An exploratory analysis of treatment effect heterogeneity in the COVID STEROID 2 Trial using Bayesian machine learning - statistical analysis plan

Collaborators:

Non-COVID STEROID 2 Trial investigators: 1. Michael Harhay, PhD, University of Pennsylvania 2. Bryan Blette, PhD, University of Pennsylvania (lead biostatistician) 3. Fan Li, PhD Yale University (senior biostatistician) 4. Manu Shankar-Hari, MD, PhD (clinical collaborator)

COVID STEROID 2 Trial investigators (on behalf of the trial Management Committee): 1. Anders Granholm, MD, PhD-student 2. Morten Hylander Møller, MD, PhD 3. Anders Perner, MD, PhD 4. Marie Warrer Munch, MD, PhD-student

37 of the United States' 45 presidents (officially 46 as Grover Cleveland is counted as both the 22nd and 24th president) attended a university, college or other institution of higher education; 34 of these completed their studies and graduated. After completing their undergraduate studies, twenty U.S. presidents attended a graduate school, with eleven attaining a qualification (seven of which were law degrees). Only eight U.S. presidents, including two of the most highly regarded, George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, did not attend college, while all presidents since Dwight D. Eisenhower have attained some form of degree or equivalent qualification.

Institutions Harvard University, the oldest institution of higher education in the U.S., has the highest number of presidential alumni, with eight in total. Of the eight Ivy League schools, widely regarded as the most prestigious universities in the United States, five include U.S. presidents among their alumni, and fifteen U.S. presidents have attained a qualification these universities. Only two U.S. presidents have studied abroad; they were John Quincy Adams, who studied at Leiden University in the Netherlands while his father was stationed in Europe, and Bill Clinton, who studied at Oxford University in England. John F. Kennedy had planned to study at the London School of Economics, but fell ill after enrolling and transferred stateside to Princeton, before illness again forced his withdrawal a few months later. Two U.S. presidents founded universities; the University of Virginia was founded by Thomas Jefferson (and attended by Woodrow Wilson), and the State University of New York at Buffalo was founded by Millard Fillmore; one of the eight U.S. presidents who never attended college. Donald Trump did establish a company called "Trump University" in 2004, however this provided training for potential property realtors, and was not an educational institution (in 2016, Trump paid 25 million U.S. dollars to settle a lawsuit with the State of New York, as Trump University was deemed to have defrauded customers and made false statements).

Most educated presidents

In 1751, John Adams was the first future-president to go to college, entering Harvard at the age of sixteen, and graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1755. The most recent presidential graduate is Barack Obama, who attended Occidental College from 1979 to 1981, before transferring to Columbia University where he majored in political science, graduating in 1983; Obama later obtained his law degree from Harvard Law School in 1991. Woodrow Wilson is the only U.S. president to have obtained a Ph.D., which he received from Johns Hopkins University in 1886 for his work titled "Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics", and George W. Bush is the only U.S. president to have attained an MBA degree. Three U.S. presidents attended military universities, with both Ulysses S. Grant and Dwight D. Eisenhower graduating from West Point Military Academy, and Jimmy Carter graduating from the U.S. Naval Academy (Eisenhower also attended three other U.S. Army colleges during his military career, which began in 1915 and ended in 1969). Incumbent President Donald Trump obtained a B.S. in economics from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1968.

Abstract (en): We study the research productivity of new graduates from North American PhD programs in economics from 1986 to 2000. We find that research productivity drops off very quickly with class rank at all departments, and that the rank of the graduate departments themselves provides a surprisingly poor prediction of future research success. For example, at the top ten departments as a group, the median graduate has fewer than 0.03 American Economic Review (AER)-equivalent publications at year six after graduation, an untenurable record almost anywhere. We also find that PhD graduates of equal percentile rank from certain lower-ranked departments have stronger publication records than their counterparts at higher-ranked departments. In our data, for example, Carnegie Mellon's graduates at the 85th percentile of year-six research productivity outperform 85th percentile graduates of the University of Chicago, the University of Pennsylvania, Stanford, and Berkeley. These results suggest that even the top departments are not doing a very good job of training the great majority of their students to be successful research economists. Hiring committees may find these results helpful when trying to balance class rank and place of graduate in evaluating job candidates, and current graduate students may wish to re-evaluate their academic strategies in light of these findings.

In 2021, a total 5,892 doctorates were awarded in California, a significantly higher number than in any other U.S. state. Texas, New York, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania rounded out the top five states for doctorate recipients in that year.