100+ datasets found
  1. U.S. real GDP growth by quarter Q2 2013- Q1 2025

    • statista.com
    Updated Jul 31, 2025
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    Statista (2025). U.S. real GDP growth by quarter Q2 2013- Q1 2025 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/188185/percent-change-from-preceding-period-in-real-gdp-in-the-us/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Jul 31, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    As of the first quarter of 2025, the GDP of the U.S. fell by 0.5 percent from the fourth quarter of 2024. GDP, or gross domestic product, is effectively a count of the total goods and services produced in a country over a certain period of time. It is calculated by first adding together a country’s total consumer spending, government spending, investments and exports; and then deducting the country’s imports. The values in this statistic are the change in ‘constant price’ or ‘real’ GDP, which means this basic calculation is also adjusted to factor in the regular price changes measured by the U.S. inflation rate. Because of this adjustment, U.S. real annual GDP will differ from the U.S. 'nominal' annual GDP for all years except the baseline from which inflation is calculated. What is annualized GDP? The important thing to note about the growth rates in this statistic is that the values are annualized, meaning the U.S. economy has not actually contracted or grown by the percentage shown. For example, the fall of 29.9 percent in the second quarter of 2020 did not mean GDP is suddenly one third less than a year before. In fact, it means that if the decline seen during that quarter continued at the same rate for a full year, then GDP would decline by this amount. Annualized values can therefore exaggerate the effect of short-term economic shocks, as they only look at economic output during a limited period. This effect can be seen by comparing annualized quarterly growth rates with the annual GDP growth rates for each calendar year.

  2. T

    United States GDP Growth Rate

    • tradingeconomics.com
    • zh.tradingeconomics.com
    • +13more
    csv, excel, json, xml
    Updated Aug 28, 2025
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    TRADING ECONOMICS (2025). United States GDP Growth Rate [Dataset]. https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/gdp-growth
    Explore at:
    json, excel, csv, xmlAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Aug 28, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    TRADING ECONOMICS
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Jun 30, 1947 - Jun 30, 2025
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the United States expanded 3.30 percent in the second quarter of 2025 over the previous quarter. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States GDP Growth Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

  3. F

    GDPNow

    • fred.stlouisfed.org
    json
    Updated Sep 10, 2025
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    (2025). GDPNow [Dataset]. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDPNOW
    Explore at:
    jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Sep 10, 2025
    License

    https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-citation-requiredhttps://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-citation-required

    Description

    Graph and download economic data for GDPNow (GDPNOW) from Q3 2011 to Q3 2025 about nowcast, projection, headline figure, GDP, rate, and USA.

  4. U.S. quarterly real GDP growth Q1 2013- Q1 2025

    • statista.com
    Updated Jul 31, 2025
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    Statista (2025). U.S. quarterly real GDP growth Q1 2013- Q1 2025 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/216549/quarterly-change-in-us-gdp-from-preceding-period/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Jul 31, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    In the first quarter of 2025, the GDP of the United States was two percent higher compared to the first quarter of 2024. The gross domestic product refers to the market value of all final goods and services produced in a country within a given period.

  5. Countries with the largest gross domestic product (GDP) 2025

    • statista.com
    Updated May 28, 2025
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    Statista (2025). Countries with the largest gross domestic product (GDP) 2025 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/268173/countries-with-the-largest-gross-domestic-product-gdp/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    May 28, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Time period covered
    2025
    Area covered
    Worldwide
    Description

    In 2025, the United States had the largest economy in the world, with a gross domestic product of over 30 trillion U.S. dollars. China had the second largest economy, at around 19.23 trillion U.S. dollars. Recent adjustments in the list have seen Germany's economy overtake Japan's to become the third-largest in the world in 2023, while Brazil's economy moved ahead of Russia's in 2024. Global gross domestic product Global gross domestic product amounts to almost 110 trillion U.S. dollars, with the United States making up more than one-quarter of this figure alone. The 12 largest economies in the world include all Group of Seven (G7) economies, as well as the four largest BRICS economies. The U.S. has consistently had the world's largest economy since the interwar period, and while previous reports estimated it would be overtaken by China in the 2020s, more recent projections estimate the U.S. economy will remain the largest by a considerable margin going into the 2030s.The gross domestic product of a country is calculated by taking spending and trade into account, to show how much the country can produce in a certain amount of time, usually per year. It represents the value of all goods and services produced during that year. Those countries considered to have emerging or developing economies account for almost 60 percent of global gross domestic product, while advanced economies make up over 40 percent.

  6. T

    United States GDP Annual Growth Rate

    • tradingeconomics.com
    • pt.tradingeconomics.com
    • +13more
    csv, excel, json, xml
    Updated Dec 1, 2012
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    TRADING ECONOMICS (2012). United States GDP Annual Growth Rate [Dataset]. https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/gdp-growth-annual
    Explore at:
    excel, csv, xml, jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Dec 1, 2012
    Dataset authored and provided by
    TRADING ECONOMICS
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Mar 31, 1948 - Jun 30, 2025
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the United States expanded 2 percent in the second quarter of 2025 over the same quarter of the previous year. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States GDP Annual Growth Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

  7. F

    St. Louis Fed Economic News Index: Real GDP Nowcast

    • fred.stlouisfed.org
    json
    Updated Sep 5, 2025
    + more versions
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    (2025). St. Louis Fed Economic News Index: Real GDP Nowcast [Dataset]. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=jxo1
    Explore at:
    jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Sep 5, 2025
    License

    https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-citation-requiredhttps://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-citation-required

    Area covered
    St. Louis
    Description

    Graph and download economic data for St. Louis Fed Economic News Index: Real GDP Nowcast from Q2 2013 to Q3 2025 about nowcast, projection, real, GDP, rate, indexes, and USA.

  8. T

    United States GDP Sales QoQ

    • tradingeconomics.com
    • ar.tradingeconomics.com
    • +13more
    csv, excel, json, xml
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    TRADING ECONOMICS, United States GDP Sales QoQ [Dataset]. https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/gdp-sales-qoq
    Explore at:
    json, excel, csv, xmlAvailable download formats
    Dataset authored and provided by
    TRADING ECONOMICS
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Jun 30, 1947 - Jun 30, 2025
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    GDP Sales QoQ in the United States increased to 6.80 percent in the second quarter of 2025 from -3.10 percent in the first quarter of 2025. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for the United States GDP Sales QoQ.

  9. F

    Gross Domestic Product

    • fred.stlouisfed.org
    • trends.sourcemedium.com
    json
    Updated Jul 30, 2025
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    (2025). Gross Domestic Product [Dataset]. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDP
    Explore at:
    jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Jul 30, 2025
    License

    https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-public-domainhttps://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-public-domain

    Description

    View economic output, reported as the nominal value of all new goods and services produced by labor and property located in the U.S.

  10. Quarterly gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate in China Q2 2022-Q2 2025

    • statista.com
    Updated Jul 15, 2025
    + more versions
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    Statista (2025). Quarterly gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate in China Q2 2022-Q2 2025 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/271769/quarterly-gross-domestic-product-gdp-growth-rate-in-china/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Jul 15, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Area covered
    China
    Description

    In the second quarter of 2025, the growth of the real gross domestic product (GDP) in China ranged at *** percent compared to the same quarter of the previous year. GDP refers to the total market value of all goods and services that are produced within a country per year. It is an important indicator of the economic strength of a country. Real GDP is adjusted for price changes and is therefore regarded as a key indicator for economic growth. GDP growth in China In 2024, China ranged second among countries with the largest gross domestic product worldwide. Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978, the country has experienced rapid social and economic development. In 2013, it became the world’s largest trading nation, overtaking the United States. However, per capita GDP in China was still much lower than that of industrialized countries. Until 2011, the annual growth rate of China’s GDP had constantly been above nine percent. However, economic growth has cooled down since and is projected to further slow down gradually in the future. Rising domestic wages and the competitive edge of other Asian and African countries are seen as main reasons for the stuttering in China’s economic engine. One strategy of the Chinese government to overcome this transition is a gradual shift of economic focus from industrial production to services. Challenges to GDP growth Another major challenge lies in the massive environmental pollution that China’s reckless economic growth has caused over the past decades. China’s development has been powered mostly by coal consumption, which resulted in high air pollution. To counteract industrial pollution, further investments in waste management and clean technologies are necessary. In 2017, about **** percent of GDP was spent on pollution control. Surging environmental costs aside, environmental issues could also be a key to industrial transition as China placed major investments in renewable energy and clean tech projects. The consumption of green energy skyrocketed from **** exajoules in 2005 to **** million in 2022.

  11. F

    Contributions to percent change in GDPNow: Real Change of Inventory...

    • fred.stlouisfed.org
    json
    Updated Sep 10, 2025
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    (2025). Contributions to percent change in GDPNow: Real Change of Inventory Investment [Dataset]. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CHNGNETINVENTCONTRIBNOW
    Explore at:
    jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Sep 10, 2025
    License

    https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-citation-requiredhttps://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-citation-required

    Description

    Graph and download economic data for Contributions to percent change in GDPNow: Real Change of Inventory Investment (CHNGNETINVENTCONTRIBNOW) from Q2 2014 to Q3 2025 about contributions, inventories, investment, real, GDP, and USA.

  12. T

    United States GDP

    • tradingeconomics.com
    • fa.tradingeconomics.com
    • +13more
    csv, excel, json, xml
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    TRADING ECONOMICS, United States GDP [Dataset]. https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/gdp
    Explore at:
    xml, excel, json, csvAvailable download formats
    Dataset authored and provided by
    TRADING ECONOMICS
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Dec 31, 1960 - Dec 31, 2024
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the United States was worth 29184.89 billion US dollars in 2024, according to official data from the World Bank. The GDP value of the United States represents 27.49 percent of the world economy. This dataset provides - United States GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

  13. Weekly Economic Index in the U.S. 2021-2025

    • statista.com
    Updated Aug 21, 2025
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    Statista (2025). Weekly Economic Index in the U.S. 2021-2025 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1332099/us-weekly-economic-index/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Aug 21, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Time period covered
    Jan 2021 - Aug 2025
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    The Weekly Economic Index (WEI) of the United States exhibited notable fluctuations between January 2021 and August 2025. Throughout this period, the WEI reached its lowest point at negative **** percent in the third week of February 2021, while achieving its peak at ***** percent in the first week of May 2021. From 2021 through the initial half of 2023, the WEI demonstrated a gradual decline, interspersed with occasional minor upturns. This phase was succeeded by a period characterized by a modest overall increase. What is the Weekly Economic Index? The Weekly Economic Index (WEI) is an index of real economic activity using high-frequency data, used to signal the state of the U.S. economy. It is an index of ** daily and weekly indicators, scaled to align with the four-quarter GDP growth rate. The indicators reflected in the WEI cover consumer behavior, the labor market, and production.

  14. F

    Nominal Gross Domestic Product for United States

    • fred.stlouisfed.org
    json
    Updated Sep 1, 2025
    + more versions
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    (2025). Nominal Gross Domestic Product for United States [Dataset]. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGDPNSAXDCUSQ
    Explore at:
    jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Sep 1, 2025
    License

    https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-citation-requiredhttps://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-citation-required

    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    Graph and download economic data for Nominal Gross Domestic Product for United States (NGDPNSAXDCUSQ) from Q1 1950 to Q2 2025 about GDP and USA.

  15. U.S. real GDP growth rate 1990-2024

    • statista.com
    Updated Feb 10, 2025
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    Abigail Tierney (2025). U.S. real GDP growth rate 1990-2023 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/topics/772/gdp/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Feb 10, 2025
    Dataset provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Authors
    Abigail Tierney
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    In 2024 the real gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States increased by 2.8 percent compared to 2023.
    What does GDP growth mean? Essentially, the annual GDP of the U.S. is the monetary value of all goods and services produced within the country over a given year. On the surface, an increase in GDP therefore means that more goods and services have been produced between one period than another. In the case of annualized GDP, it is compared to the previous year. In 2023, for example, the U.S. GDP grew 2.5 percent compared to 2022. Countries with highest GDP growth rate Although the United States has by far the largest GDP of any country, it does not have the highest GDP growth, nor the highest GDP at purchasing power parity. In 2021, Libya had the highest growth in GDP, growing more than 177 percent compared to 2020. Furthermore, Luxembourg had the highest GDP per capita at purchasing power parity, a better measure of living standards than nominal or real GDP.

  16. T

    United States GDP Deflator

    • tradingeconomics.com
    • zh.tradingeconomics.com
    • +13more
    csv, excel, json, xml
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    TRADING ECONOMICS, United States GDP Deflator [Dataset]. https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/gdp-deflator
    Explore at:
    excel, csv, xml, jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset authored and provided by
    TRADING ECONOMICS
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Mar 31, 1947 - Jun 30, 2025
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    GDP Deflator in the United States increased to 128.06 points in the second quarter of 2025 from 127.43 points in the first quarter of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States GDP Deflator - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

  17. GDP of African countries 2025, by country

    • statista.com
    Updated Jul 21, 2025
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    Statista (2025). GDP of African countries 2025, by country [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1120999/gdp-of-african-countries-by-country/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Jul 21, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Time period covered
    2025
    Area covered
    Africa
    Description

    As of April 2025, South Africa's GDP was estimated at over 410 billion U.S. dollars, the highest in Africa. Egypt followed, with a GDP worth around 347 billion U.S. dollars, and ranked as the second-highest on the continent. Algeria ranked third, with nearly 269 billion U.S. dollars. These African economies are among some of the fastest-growing economies worldwide. Dependency on oil For some African countries, the oil industry represents an enormous source of income. In Nigeria, oil generates over five percent of the country’s GDP in the third quarter of 2023. However, economies such as the Libyan, Algerian, or Angolan are even much more dependent on the oil sector. In Libya, for instance, oil rents account for over 40 percent of the GDP. Indeed, Libya is one of the economies most dependent on oil worldwide. Similarly, oil represents for some of Africa’s largest economies a substantial source of export value. The giants do not make the ranking Most of Africa’s largest economies do not appear in the leading ten African countries for GDP per capita. The GDP per capita is calculated by dividing a country’s GDP by its population. Therefore, a populated country with a low total GDP will have a low GDP per capita, while a small rich nation has a high GDP per capita. For instance, South Africa has Africa’s highest GDP, but also counts the sixth-largest population, so wealth has to be divided into its big population. The GDP per capita also indicates how a country’s wealth reaches each of its citizens. In Africa, Seychelles has the greatest GDP per capita.

  18. F

    Real gross domestic product per capita

    • fred.stlouisfed.org
    json
    Updated Aug 28, 2025
    + more versions
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    (2025). Real gross domestic product per capita [Dataset]. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/A939RX0Q048SBEA
    Explore at:
    jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Aug 28, 2025
    License

    https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-public-domainhttps://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-public-domain

    Description

    Graph and download economic data for Real gross domestic product per capita (A939RX0Q048SBEA) from Q1 1947 to Q2 2025 about per capita, real, GDP, and USA.

  19. U.S. real GDP of California 2000-2023

    • statista.com
    Updated Feb 10, 2025
    + more versions
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    Abigail Tierney (2025). U.S. real GDP of California 2000-2023 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/topics/772/gdp/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Feb 10, 2025
    Dataset provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Authors
    Abigail Tierney
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    In 2023, the real gross domestic product (GDP) of California was 3.23 trillion U.S. dollars. This is a slight increase from the previous year, when the state's GDP stood at 3.23 trillion U.S. dollars.

  20. T

    Japan GDP Growth Rate

    • tradingeconomics.com
    • de.tradingeconomics.com
    • +13more
    csv, excel, json, xml
    Updated Sep 8, 2025
    Share
    FacebookFacebook
    TwitterTwitter
    Email
    Click to copy link
    Link copied
    Close
    Cite
    TRADING ECONOMICS (2025). Japan GDP Growth Rate [Dataset]. https://tradingeconomics.com/japan/gdp-growth
    Explore at:
    json, csv, xml, excelAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Sep 8, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    TRADING ECONOMICS
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Jun 30, 1980 - Jun 30, 2025
    Area covered
    Japan
    Description

    The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Japan expanded 0.50 percent in the second quarter of 2025 over the previous quarter. This dataset provides - Japan GDP Growth Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Share
FacebookFacebook
TwitterTwitter
Email
Click to copy link
Link copied
Close
Cite
Statista (2025). U.S. real GDP growth by quarter Q2 2013- Q1 2025 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/188185/percent-change-from-preceding-period-in-real-gdp-in-the-us/
Organization logo

U.S. real GDP growth by quarter Q2 2013- Q1 2025

Explore at:
13 scholarly articles cite this dataset (View in Google Scholar)
Dataset updated
Jul 31, 2025
Dataset authored and provided by
Statistahttp://statista.com/
Area covered
United States
Description

As of the first quarter of 2025, the GDP of the U.S. fell by 0.5 percent from the fourth quarter of 2024. GDP, or gross domestic product, is effectively a count of the total goods and services produced in a country over a certain period of time. It is calculated by first adding together a country’s total consumer spending, government spending, investments and exports; and then deducting the country’s imports. The values in this statistic are the change in ‘constant price’ or ‘real’ GDP, which means this basic calculation is also adjusted to factor in the regular price changes measured by the U.S. inflation rate. Because of this adjustment, U.S. real annual GDP will differ from the U.S. 'nominal' annual GDP for all years except the baseline from which inflation is calculated. What is annualized GDP? The important thing to note about the growth rates in this statistic is that the values are annualized, meaning the U.S. economy has not actually contracted or grown by the percentage shown. For example, the fall of 29.9 percent in the second quarter of 2020 did not mean GDP is suddenly one third less than a year before. In fact, it means that if the decline seen during that quarter continued at the same rate for a full year, then GDP would decline by this amount. Annualized values can therefore exaggerate the effect of short-term economic shocks, as they only look at economic output during a limited period. This effect can be seen by comparing annualized quarterly growth rates with the annual GDP growth rates for each calendar year.

Search
Clear search
Close search
Google apps
Main menu