United Kingdom UK: Banking Institutions: Foreign Assets data was reported at 3,692,394.000 GBP mn in Sep 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3,715,082.000 GBP mn for Jun 2018. United Kingdom UK: Banking Institutions: Foreign Assets data is updated quarterly, averaging 547,933.000 GBP mn from Mar 1963 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 223 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,905,217.000 GBP mn in Dec 2008 and a record low of 1,693.000 GBP mn in Mar 1963. United Kingdom UK: Banking Institutions: Foreign Assets data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.IMF.IFS: Financial System: Deposit Money Banks: Quarterly.

United Kingdom UK: Banking Survey: Broad Money: % Change over Previous Year data was reported at 8.717 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 1.974 % for 2015. United Kingdom UK: Banking Survey: Broad Money: % Change over Previous Year data is updated yearly, averaging 8.825 % from Dec 1952 (Median) to 2016, with 65 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 27.901 % in 1972 and a record low of -4.418 % in 2011. United Kingdom UK: Banking Survey: Broad Money: % Change over Previous Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.IMF.IFS: Financial System: Monetary: Annual.

Money Supply M3 in the United Kingdom decreased to 3634901 GBP Million in April from 3637067 GBP Million in March of 2025. This dataset provides - United Kingdom Money Supply M3 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

United Kingdom UK: Monetary Authorities: Reserve Money data was reported at 537,810.000 GBP mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 446,877.000 GBP mn for 2016. United Kingdom UK: Monetary Authorities: Reserve Money data is updated yearly, averaging 12,884.500 GBP mn from Dec 1950 (Median) to 2017, with 68 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 537,810.000 GBP mn in 2017 and a record low of 1,822.000 GBP mn in 1950. United Kingdom UK: Monetary Authorities: Reserve Money data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.IMF.IFS: Financial System: Monetary Authorities: Annual.

The United Kingdom: Banking system capital, percent of assets: The latest value from 2020 is 6.87 percent, an increase from 6.79 percent in 2019. In comparison, the world average is 10.50 percent, based on data from 105 countries. Historically, the average for the United Kingdom from 1998 to 2020 is 6.56 percent. The minimum value, 4.4 percent, was reached in 2008 while the maximum of 9.9 percent was recorded in 2002.

[The spreadsheet is organised into two parts. The first contains a broad set of annual data covering the UK national accounts and other financial and macroeconomic data stretching back in some cases to the late 17th century. The second and third sections cover the available monthly and quarterly data for the UK to facilitate higher frequency analysis on the macroeconomy and the financial system. The spreadsheet attempts to provide continuous historical time series for most variables up to the present day by making various assumptions about how to link the historical components together. But we also have provided the various chains of raw historical data and retained all our calculations in the spreadsheet so that the method of calculating the continuous times series is clear and users can construct their own composite estimates by using different linking procedures., This dataset contains a broad set of historical data covering the UK national accounts and other financial and macroeconomic data stretching back in some cases to the late 17th century.]

The economy was seen by 49 percent of people in the UK as one of the top three issues facing the country in June 2025. The ongoing cost of living crisis afflicting the UK, driven by high inflation, is still one of the main concerns of Britons. Immigration has generally been the second most important issue since the middle of 2024, just ahead of health, which was seen as the third-biggest issue in the most recent month. Labour's popularity continues to sink in 2025 Despite winning the 2024 general election with a strong majority, the new Labour government has had its share of struggles since coming to power. Shortly after taking office, the approval rating for Labour stood at -2 percent, but this fell throughout the second half of 2024, and by January 2025 had sunk to a new low of -47 percent. Although this was still higher than the previous government's last approval rating of -56 percent, it is nevertheless a severe review from the electorate. Among several decisions from the government, arguably the least popular was the government withdrawing winter fuel payments. This state benefit, previously paid to all pensioners, is now only paid to those on low incomes, with millions of pensioners not receiving this payment in winter 2024. Sunak's pledges fail to prevent defeat in 2024 With an election on the horizon, and the Labour Party consistently ahead in the polls, addressing voter concerns directly was one of the best chances the Conservatives had of staying in power in 2023. At the start of that year, Rishi Sunak attempted to do this by setting out his five pledges for the next twelve months; halve inflation, grow the economy, reduce national debt, cut NHS waiting times, and stop small boats. A year later, Sunak had at best only partial success in these aims. Although the inflation rate fell, economic growth was weak and even declined in the last two quarters of 2023, although it did return to growth in early 2024. National debt was only expected to fall in the mid to late 2020s, while the trend of increasing NHS waiting times did not reverse. Small boat crossings were down from 2022, but still higher than in 2021 or 2020. .

The United Kingdom: Banking system z-scores: The latest value from 2021 is 18.11 index points, an increase from 17.63 index points in 2020. In comparison, the world average is 17.25 index points, based on data from 136 countries. Historically, the average for the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2021 is 13.77 index points. The minimum value, 5.06 index points, was reached in 2008 while the maximum of 23.7 index points was recorded in 2003.

Abstract

Financial inclusion is critical in reducing poverty and achieving inclusive economic growth. When people can participate in the financial system, they are better able to start and expand businesses, invest in their children’s education, and absorb financial shocks. Yet prior to 2011, little was known about the extent of financial inclusion and the degree to which such groups as the poor, women, and rural residents were excluded from formal financial systems.

By collecting detailed indicators about how adults around the world manage their day-to-day finances, the Global Findex allows policy makers, researchers, businesses, and development practitioners to track how the use of financial services has changed over time. The database can also be used to identify gaps in access to the formal financial system and design policies to expand financial inclusion.

Geographic coverage

National Coverage

Analysis unit

Individual

Universe

The target population is the civilian, non-institutionalized population 15 years and above.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Frequency of data collection

Triennial

Sampling procedure

As in the first edition, the indicators in the 2014 Global Findex are drawn from survey data covering almost 150,000 people in more than 140 economies-representing more than 97 percent of the world's population. The survey was carried out over the 2014 calendar year by Gallup, Inc. as part of its Gallup World Poll, which since 2005 has continually conducted surveys of approximately 1,000 people in each of more than 160 economies and in over 140 languages, using randomly selected, nationally representative samples. The target population is the entire civilian, noninstitutionalized population age 15 and above. The set of indicators will be collected again in 2017.

Surveys are conducted face to face in economies where telephone coverage represents less than 80 percent of the population or is the customary methodology. In most economies the fieldwork is completed in two to four weeks. In economies where face-to-face surveys are conducted, the first stage of sampling is the identification of primary sampling units. These units are stratified by population size, geography, or both, and clustering is achieved through one or more stages of sampling. Where population information is available, sample selection is based on probabilities proportional to population size; otherwise, simple random sampling is used. Random route procedures are used to select sampled households. Unless an outright refusal occurs, interviewers make up to three attempts to survey the sampled household. To increase the probability of contact and completion, attempts are made at different times of the day and, where possible, on different days. If an interview cannot be obtained at the initial sampled household, a simple substitution method is used. Respondents are randomly selected within the selected households by means of the Kish grid. In economies where cultural restrictions dictate gender matching, respondents are randomly selected through the Kish grid from among all eligible adults of the interviewer's gender.

In economies where telephone interviewing is employed, random digit dialing or a nationally representative list of phone numbers is used. In most economies where cell phone penetration is high, a dual sampling frame is used. Random selection of respondents is achieved by using either the latest birthday or Kish grid method. At least three attempts are made to reach a person in each household, spread over different days and times of day.

The sample size in United Kingdom was 1,000 individuals.

Mode of data collection

Other [oth]

Research instrument

The questionnaire was designed by the World Bank, in conjunction with a Technical Advisory Board composed of leading academics, practitioners, and policy makers in the field of financial inclusion. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Gallup Inc. also provided valuable input. The questionnaire was piloted in multiple countries, using focus groups, cognitive interviews, and field testing. The questionnaire is available in 142 languages upon request.

Questions on cash withdrawals, saving using an informal savings club or person outside the family, domestic remittances, school fees, and agricultural payments are only asked in developing economies and few other selected countries. The question on mobile money accounts was only asked in economies that were part of the Mobile Money for the Unbanked (MMU) database of the GSMA at the time the interviews were being held.

Sampling error estimates

Estimates of standard errors (which account for sampling error) vary by country and indicator. For country-specific margins of error, please refer to the Methodology section and corresponding table in Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer, and Peter Van Oudheusden, “The Global Findex Database 2014: Measuring Financial Inclusion around the World.” Policy Research Working Paper 7255, World Bank, Washington, D.C.

United Kingdom UK: Monetary Authorities: Foreign Assets data was reported at 19,446.000 GBP mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 17,964.000 GBP mn for 2016. United Kingdom UK: Monetary Authorities: Foreign Assets data is updated yearly, averaging 10,114.500 GBP mn from Dec 1952 (Median) to 2017, with 66 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 39,075.000 GBP mn in 2008 and a record low of 659.000 GBP mn in 1952. United Kingdom UK: Monetary Authorities: Foreign Assets data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.IMF.IFS: Financial System: Monetary Authorities: Annual.

In 2023/24, the government of the United Kingdom spent approximately 4.1 percent of its gross domestic product on education, compared with 4.2 percent in the previous financial year. During this time period, education spending as a share of GDP was highest in 2009/10 when it was 5.7 percent.

Daily data showing SAP of gas, and rolling seven-day average, traded in Great Britain over the On-the-Day Commodity Market (OCM). These are official statistics in development. Source: National Gas Transmission.

The United Kingdom defence industry, valued at approximately £64.55 billion in 2025, is projected to experience steady growth with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 3.12% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is driven by several key factors. Geopolitical instability and the ongoing need to modernize equipment in the face of evolving threats are significant contributors. Increased government spending on defense, particularly in areas like cybersecurity and unmanned systems, is also fueling market expansion. Technological advancements in areas such as artificial intelligence, autonomous weapons systems, and advanced materials are shaping the industry landscape, creating opportunities for innovation and investment. Furthermore, a focus on enhancing national security capabilities, including strengthening the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force, is driving demand for various defense systems. The industry's segmentation encompasses a diverse range of products and services, from fixed-wing aircraft and rotorcraft to naval vessels, C4ISR systems, and advanced weaponry, indicating a broad and resilient market. This diversified portfolio offers resilience against potential downturns in specific sectors. However, the UK defense industry also faces certain challenges. Budgetary constraints, particularly in a time of economic uncertainty, could potentially limit investment. Competition from international defense contractors is also intense, requiring UK businesses to remain innovative and competitive to secure market share. Supply chain disruptions and the need to maintain technological superiority in the face of rapid advancements in military technology represent ongoing hurdles. Effective collaboration between government agencies, private companies, and research institutions will be crucial in mitigating these challenges and maximizing the long-term growth potential of this vital sector. The industry's future success hinges on strategic investments in research and development, fostering a skilled workforce, and adapting to the evolving geopolitical landscape. This report provides an in-depth analysis of the United Kingdom defence industry, covering the period 2019-2033, with a focus on the estimated year 2025. It examines market size, growth drivers, challenges, and future trends, offering crucial insights for industry stakeholders, investors, and policymakers. The study includes detailed segmentations across various armed forces (Army, Navy, Air Force), equipment types (Fixed-wing Aircraft, Rotorcraft, Ground Vehicles, Naval Vessels, C4ISR, Weapons and Ammunition, Protection and Training Equipment, Unmanned Systems), and key players. The report uses data from the historical period (2019-2024) to build a robust forecast for 2025-2033, providing a comprehensive understanding of this dynamic market valued at billions. Notable trends are: The Navy is Expected to Witness the Highest Growth During the Forecast Period.

United Kingdom UK: Banking Survey: Claims on Government: Net data was reported at 588,924.000 GBP mn in Sep 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 602,775.000 GBP mn for Aug 2018. United Kingdom UK: Banking Survey: Claims on Government: Net data is updated monthly, averaging 23,733.000 GBP mn from Jan 1987 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 381 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 622,630.000 GBP mn in Apr 2017 and a record low of -29,210.000 GBP mn in Feb 2007. United Kingdom UK: Banking Survey: Claims on Government: Net data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.IMF.IFS: Financial System: Monetary.

At the turn of the 20th century, industrialization in Western Europe and North America saw new countries emerge (or return) as major economic powers. Germany (established in 1871) and the United States were the two countries that began to challenge the established powers such as Britain and the Netherlands on an industrial scale, while France's invigorated banking system compensated for its slow rate of industrialization. This period also saw Scandinavian countries catch up with modernization rates observed in other Western European countries; the wealth of natural resources, increased industrial output, and strong shipping networks combined to allow GDP per capita to grow at rates similar to the United States and France and Germany.

Between 1970 and 1913, GDP per capita in the three emerging regions roughly doubled, outpacing growth in countries considered economic and industrial "leaders" for most of the 1800s. While Britain had been the leading global superpower for most of the 19th century and still maintained healthy economic growth in the given period, the rise of Germany and the U.S. at this time would (and, later, the Soviet Union) go on to shape global economic development over the subsequent decades.

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

The Great Britain Historical Database has been assembled as part of the ongoing Great Britain Historical GIS Project. The project aims to trace the emergence of the north-south divide in Britain and to provide a synoptic view of the human geography of Britain at sub-county scales. Further information about the project is available on A Vision of Britain webpages, where users can browse the database's documentation system online.

Abstract

Financial inclusion is critical in reducing poverty and achieving inclusive economic growth. When people can participate in the financial system, they are better able to start and expand businesses, invest in their children’s education, and absorb financial shocks. Yet prior to 2011, little was known about the extent of financial inclusion and the degree to which such groups as the poor, women, and rural residents were excluded from formal financial systems.

By collecting detailed indicators about how adults around the world manage their day-to-day finances, the Global Findex allows policy makers, researchers, businesses, and development practitioners to track how the use of financial services has changed over time. The database can also be used to identify gaps in access to the formal financial system and design policies to expand financial inclusion.

Geographic coverage

National coverage.

Analysis unit

Individuals

Universe

The target population is the civilian, non-institutionalized population 15 years and above.

Kind of data

Observation data/ratings [obs]

Sampling procedure

The indicators in the 2017 Global Findex database are drawn from survey data covering almost 150,000 people in 144 economies-representing more than 97 percent of the world’s population (see table A.1 of the Global Findex Database 2017 Report for a list of the economies included). The survey was carried out over the 2017 calendar year by Gallup, Inc., as part of its Gallup World Poll, which since 2005 has annually conducted surveys of approximately 1,000 people in each of more than 160 economies and in over 150 languages, using randomly selected, nationally representative samples. The target population is the entire civilian, noninstitutionalized population age 15 and above. Interview procedure Surveys are conducted face to face in economies where telephone coverage represents less than 80 percent of the population or where this is the customary methodology. In most economies the fieldwork is completed in two to four weeks.

In economies where face-to-face surveys are conducted, the first stage of sampling is the identification of primary sampling units. These units are stratified by population size, geography, or both, and clustering is achieved through one or more stages of sampling. Where population information is available, sample selection is based on probabilities proportional to population size; otherwise, simple random sampling is used. Random route procedures are used to select sampled households. Unless an outright refusal occurs, interviewers make up to three attempts to survey the sampled household. To increase the probability of contact and completion, attempts are made at different times of the day and, where possible, on different days. If an interview cannot be obtained at the initial sampled household, a simple substitution method is used.

Respondents are randomly selected within the selected households. Each eligible household member is listed and the handheld survey device randomly selects the household member to be interviewed. For paper surveys, the Kish grid method is used to select the respondent. In economies where cultural restrictions dictate gender matching, respondents are randomly selected from among all eligible adults of the interviewer’s gender.

In economies where telephone interviewing is employed, random digit dialing or a nationally representative list of phone numbers is used. In most economies where cell phone penetration is high, a dual sampling frame is used. Random selection of respondents is achieved by using either the latest birthday or household enumeration method. At least three attempts are made to reach a person in each household, spread over different days and times of day.

The sample size was 1000.

Mode of data collection

Landline and Cellular Telephone

Research instrument

The questionnaire was designed by the World Bank, in conjunction with a Technical Advisory Board composed of leading academics, practitioners, and policy makers in the field of financial inclusion. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Gallup Inc. also provided valuable input. The questionnaire was piloted in multiple countries, using focus groups, cognitive interviews, and field testing. The questionnaire is available in more than 140 languages upon request.

Questions on cash on delivery, saving using an informal savings club or person outside the family, domestic remittances, and agricultural payments are only asked in developing economies and few other selected countries. The question on mobile money accounts was only asked in economies that were part of the Mobile Money for the Unbanked (MMU) database of the GSMA at the time the interviews were being held.

Sampling error estimates

Estimates of standard errors (which account for sampling error) vary by country and indicator. For country-specific margins of error, please refer to the Methodology section and corresponding table in Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer, Saniya Ansar, and Jake Hess. 2018. The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution. Washington, DC: World Bank

India Exports: UK: Furniture data was reported at 98.600 USD mn in 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 97.300 USD mn for 2017. India Exports: UK: Furniture data is updated yearly, averaging 46.445 USD mn from Mar 1997 (Median) to 2018, with 22 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.190 USD mn in 2016 and a record low of 1.270 USD mn in 1997. India Exports: UK: Furniture data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The data is categorized under Global Database’s India – Table IN.JAC024: Foreign Trade: Harmonized System 2 Digits: United Kingdom.

United Kingdom UK: Monetary Authorities: Claims on Central Government: Net data was reported at 479,723.000 GBP mn in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 471,092.000 GBP mn for 2016. United Kingdom UK: Monetary Authorities: Claims on Central Government: Net data is updated yearly, averaging 9,332.000 GBP mn from Dec 1951 (Median) to 2017, with 67 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 479,723.000 GBP mn in 2017 and a record low of 1,791.000 GBP mn in 1988. United Kingdom UK: Monetary Authorities: Claims on Central Government: Net data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.IMF.IFS: Financial System: Monetary Authorities: Annual.

United Kingdom UK: Monetary Authorities: Foreign Liabilities data was reported at 25,697.000 GBP mn in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 25,912.000 GBP mn for 2016. United Kingdom UK: Monetary Authorities: Foreign Liabilities data is updated yearly, averaging 8,100.500 GBP mn from Dec 1962 (Median) to 2017, with 56 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 50,792.000 GBP mn in 2008 and a record low of 1,918.000 GBP mn in 1976. United Kingdom UK: Monetary Authorities: Foreign Liabilities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United Kingdom – Table UK.IMF.IFS: Financial System: Monetary Authorities: Annual.