VITAL SIGNS INDICATOR Migration (EQ4)

FULL MEASURE NAME Migration flows

LAST UPDATED December 2018

DESCRIPTION Migration refers to the movement of people from one location to another, typically crossing a county or regional boundary. Migration captures both voluntary relocation – for example, moving to another region for a better job or lower home prices – and involuntary relocation as a result of displacement. The dataset includes metropolitan area, regional, and county tables.

DATA SOURCE American Community Survey County-to-County Migration Flows 2012-2015 5-year rolling average http://www.census.gov/topics/population/migration/data/tables.All.html

CONTACT INFORMATION vitalsigns.info@bayareametro.gov

METHODOLOGY NOTES (across all datasets for this indicator) Data for migration comes from the American Community Survey; county-to-county flow datasets experience a longer lag time than other standard datasets available in FactFinder. 5-year rolling average data was used for migration for all geographies, as the Census Bureau does not release 1-year annual data. Data is not available at any geography below the county level; note that flows that are relatively small on the county level are often within the margin of error. The metropolitan area comparison was performed for the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area, in addition to the primary MSAs for the nine other major metropolitan areas, by aggregating county data based on current metropolitan area boundaries. Data prior to 2011 is not available on Vital Signs due to inconsistent Census formats and a lack of net migration statistics for prior years. Only counties with a non-negligible flow are shown in the data; all other pairs can be assumed to have zero migration.

Given that the vast majority of migration out of the region was to other counties in California, California counties were bundled into the following regions for simplicity: Bay Area: Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, Sonoma Central Coast: Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz Central Valley: Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, Tulare Los Angeles + Inland Empire: Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, Ventura Sacramento: El Dorado, Placer, Sacramento, Sutter, Yolo, Yuba San Diego: San Diego San Joaquin Valley: San Joaquin, Stanislaus Rural: all other counties (23)

One key limitation of the American Community Survey migration data is that it is not able to track emigration (movement of current U.S. residents to other countries). This is despite the fact that it is able to quantify immigration (movement of foreign residents to the U.S.), generally by continent of origin. Thus the Vital Signs analysis focuses primarily on net domestic migration, while still specifically citing in-migration flows from countries abroad based on data availability.

Race is a social and historical construct, and the racial categories counted by the census change over time so the process of constructing stable racial categories for these 50 years out of census data required complex and imperfect decisions. Here we have used historical research on early 20th century southern California to construct historic racial categories from the IPUMS full count data, which allows us to track groups that were not formally classified as racial groups in some census decades like Mexican, but which were important racial categories in southern California. Detailed explanation of how we constructed these categories and the rationale we used for the decisions we made can be found here. Layers are symbolized to show the percentage of each of the following groups from 1900-1940:AmericanIndian Not-Hispanic, AmericanIndian Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, Black-Hispanic, Chinese, Korean, Filipino and Japanese, Mexican, Hispanic Not-Mexican, white non-Hispanic. The IPUMS Census data is messy and includes some errors and undercounts, making it hard to map some smaller populations, like Asian Indians (in census called Hindu in 1920) and creating a possible undercount of Native American populations. The race data mapped here also includes categories that may not have been socially meaningful at the time like Black-Hispanic, which generally would represent people from Mexico who the census enumerator classified as Black because of their dark skin, but who were likely simply part of Mexican communities at the time. We have included maps of the Hispanic not-Mexican category which shows very small numbers of non-Mexican Hispanic population, and American Indian Hispanic, which often captures people who would have been listed as Indian in the census, probably because of skin color, but had ancestry from Mexico (or another Hispanic country). This category may include some indigenous Californians who married into or assimilated into Mexican American communities in the early 20th century. If you are interested in mapping some of the other racial or ethnic groups in the early 20th century, you can explore and map the full range of variables we have created in the People's History of the IE IE_ED1900-1940 Race Hispanic Marriage and Age Feature layer.Suggested Citation: Tilton, Jennifer. People's History Race Ethnicity Dot Density Map 1900-1940. A People's History of the Inland Empire Census Project 1900-1940 using IPUMS Ancestry Full Count Data. Program in Race and Ethnic Studies University of Redlands, Center for Spatial Studies University of Redlands, UCR Public History. 2023. 2025Feature Layer CitationTilton, Jennifer, Tessa VanRy & Lisa Benvenuti. Race and Demographic Data 1900-1940. A People's History of the Inland Empire Census Project 1900-1940 using IPUMS Ancestry Full Count Data. Program in Race and Ethnic Studies University of Redlands, Center for Spatial Studies University of Redlands, UCR Public History. 2023. Additional contributing authors: Mackenzie Nelson, Will Blach & Andy Garcia Funding provided by: People’s History of the IE: Storyscapes of Race, Place, and Queer Space in Southern California with funding from NEH-SSRC Grant 2022-2023 & California State Parks grant to Relevancy & History. Source for Census Data 1900- 1940 Ruggles, Steven, Catherine A. Fitch, Ronald Goeken, J. David Hacker, Matt A. Nelson, Evan Roberts, Megan Schouweiler, and Matthew Sobek. IPUMS Ancestry Full Count Data: Version 3.0 [dataset]. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS, 2021. Primary Sources for Enumeration District Linework 1900-1940 Steve Morse provided the full list of transcribed EDs for all 5 decades "United States Enumeration District Maps for the Twelfth through the Sixteenth US Censuses, 1900-1940." Images. FamilySearch. https://FamilySearch.org: 9 February 2023. Citing NARA microfilm publication A3378. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2003. BLM PLSS Map Additional Historical Sources consulted include: San Bernardino City Annexation GIS Map Redlands City Charter Proposed with Ward boundaries (Not passed) 1902. Courtesy of Redlands City Clerk. Redlands Election Code Precincts 1908, City Ordinances of the City of Redlands, p. 19-22. Courtesy of Redlands City Clerk Riverside City Charter 1907 (for 1910 linework) courtesy of Riverside City Clerk. 1900-1940 Raw Census files for specific EDs, to confirm boundaries when needed, accessed through Family Search. If you have additional questions or comments, please contact jennifer_tilton@redlands.edu.

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