used to generate them are still subject to modification and further evaluation.These experimental data have been published with specific caveats outlined in this section. The data are shared with the analytical community with the purpose of benefitting from the community's scrutiny and in improving the quality and demand of potential future releases. There may be potential modification following user feedback on both its quality and suitability.For England and Wales, where possible, the latest census 2021 Output Area population weighted centroids were used as the starting point from which isochrones were calculated.For Northern Ireland, 2011 Small Area population weighted centroids were used as the starting point from which isochrones were calculated. Small Areas and Output Areas contain a similar number of households within their boundaries. 2011 data was used because this was the most up-to-date data available at the time of generating this dataset. Population weighted centroids for Northern Ireland were calculated internally but may be subject to change - in the future we aim to update these data to be consistent with Census 2021 across the UK.For Scotland, 2011 Output Area population-weighted centroids were used as the starting point from which isochrones were calculated. 2011 data was used because this was the most up-to-date data available at the time of work.The data for England, Scotland and Wales are released with the projection EPSG:27700 (British National Grid).The data for Northern Ireland are released with the projection EPSG:29902 (Irish Grid).The modes used in the isochrone calculations are limited to public transport and walking. Other modes were not considered when generating this data.A maximum value of 1.5 kilometres walking distance was used when generating isochrones. This approximately represents typical walking distances during a commute (based on Department for Transport/Labour Force Survey data and Travel Survey for Northern Ireland technical reports).When generating Northern Ireland data, public transport schedule data for both Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland were used.Isochrone geometries and calculated areas are subject to public transport schedule data accuracy, Open Trip Planner routing methods and Open Street Map accuracy. The location of the population-weighted centroid can also influence the validity of the isochrones, when this falls on land which is not possible or is difficult to traverse (e.g., private land and very remote locations).The Northern Ireland public transport data were collated from several files, and as such required additional pre-processing. Location data are missing for two bus stops. Some services run by local public transport providers may also be missing. However, the missing data should have limited impact on the isochrone output. Due to the availability of Northern Ireland public transport data, the isochrones for Northern Ireland were calculated on a comparable but slight later date of 6th December 2022. Any potential future releases are likely to contained aligned dates between all four regions of the UK.In cases where isochrones are not calculable from the population-weighted centroid, or when the calculated isochrones are unrealistically small, the nearest Open Street Map ‘highway’ node is used as an alternative starting point. If this then fails to yield a result, the nearest public transport stop is used as the isochrone origin. If this also fails to yield a result, the geometry will be ‘None’ and the ‘iso_hectar’ will be set to zero. The following information shows a further breakdown of the isochrone types for the UK as a whole:from_centroid: 99.8844%from_node: 0.0332%from_stop: 0.0734%no_trip_found: 0.0090%The term ‘unrealistically small’ in the point above refers to outlier isochrones with a significantly smaller area when compared with both their neighbouring Output/Small Areas and the entire regional distribution. These reflect a very small fraction of circumstances whereby the isochrone extent was impacted by the centroid location and/or how Open Trip Planner handled them (e.g. remote location, private roads and/or no means of traversing the land). Analysis showed these outliers were consistently below 100 hectares for 60-minute isochrones. Therefore, In these cases, the isochrone point of origin was adjusted to the nearest node or stop, as outlined above.During the quality assurance checks, the extent of the isochrones was observed to be in good agreement with other routing software and within the limitations stated within this section. Additionally, the use of nearest node, nearest stop, and correction of ‘unrealistically small areas’ was implemented in a small fraction of cases only. This culminates in no data being available for 8 out of 239,768 Output/Small Areas.Data is only available in ESRI shape file format (.zip) at this release.https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright