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Fences have recently been recognized as one of the most prominent linear infrastructures on earth. As animals traverse fenced landscapes, they adjust movement behaviors to optimize resource access while minimizing energetic costs of coping with fences. Examining individual responses is key for connecting localized fence effects with population dynamics.
We investigated the multi-scale effects of fencing on animal movements, space use, and survival of 61 pronghorn and 96 mule deer on a gradient of fence density in Wyoming, USA.
Taking advantage of the recently developed Barrier Behavior Analysis, we classified individual movement responses upon encountering fences (i.e. barrier behaviors). We adopted the reaction norm framework to jointly quantify individual plasticity and behavioral types of barrier behaviors, as well as behavior syndromes between barrier behaviors and animal space use. We also assessed whether barrier behaviors affect individual survival.
Our results highlighted a high level individual plasticity encompassing differences in the degree and the direction of barrier behaviors for both pronghorn and mule deer. Additionally, these individual differences were greater at higher fence densities. For mule deer, fence density determined the correlation between barrier behaviors and space use, and was negatively associated with individual survival. Yet, these relationships were not statistically significant for pronghorn.
By integrating approaches from movement ecology and behavioral ecology with the emerging field of fence ecology, this study provides new evidence that an extraordinarily widespread linear infrastructure uniquely impacts animals at the individual level. Managing landscape for lower fence densities may help prevent irreversible behavioral shifts for wide-ranging animals in fenced landscapes.
This dataset includes the plans and site photos of the Upper Bulkley River fish counting fence
Annual reports for Upper Bulkley River assessments at the Bulkley River Coho Assessment Fence approximately 6km upstream from the Upper Bulkley Morice confluence. Information collected includes fish species, number of individuals, and composition of wild and hatchery fish sizes.
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The global electric fence systems market size was valued at approximately USD 400 million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 700 million by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 6.2% during the forecast period. This robust growth is primarily driven by increasing applications in agriculture, security, and wildlife control, as well as technological advancements in energizers and other components.
The primary growth factor of the electric fence systems market is the rising demand for enhanced security solutions. With increasing incidents of property crimes and security breaches, both residential and commercial sectors are investing heavily in advanced security systems. Electric fences, being a cost-effective and efficient solution, have gained significant traction. Moreover, the integration of smart technologies and IoT with electric fencing systems has further bolstered their adoption, providing real-time monitoring and automated control, hence ensuring higher levels of security.
Another crucial factor contributing to market growth is the agricultural sector's growing need for efficient animal control solutions. Farmers and ranchers are increasingly adopting electric fences to keep livestock within designated areas and protect crops from wild animals. This not only minimizes the risk of crop damage but also ensures the safety of livestock, thus driving demand. Additionally, government initiatives and subsidies in various countries to support farmers in adopting modern farming technologies are also playing a significant role in market expansion.
Wildlife conservation and control is another segment witnessing substantial growth. Governments and wildlife protection organizations are increasingly using electric fences to create safe boundaries for wildlife reserves and national parks. These fences help in preventing human-wildlife conflicts, protecting endangered species, and managing wildlife populations more effectively. The increasing awareness and funding for wildlife conservation projects are expected to further drive the market growth.
Regionally, North America and Europe are currently leading the market owing to the high adoption of advanced security systems and strong presence of key market players. However, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period. The growing agricultural activities, increasing investments in wildlife conservation, and rising security concerns in countries such as China, India, and Japan are key factors propelling market growth in this region. Additionally, the advent of smart fencing solutions is expected to create lucrative opportunities in these emerging markets.
The electric fence systems market is segmented into permanent and portable fences. Permanent fences are commonly used in scenarios where long-term security and containment are necessary. This includes agricultural lands, livestock farms, and residential properties. The durability and reliability of permanent fences make them a preferred choice for long-term applications. Additionally, advancements in materials and design have made these fences more resilient to environmental factors, ensuring long-lasting performance. The demand for permanent electric fences is also driven by their ability to provide high security with minimal maintenance.
On the other hand, portable fences are gaining popularity due to their flexibility and ease of installation. These fences are particularly useful for temporary setups, such as seasonal grazing areas, camping sites, and temporary construction zones. The ability to quickly set up and dismantle these fences makes them ideal for applications where mobility is crucial. Technological advancements have also made portable fences more effective, with features such as lightweight materials and battery-operated energizers, enhancing their usability in remote areas. The growing trend of outdoor recreational activities and temporary events is further boosting the demand for portable electric fences.
While permanent fences dominate the market in terms of revenue, portable fences are expected to witness higher growth rates during the forecast period. This growth can be attributed to the increasing demand for temporary security solutions and the rising popularity of mobile fencing systems in various applications. Moreover, the introduction of smart portable fences with integrated GPS and IoT capabilities is expected to drive their adoption in new and innovative applications.
These documents present coho escapement summary forms for the Bulkley River and Toboggan Creek. Each begins with a brief written report which is followed by data.
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The global wireless electric dog fence market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing pet ownership, rising consumer awareness of pet safety, and the convenience offered by these systems compared to traditional wired fences. The market, estimated at $500 million in 2025, is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key trends, including the increasing popularity of fully wireless systems, which offer greater flexibility and ease of installation. The rising demand for innovative features such as GPS tracking and smartphone integration is also contributing to market expansion. While the market faces some restraints, such as the higher initial cost compared to traditional fencing and concerns about the effectiveness of the systems in certain terrains, these are outweighed by the convenience, safety, and enhanced control these fences provide. The segmentation within the market is clear, with fully wireless systems gaining traction over semi-wireless options due to their ease of use and wider application. The hunting dog application segment is a significant driver, owing to the need for controlled training and boundary management in vast areas. The market's geographical distribution shows a strong presence in North America and Europe, reflecting higher pet ownership rates and disposable incomes in these regions. However, Asia-Pacific is emerging as a region with significant growth potential, driven by increasing urbanization and a rising middle class with greater spending power on pet products. Key players in the market, including PetSafe, SpotOn, and SportDOG, are focusing on product innovation, strategic partnerships, and geographical expansion to maintain their competitive edge. The continuous development of more sophisticated systems with advanced features and improved reliability is expected to solidify the long-term prospects of this growing market, further contributing to its continued expansion throughout the forecast period.
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Insufficient reproduction as a consequence of predation on eggs and chicks is a major determinant of population decline in ground-nesting birds, including waders. For many populations, there is an urgent need to maintain breeding populations at key sites, and conservation practitioners need to find viable management solutions to reduce predation. One tool available to the practitioner are fences that exclude key predators from areas containing breeding birds. Temporary electric fencing is an increasingly popular predator exclusion intervention, but such fences have costs associated with purchase and the time needed to erect and maintain them. Their effectiveness and optimal application are also frequently questioned. We evaluate the use of temporary ditch-side four-strand electric fences in lowland grasslands in two countries, The Netherlands and England, in areas containing high densities of breeding waders. In both countries and in all years, godwit and lapwing nest survival was significantly higher within areas enclosed by ditch-side electric fences. Brood survival, assessed for godwits in The Netherlands, was also higher within fenced areas in all years. This demonstrates that using temporary electric fences to enclose ground-nesting birds can be an effective tool for improving breeding productivity. In our study, closely managed electric fences were effective at excluding red foxes Vulpes vulpes, but not avian and other mammalian predators. The positive effect that electric fencing had on nest and brood survival therefore likely results from a reduction in the total number of visits by mammalian predators, and especially visits by foxes. Although it requires a substantial time investment throughout the period of use, our temporary electric fence design provides flexibility compared to other fence designs when it comes to enclosing different areas within a season and between years, as the targets for protection change or as land and flood management dictate. This conservation intervention can help buy the time required to develop and implement longer term solutions for application at larger scales.
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The global GRP railway fencing market, valued at $336 million in 2025, is projected to experience steady growth, driven by increasing demand for durable and low-maintenance fencing solutions in the railway sector. The 3.8% CAGR from 2025 to 2033 indicates a consistent expansion, fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the inherent strength and longevity of GRP (Glass Reinforced Polymer) fencing offer significant cost savings over traditional materials like wood or metal, reducing replacement and maintenance expenses for railway operators. Secondly, the growing focus on railway infrastructure development globally, particularly in emerging economies, presents substantial growth opportunities. Finally, the increasing adoption of composite fencing, a segment within the GRP market, reflects a shift towards eco-friendly and sustainable materials within the construction industry. This segment is likely to witness higher growth rates compared to pure GRP fencing, driven by environmental concerns and governmental regulations promoting sustainable infrastructure. While challenges such as initial higher investment costs compared to conventional fencing may act as a restraint, the long-term benefits in terms of maintenance and durability are outweighing these concerns, leading to robust market expansion. The market segmentation reveals distinct growth patterns across applications and types. "Inside the station" applications may see slightly slower growth compared to "Outside the station" due to stricter regulations and aesthetic considerations within station premises. Conversely, the composite fencing type is poised for faster growth compared to pure GRP fencing because of its enhanced performance characteristics and environmental advantages. Regional variations are expected, with North America and Europe holding substantial market shares initially, driven by established railway infrastructure and higher adoption rates of advanced materials. However, the Asia-Pacific region, particularly China and India, is projected to witness significant growth in the coming years, fueled by substantial investments in railway infrastructure expansion. Competition in the market is characterized by a mix of established players and emerging innovators, with companies constantly striving to improve product offerings and expand their geographical reach.
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Richfield Creek was included in a larger riparian restoration initiative in 2021 through the Morice Water Monitoring Trust (see dataset: Upper Bulkley Riparian Restoration). The Creek provides high habitat values for numerous fish species and is known for providing excellent coho salmon spawning and rearing habitat. SERNBC (Society for Ecosystem Restoration in Northern BC) and DFO (Fisheries and Oceans Canada) added to the work in 2021 by funding a cattle exclusion fence from the high voltage transmission line, south to the CN rail line. More fences and restoration works were implemented in 2022.
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The global fencing lame market, while niche, exhibits robust growth potential driven by increasing participation in fencing at both amateur and professional levels. The rising popularity of fencing as a sport, fueled by increased media coverage and successful international competitions, directly translates into higher demand for protective equipment like lames. Furthermore, technological advancements in lame design, incorporating lighter, more durable materials and improved sensor technology for scoring, are enhancing performance and driving market expansion. We estimate the market size to be approximately $50 million in 2025, based on a reasonable projection considering the growth trajectory of similar sporting goods markets and the relatively high price point of specialized fencing equipment. A conservative Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5% is projected for the forecast period (2025-2033), suggesting a market value exceeding $75 million by 2033. This growth is supported by the expansion of fencing academies and clubs globally, as well as the increasing investment in youth fencing programs. However, the market faces certain restraints. The high initial cost of equipment can deter some potential participants, particularly in developing economies. Competition from less expensive, lower-quality lames also poses a challenge. Segmenting the market reveals strong demand for high-performance lames among elite athletes, while the recreational segment shows a preference for more affordable, basic models. Key players like Absolute Fencing Gear, Leon Paul London, and Allstar dominate the market, benefiting from strong brand recognition and established distribution networks. Geographical analysis reveals a significant market presence in Europe and North America, reflecting established fencing traditions and higher disposable incomes, although Asia-Pacific represents a notable area for future growth.
This data report contains daily fence counts for, sockeye, chinook, pink, coho and steelhead salmon (Oncorhynchus). Length, sex and where available age information for sockeye, pink, chinook and coho are presented as well. In 1987 1,307,852 large Sockeye , 638,641 jack sockeye, 711 large chinook, 513 jack chinook, 169,586 pink, 1,894 coho, and 12 Steelhead were enumerated as they passed through the counting fence. In 1988 1,408,879 large sockeye, 77,631 jack sockeye, 1,057 large chinook, 210 jack chinook, 59,765 pink 3,026 coho and 58 steelhead were counted. Population estimates for sockeye escapement to the upper and lower Babine River for 1987 and 1988 are also included.
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Fences have recently been recognized as one of the most prominent linear infrastructures on earth. As animals traverse fenced landscapes, they adjust movement behaviors to optimize resource access while minimizing energetic costs of coping with fences. Examining individual responses is key for connecting localized fence effects with population dynamics.
We investigated the multi-scale effects of fencing on animal movements, space use, and survival of 61 pronghorn and 96 mule deer on a gradient of fence density in Wyoming, USA.
Taking advantage of the recently developed Barrier Behavior Analysis, we classified individual movement responses upon encountering fences (i.e. barrier behaviors). We adopted the reaction norm framework to jointly quantify individual plasticity and behavioral types of barrier behaviors, as well as behavior syndromes between barrier behaviors and animal space use. We also assessed whether barrier behaviors affect individual survival.
Our results highlighted a high level individual plasticity encompassing differences in the degree and the direction of barrier behaviors for both pronghorn and mule deer. Additionally, these individual differences were greater at higher fence densities. For mule deer, fence density determined the correlation between barrier behaviors and space use, and was negatively associated with individual survival. Yet, these relationships were not statistically significant for pronghorn.
By integrating approaches from movement ecology and behavioral ecology with the emerging field of fence ecology, this study provides new evidence that an extraordinarily widespread linear infrastructure uniquely impacts animals at the individual level. Managing landscape for lower fence densities may help prevent irreversible behavioral shifts for wide-ranging animals in fenced landscapes.