In 2023, the gross federal debt in the United States amounted to around ****** U.S. dollars per capita. This is a moderate increase from the previous year, when the per capita national debt amounted to about ****** U.S. dollars. The total debt accrued by the U.S. annually can be accessed here. Federal debt of the United States The level of national debt held by the United States government has risen sharply in the years following the Great Recession. Federal debt is the amount of debt the federal government owes to creditors who hold assets in the form of debt securities. As with individuals and consumers, there is a common consensus among economists that holding debt is not necessarily problematic for government so long as the public debt is held at a sustainable level. Although there is no agreed upon ratio of debt to gross domestic product, the increasing debt held by the Federal Reserve has become a major part of the political discourse in the United States. Politics and the national debt In recent years, debate over the debt ceiling has been of concern to domestic politicians, the owners of federal debt, and global economy as a whole. The debt ceiling is a legislated maximum amount that national debt can reach intended to impose a degree of fiscal prudence on incumbent governments. However, as national debt has grown the debt ceiling has been reached, thus forcing legislative action by Congress. In both 2011 and 2013, new legislation was passed by Congress allowing the debt ceiling to be raised. The Budget Control Act of 2011 and the No Budget, No Pay Act of 2013 successively allowed the government to avoid defaulting on national debt and therefore avert a potential economic crisis.

Graph and download economic data for Number of Domestic Banks That Tightened and Reported That Increase in Defaults by Borrowers in Public Debt Markets Was Not an Important Reason (SUBLPDCIRTDNNQ) from Q3 2000 to Q1 2011 about borrowings, public, debt, domestic, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

Credit card debt in the United States has been growing at a fast pace between 2021 and 2025. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the overall amount of credit card debt reached its highest value throughout the timeline considered here. COVID-19 had a big impact on the indebtedness of Americans, as credit card debt decreased from *** billion U.S. dollars in the last quarter of 2019 to *** billion U.S. dollars in the first quarter of 2021. What portion of Americans use credit cards? A substantial portion of Americans had at least one credit card in 2025. That year, the penetration rate of credit cards in the United States was ** percent. This number increased by nearly seven percentage points since 2014. The primary factors behind the high utilization of credit cards in the United States are a prevalent culture of convenience, a wide range of reward schemes, and consumer preferences for postponed payments. Which companies dominate the credit card issuing market? In 2024, the leading credit card issuers in the U.S. by volume were JPMorgan Chase & Co. and American Express. Both firms recorded transactions worth over one trillion U.S. dollars that year. Citi and Capital One were the next banks in that ranking, with the transactions made with their credit cards amounting to over half a trillion U.S. dollars that year. Those industry giants, along with other prominent brand names in the industry such as Bank of America, Synchrony Financial, Wells Fargo, and others, dominate the credit card market. Due to their extensive customer base, appealing rewards, and competitive offerings, they have gained a significant market share, making them the preferred choice for consumers.

In 2022, the student loan default rate in the United States was highest for Black borrowers, at **** percent. In comparison, Asian borrowers were least likely to default on their student loans.

Delinquency rates for credit cards picked up in 2025 in the United States, leading to the highest rates observed since 2008. This is according to a collection of one of the United States' federal banks across all commercial banks. The high delinquency rates were joined by the highest U.S. credit card charge-off rates since the Financial Crisis of 2008. Delinquency rates, or the share of credit card loans overdue a payment for more than ** days, can sometimes lead into charge-off, or a writing off the loan, after about six to 12 months. These figures on the share of credit card balances that are overdue developed significantly between 2021 and 2025: Delinquencies were at their lowest point in 2021 but increased to one of their highest points by 2025. This is reflected in the growing credit card debt in the United States, which reached an all-time high in 2023.

Graph and download economic data for Number of Large Domestic Banks That Eased and Reported That Reduction in Defaults by Borrowers in Public Debt Markets Was a Very Important Reason (SUBLPDCIREDVLGNQ) from Q3 2000 to Q1 2011 about ease, borrowings, public, large, debt, domestic, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

(Banking And Systemic Crises)

prepared by (Mohamed Abd Al-mgyd)

https://github.com/1145267383/Systemic-And-Banking-Crises

• Web APP > https://crises.herokuapp.com/

Dataset

A)20160923_global_crisis_data:

https://www.hbs.edu/behavioral-finance-and-financial-stability/data/Pages/global.aspx

This data was collected over many years by Carmen Reinhart (with her coauthors Ken Rogoff, Christoph Trebesch, and Vincent Reinhart). This data contains the banking crises of 70 countries, from 1800 AD to 2016 AD, with a total of 15,190 records and 16 variables. But the data stabilized after cleaning and adjusting to 8642 records and 17 variables.

B)Label_Country: This data contains a description of the country whether it's Developing or Developed .

Variable: Description:

1-Case: ID Number for Country.

2-Cc3: ID String for Country.

3-Country : Name Country.

4-Year: The date from 1800 to 2016.

5-Banking_Crisis: Banking problems can often be traced to a decrease the value of banks' assets.

A) due to a collapse in real estate prices or When the bank asset values decrease substantially . B) if a government stops paying its obligations, this can trigger a sharp decline in value of bonds.

6-Systemic_Crisis : when many banks in a country are in serious solvency or liquidity problems at the same time—either:

A) because there are all hits by the same outside shock. B) or because failure in one bank or a group of banks spreads to other banks in the system.

7-Gold_Standard: The Country have crisis in Gold Standard.

8-Exch_Usd: Exch local currency in USD, Except exch USD currency in GBP.

9-Domestic_Debt_In_Default: The Country have domestic debt in default.

10-Sovereign_External_Debt_1: Default and Restructurings, -Does not include defaults on WWI debt to United States and United Kingdom and post-1975 defaults on Official External Creditors.

11-Sovereign_External_Debt_2: Default and Restructurings, -Does not include defaults on WWI debt to United States and United Kingdom but includes post-1975 defaults on Official External Creditors.

12-Gdp_Weighted_Default:GDP Weighted Default for country.

13-Inflation: Annual percentages of average consumer prices.

14-Independence: Independence for country.

15-Currency_Crises: The Country have crisis in Currency.

16-Inflation_Crises: The Country have crisis in Inflation.

17-Level_Country: The description of the country whether it's Developing or Developed.

The global student debt recovery services market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing burden of student loan debt worldwide and the rising adoption of sophisticated debt recovery techniques. The market, segmented by application (schools, banks, government, non-profits) and service type (tuition fee, living expenses, other education-related debt), is witnessing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) exceeding 10% – a figure derived from observing similar financial services sectors and considering the persistent issue of student loan defaults. North America currently holds the largest market share, fueled by high student loan debt levels and a well-established debt recovery infrastructure. However, rapid economic growth and expanding access to higher education in regions like Asia-Pacific are creating significant opportunities for market expansion. Key players in this market are leveraging technological advancements, such as AI-powered analytics and automated debt collection systems, to enhance efficiency and recovery rates. Regulations surrounding debt collection practices also play a significant role, impacting market dynamics and influencing the strategies employed by service providers. The ongoing evolution of these regulations necessitates continuous adaptation and compliance for companies operating in this sector. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of large, established players and smaller, specialized firms. These companies compete on factors such as recovery rates, technology, regulatory compliance, and client service. While consolidation and acquisitions are likely to shape the industry landscape in the coming years, the focus on providing ethical and legally compliant services remains paramount. Future growth will depend on factors including the overall economic climate, government policies related to student loans and debt recovery, and the ongoing development and adoption of innovative technologies within the sector. The market is expected to witness further diversification of services, catering to the evolving needs of diverse stakeholders across various geographical regions.

The student loan debt collection market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the escalating burden of student loan debt globally. The increasing number of student loan borrowers defaulting on their payments fuels the demand for efficient and effective collection strategies. While precise market size figures are unavailable, considering a reasonable CAGR of 8% based on industry trends and the substantial volume of outstanding student loans, the market size in 2025 could be conservatively estimated at $15 billion USD. This growth is fueled by several key drivers, including technological advancements in debt collection (such as AI-powered analytics and automated communication tools), the increasing outsourcing of collection activities by educational institutions and government agencies, and a greater emphasis on regulatory compliance within the debt collection industry. The market is segmented by application (schools, banks, government, non-profits) and collection type (telephone, SMS, email, others). North America currently dominates the market due to the high level of student loan debt in the United States and Canada. However, growing student loan burdens in developing economies, particularly in Asia-Pacific, present lucrative opportunities for expansion. Despite significant growth potential, several restraints challenge the market. These include stringent regulations designed to protect borrowers from aggressive collection practices, increasing borrower awareness of their rights, and the ethical considerations surrounding debt collection in a sensitive area like student loans. The shift towards digital collection methods presents both opportunities and challenges, as institutions balance efficiency with protecting borrower data and maintaining ethical standards. Competition among collection agencies is fierce, requiring agencies to differentiate themselves through advanced technology, personalized communication strategies, and a commitment to ethical debt recovery. The future of the market hinges on the ability of collection agencies to adapt to evolving regulations, technological advancements, and borrower expectations while ensuring the ethical and responsible recovery of student loan debt.

The evolution of debt-income ratios over time depends on income growth, inflation, and interest rates, independent of any changes in borrowing. We examine the effect of these "Fisher dynamics" on household debt-income ratios in the United States over the period 1929–2011. Adapting a standard decomposition of public debt to household sector debt, we show that these factors explain, in accounting terms, a large fraction of the changes in household debt-income ratios observed historically. More recently, debt defaults have also been important. Changes in household debt-income ratios over time cannot be straightforwardly interpreted as reflecting shifts in the supply and demand of household credit.

United States LS: Deterioration of Banks Liquidty Poistion (DB): Not Important data was reported at 75.000 % in Oct 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 80.000 % for Jul 2018. United States LS: Deterioration of Banks Liquidty Poistion (DB): Not Important data is updated quarterly, averaging 87.500 % from Jan 2008 (Median) to Oct 2018, with 44 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 % in Jul 2015 and a record low of 20.000 % in Apr 2011. United States LS: Deterioration of Banks Liquidty Poistion (DB): Not Important data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.S027: Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey: Lending Policies: Reason for Credit Tightening. Senior Loan Officer Survey Questionnaire: If your bank has tightened its credit standards or its terms for C&I loans or credit lines over the past three months, how important have been the increase in borrowers default in debt market for the change?

United States Loan Officer Survey: DB Other Banks: Not Important data was reported at 40.000 % in Apr 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 80.000 % for Jan 2018. United States Loan Officer Survey: DB Other Banks: Not Important data is updated quarterly, averaging 86.100 % from Jan 2008 (Median) to Apr 2018, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 % in Apr 2016 and a record low of 0.000 % in Apr 2011. United States Loan Officer Survey: DB Other Banks: Not Important data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.KA041: Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey: Lending Policies: Reason for Credit Tightening. Senior Loan Officer Survey Questionnaire: If your bank has tightened its credit standards or its terms for C&I loans or credit lines over the past three months, how important have been the increase in borrowers default in debt market for the change?

United States Loan Officer Survey: DB Other Banks: Somewhat Important data was reported at 40.000 % in Apr 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 20.000 % for Jan 2018. United States Loan Officer Survey: DB Other Banks: Somewhat Important data is updated quarterly, averaging 0.000 % from Jan 2008 (Median) to Apr 2018, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 66.700 % in Apr 2011 and a record low of 0.000 % in Jul 2017. United States Loan Officer Survey: DB Other Banks: Somewhat Important data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.KA041: Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey: Lending Policies: Reason for Credit Tightening. Senior Loan Officer Survey Questionnaire: If your bank has tightened its credit standards or its terms for C&I loans or credit lines over the past three months, how important have been the increase in borrowers default in debt market for the change?

This data represents the semi-annual yield to worst of the ICE BofA US Corporate Index, which tracks the performance of US dollar denominated investment grade rated corporate debt publicly issued in the US domestic market. To qualify for inclusion in the index, securities must have an investment grade rating (based on an average of Moody's, S&P, and Fitch) and an investment grade rated country of risk (based on an average of Moody's, S&P, and Fitch foreign currency long term sovereign debt ratings). Each security must have greater than 1 year of remaining maturity, a fixed coupon schedule, and a minimum amount outstanding of $250 million. Original issue zero coupon bonds, "global" securities (debt issued simultaneously in the eurobond and US domestic bond markets), 144a securities and pay-in-kind securities, including toggle notes, qualify for inclusion in the Index. Callable perpetual securities qualify provided they are at least one year from the first call date. Fixed-to-floating rate securities also qualify provided they are callable within the fixed rate period and are at least one year from the last call prior to the date the bond transitions from a fixed to a floating rate security. DRD-eligible and defaulted securities are excluded from the Index.

ICE BofA Explains the Construction Methodology of this series as:

Index constituents are capitalization-weighted based on their current amount outstanding. With the exception of U.S. mortgage pass-throughs and U.S. structured products (ABS, CMBS and CMOs), accrued interest is calculated assuming next-day settlement. Accrued interest for U.S. mortgage pass-through and U.S. structured products is calculated assuming same-day settlement. Cash flows from bond payments that are received during the month are retained in the index until the end of the month and then are removed as part of the rebalancing. Cash does not earn any reinvestment income while it is held in the Index. The Index is rebalanced on the last calendar day of the month, based on information available up to and including the third business day before the last business day of the month. Issues that meet the qualifying criteria are included in the Index for the following month. Issues that no longer meet the criteria during the course of the month remain in the Index until the next month-end rebalancing at which point they are removed from the Index.

When the last calendar day of the month takes place on the weekend, weekend observations will occur as a result of month ending accrued interest adjustments.

Yield to worst is the lowest potential yield that a bond can generate without the issuer defaulting. The standard US convention for this series is to use semi-annual coupon payments, whereas the standard in the foreign markets is to use coupon payments with frequencies of annual, semi-annual, quarterly, and monthly.

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The end of day Index values, Index returns, and Index statistics (“Top Level Data”) are being provided for your internal use only and you are not authorized or permitted to publish, distribute or otherwise furnish Top Level Data to any third-party without prior written approval of ICE Data. Neither ICE Data, its affiliates nor any of its third party suppliers shall have any liability for the accuracy or completeness of the Top Level Data furnished through FRED, or for delays, interruptions or omissions therein nor for any lost profits, direct, indirect, special or consequential damages. The Top Level Data is not investment advice and a reference to a particular investment or security, a credit rating or any observation concerning a security or investment provided in the Top Level Data is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold such investment or security or make any other investment decisions. You shall not use any Indices as a reference index for the purpose of creating financial products (including but not limited to any exchange-traded fund or other passive index-tracking fund, or any other financial instrument whose objective or return is linked in any way to any Index) without prior written approval of ICE Data. ICE Data, their affiliates or their third party suppliers have exclusive proprietary rights in the Top Level Data and any information and software received in connection therewith. You shall not use or permit anyone to use the Top Level Data for any unlawful or unauthorized purpose. Access to the Top Level Data is subject to termination in the event that any agreement between FRED and ICE Data terminates for any reason. ICE Data may enforce its rights against you as the third-party beneficiary of the FRED Services Terms of Use, even though ICE Data is not a party to the FRED Services Terms of Use. The FRED Services Terms of Use, including but limited to the limitation of liability, indemnity and disclaimer provisions, shall extend to third party suppliers.

The educational debt recovery services market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the escalating cost of higher education and increasing student loan defaults globally. The market, estimated at $10 billion in 2025, is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $18 billion by 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the rising number of students pursuing higher education, coupled with limited financial aid options, is contributing to a significant increase in student loan debt. Secondly, the shift towards outcome-based funding models in higher education incentivizes institutions to pursue more rigorous debt recovery strategies. Thirdly, the increasing sophistication of debt recovery technologies, including AI-powered solutions for efficient identification and engagement of defaulters, further enhances the market's expansion. The market is segmented by application (Higher Education, Vocational Education and Training, Basic Education and Special Education, Others) and type of collection (Non-litigation Collection, Litigation Collection). North America currently holds the largest market share due to its high student loan debt levels and established debt recovery infrastructure, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. However, growth in emerging economies like India and China is expected to significantly contribute to the market's expansion in the coming years. Challenges include stringent regulations surrounding debt collection practices and the ethical considerations associated with aggressive recovery methods. Nevertheless, the market presents significant opportunities for companies specializing in innovative and ethical debt recovery solutions. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of large multinational corporations and smaller specialized firms. Companies like STA International, Cedar Financial, and Legal Recoveries are prominent players, competing on the basis of technological capabilities, recovery rates, and geographic reach. The market is expected to witness further consolidation as larger firms acquire smaller players to expand their service offerings and market reach. The increasing use of technology and data analytics to improve efficiency and recovery rates will continue to reshape the competitive landscape. The focus on ethical and compliant debt recovery practices is becoming increasingly crucial, given growing public scrutiny and regulatory oversight in this sector. Strategic partnerships between educational institutions and debt recovery firms are also expected to gain momentum, optimizing debt recovery processes and minimizing financial losses for institutions.

United States - Delinquency Rate on Credit Card Loans, All Commercial Banks was 3.05% in January of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Delinquency Rate on Credit Card Loans, All Commercial Banks reached a record high of 6.77 in April of 2009 and a record low of 1.53 in July of 2021. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Delinquency Rate on Credit Card Loans, All Commercial Banks - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

The Educational Debt Recovery Services market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the escalating costs of higher education and the increasing number of student loan defaults globally. The market's expansion is fueled by several factors, including the rising adoption of sophisticated debt recovery technologies, the increasing collaboration between educational institutions and debt collection agencies, and a growing awareness among lenders of the need for efficient debt recovery strategies. While the exact market size in 2025 is unavailable, considering a plausible CAGR of 8% (based on industry averages for similar financial services sectors), and estimating a 2024 market value of $10 billion (a reasonable figure considering the substantial student loan debt globally), the 2025 market size could be approximately $10.8 billion. This figure is projected to grow substantially over the forecast period (2025-2033), driven by continued expansion in higher education enrollment, government regulations aimed at improving debt recovery processes, and the rising prevalence of alternative financing options in education that also contribute to the debt pool. Segmentation within the market reveals robust growth across all educational levels—higher education, vocational education, and basic education—with higher education representing a substantial portion due to higher tuition costs and longer repayment periods. The non-litigation collection segment dominates due to its cost-effectiveness and efficiency. Geographically, North America and Europe are currently leading the market, but significant growth opportunities exist in Asia-Pacific regions driven by rising middle-class populations and increased access to higher education. However, challenges remain, including stringent regulations surrounding debt collection practices, economic downturns impacting repayment capabilities, and the ethical concerns surrounding aggressive debt collection tactics, acting as restraints on market growth. Companies operating within the market are constantly evolving their strategies to enhance recovery rates and manage reputational risks associated with student loan debt recovery.

I study the implications of two major debt-relief policies in the United States: the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (BAPCPA) and the Home Affordable Refinance Program (HARP). To do so, I develop a model of housing and default that includes relevant dimensions of credit-market policy and captures rich heterogeneity in household balance sheets. The model also explains the observed cross-state variation in consumer default rates. I find that BAPCPA significantly reduced bankruptcy rates, but increased foreclosure rates when house prices fell. HARP reduced foreclosures by 1 percentage point and provided substantial welfare gains to households with high loan-to-value mortgages.

United States Loan Officer Survey: DB: Very Important data was reported at 11.100 % in Apr 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.000 % for Jan 2018. United States Loan Officer Survey: DB: Very Important data is updated quarterly, averaging 2.950 % from Jan 2008 (Median) to Apr 2018, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 25.000 % in Oct 2013 and a record low of 0.000 % in Jan 2018. United States Loan Officer Survey: DB: Very Important data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.KA041: Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey: Lending Policies: Reason for Credit Tightening. Senior Loan Officer Survey Questionnaire: If your bank has tightened its credit standards or its terms for C&I loans or credit lines over the past three months, how important have been the increase in borrowers default in debt market for the change?

United States Loan Officer Survey: DB Large Banks: Not Important data was reported at 100.000 % in Apr 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 100.000 % for Jan 2018. United States Loan Officer Survey: DB Large Banks: Not Important data is updated quarterly, averaging 92.000 % from Jan 2008 (Median) to Apr 2018, with 40 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 % in Apr 2018 and a record low of 50.000 % in Apr 2011. United States Loan Officer Survey: DB Large Banks: Not Important data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.KA041: Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey: Lending Policies: Reason for Credit Tightening. Senior Loan Officer Survey Questionnaire: If your bank has tightened its credit standards or its terms for C&I loans or credit lines over the past three months, how important have been the increase in borrowers default in debt market for the change?