As of December 2024, Japan held United States treasury securities totaling about 1.06 trillion U.S. dollars. Foreign holders of United States treasury debt According to the Federal Reserve and U.S. Department of the Treasury, foreign countries held a total of 8.5 trillion U.S. dollars in U.S. treasury securities as of December 2024. Of the total held by foreign countries, Japan and Mainland China held the greatest portions, with China holding 759 billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. The U.S. public debt In 2023, the United States had a total public national debt of 33.2 trillion U.S. dollars, an amount that has been rising steadily, particularly since 2008. In 2023, the total interest expense on debt held by the public of the United States reached 678 billion U.S. dollars, while 197 billion U.S. dollars in interest expense were intra governmental debt holdings. Total outlays of the U.S. government were 6.1 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023. By 2029, spending is projected to reach 8.3 trillion U.S. dollars.

In 2023, China held **** percent of foreign held U.S. securities. Japan held a further **** percent of foreign held securities. The national debt of the United Stated can be found here.

The value of U.S. Treasury securities held by residents of Russia amounted to ** million U.S. dollars in March 2025, marking a stark contrast to ***** billion U.S. dollars held in January 2020. The lowest over the period under consideration was recorded in November 2023 at ** million U.S. dollars. Furthermore, in March 2020, the figure plummeted to **** billion U.S. dollars, down from **** billion U.S. dollars one month prior. Russia’s holdings of U.S. treasury securities have decreased since 2014 following the Western sanctions over the annexation of Crimea and have further dropped in 2022 after more restrictions were imposed over the war in Ukraine. What are U.S. treasury holdings? U.S. treasury holdings are government debt instruments that contribute to the funding of various government projects in the country. The U.S. Department of Treasury allows individuals and organizations to invest in treasury notes, bills, and bonds, which are the main three types of securities. Just under half of the outstanding ** trillion U.S. dollars as of May 2024 were in the form of treasury notes. The notes have varying maturities and coupon payment frequencies, which are different from the maturity periods of treasury bills and bonds. Main foreign holders of U.S. treasury securities Foreign holdings of U.S. treasury debt amounted to ***** trillion U.S. dollars as of January 2024. Japan and China held the largest portions, with China possessing ***** billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. Additionally, other significant foreign holders included oil exporting countries and Caribbean banking centers.

As of March 2025, the Bank of Japan held around ** percent of outstanding Japanese Government Bonds (JGBs). While ******************** held the largest share of JGBs, ***** accounted for almost ** percent of JGB holders.

The yield on Japan 3 Month Bond Yield held steady at 0.58% on December 2, 2025. Over the past month, the yield has edged up by 0.15 points and is 0.45 points higher than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Japan 3M.

Key information about Japan Government Debt: % of GDP

• Japan Government debt accounted for 212.1 % of the country's Nominal GDP in Sep 2025, compared with the ratio of 213.9 % in the previous quarter.
• Japan government debt to GDP ratio data is updated quarterly, available from Dec 1994 to Sep 2025.
• The data reached an all-time high of 225.8 % in Mar 2021 and a record low of 55.9 % in Dec 1994.

• In the latest reports, Japan National Government Debt reached 9,012.6 USD bn in Sep 2025.
• The country's Nominal GDP reached 1,077.6 USD bn in Sep 2025.

As of December 2024, the share of Japanese treasury discount bills (T-bills) held by foreign investors reached **** percent. The share of foreign investors holding Japanese government bonds (JGBs) decreased in 2024.

As of the end of the fiscal year 2024, the Bank of Japan held the largest amount of outstanding Japanese government bonds (JGBs) and T-Bills with about ***** trillion Japanese yen. Outstanding JGBs and treasury bills held by Japanese households amounted to approximately **** trillion yen.

Japan JP: Foreign Direct Investment Financial Flows: Inward: USD: Total: America Not Allocated data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in 2022. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for 2021. Japan JP: Foreign Direct Investment Financial Flows: Inward: USD: Total: America Not Allocated data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 USD mn from Dec 2014 (Median) to 2022, with 9 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.000 USD mn in 2022 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in 2022. Japan JP: Foreign Direct Investment Financial Flows: Inward: USD: Total: America Not Allocated data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Japan – Table JP.OECD.FDI: Foreign Direct Investment Financial Flows: USD: by Region and Country: OECD Member: Annual. Reverse investment: Netting of reverse investment in equity (when a direct investment enterprise acquires less than 10% equity ownership in its parent) and reverse investment in debt (when a direct investment enterprise extends a loan to its parent) is applied in the recording of total inward and outward FDI transactions and positions. Treatment of debt FDI transactions and positions between fellow enterprises: directional basis according to the residency of the direct investor.; Under the directional presentation , the direct investment flows and positions are organised according to the direction of the investment for the reporting economy-either outward or inward . So, for a particular country, all flows and positions of direct investors resident in that economy are shown under outward investment and all flows and positions for direct investment enterprises resident in that economy are shown under inward investment. The directional presentation reflects the direction of influence. For more details, see a complete note on ' Asset/liability versus directional presentation '; FDI financial flows are cross-border transactions between affiliated parties (direct investors, direct investment enterprises and/or fellow enterprises) recorded during the reference period (typically year or quarter). FDI positions represent the value of the stock of direct investments held at the end of the reference period (typically year or quarter). The change in direct investment positions from one period to the next is equal to the value of financial transactions recorded during the period plus other changes in prices, exchange rates, and volume. FDI income data are closely linked to the stocks of investments and are used for analysis of the productivity of the investment and calculation of the rate of return on the total funds invested. The main financial instrument components of FDI are equity and debt instruments. Equity includes common and preferred shares (exclusive of non-participating preference shares which should be included under debt), reserves, capital contributions and reinvestment of earnings. Dividends, distributed branch earnings, reinvested earnings and undistributed branch earnings are components of FDI income on equity . Reinvested earnings and reinvestment of earnings are separately identified components of equity in FDI income data and in FDI financial flows. Debt instruments include marketable securities such as bonds, debentures, commercial paper, promissory notes, non-participating preference shares and other tradable non-equity securities as well as loans, deposits, trade credit and other accounts payable/ receivable.The interest returns on the above instruments are included in FDI income on debt .; FDI financial flows, income flows and positions include, if they exist, resident Special Purpose Entities (SPEs) which cannot be identified separately. Valuation method used for listed inward and outward equity positions: Own funds at book value, Accumulation of FDI equity flows. Valuation method used for unlisted inward and outward equity positions: Own funds at book value, Accumulation of FDI equity flows. Valuation method used for inward and outward debt positions: Nominal value .

In January 2020, prior to the onset of the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, three of the seven largest economies by GDP had negative yields for two-year government bonds (Japan, Germany and France). With the onset of the pandemic, two-year bond yields in these countries actually rose slightly - in contrast to the other major economies, where yields fell over this period. As of December 2024, yields for two-year government bonds exhibited fluctuations across all countries. Notably, Japan showed a slight upward trend, while China experienced a modest decline.Negative yields assume that investors lack confidence in economic growth, meaning many investments (such as stocks) may lose value. Therefore, it is preferable to take a small loss on government debt that carries almost no risk to the investor, than risk a larger loss on other investments. As both the yen and euro are considered very safe assets, Japanese, German and French bonds were already being held by many investors prior to the pandemic as a hedge against economic downturn. Therefore, with the announcement of fiscal responses to the pandemic by many governments around March 2020, the value of these assets rose as confidence increased (slightly) that the worst case may be avoided. At the same time, yields on bonds with a higher return fell, as investors sought out investments with a higher return that were still considered safe.

The statistic shows the national debt of Japan from 2020 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. The amount of Japan's national debt in 2024 amounted to about 1,436.5 trillion yen. In a ranking of debt to GDP per country, Japan is thus currently ranked first. Japan's economic power With one of the largest gross domestic products (GDP), Japan is among the largest economies in the world. However, ever since the global financial crisis, Japan's GDP - like many others - has been slightly unstable; Japan even reported a negative GDP growth in comparison to the previous year in 2011 and in 2014. Still, it is estimated that gross domestic product in Japan will continue to thrive over the next decade. One indicator is Japan's inflation rate: Despite the aforementioned economic slumps, Japan has managed to maintain one of the lowest inflation rates in the world, and it also reduced its unemployment rate. Between 2010 and 2013, the unemployment rate in Japan decreased by approximately one percent, and it is expected to drop even lower over the next years. Recently, Japan has been reporting a trade deficit, meaning the value of its imports exceeds the value of its exports. Most of these imports have come from China and the United States. The trade deficit is one of the causes for in an increase of the national debt. It is estimated that the national debt in relation to the GDP will increase further until 2020.

The benchmark interest rate in Japan was last recorded at 0.50 percent. This dataset provides - Japan Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

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Private Equity Market Size 2025-2029

The private equity market size is forecast to increase by USD 885.7 billion at a CAGR of 9.5% between 2024 and 2029.

The private equity and venture capital investment landscape is experiencing significant growth, driven by an increase in deal volumes and the rising number of high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs) worldwide. This trend is fueled by the attractive returns offered by private equity and venture capital investments, which have become a popular asset class for wealth management portfolios. However, this market is not without challenges. Transaction risks, such as regulatory changes and foreign exchange fluctuations, can pose significant hurdles for investors. Additionally, there is a growing demand for impact investing, particularly in sectors like renewable energy, as investors seek to align their financial goals with social and environmental objectives.
Navigating these trends and challenges requires a deep understanding of market dynamics and a strategic approach to investment opportunities. This market trends and analysis report delves deeper into these topics, providing valuable insights for professionals seeking to maximize their private equity investments.

What will be the Size of the Private Equity Market during the forecast period?

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The markets continue to evolve, with investment strategies becoming increasingly data-driven and sophisticated. Investor returns remain a key focus, with growth stage investing and innovation hubs driving value creation. Risk management is crucial in this industry, with deal origination and fundraising strategies carefully considered. Management fees and capital calls are essential components of the fund lifecycle, while deal closing and post-investment management ensure optimal portfolio performance. Cryptocurrency investments represent an emerging trend, with digital assets joining traditional assets in investment portfolios. Impact measurement and regulatory compliance are also critical, as private equity firms strive for transparency and customer experience.
ESG integration and industry consolidation are shaping the venture capital ecosystem, with secondary market sales providing liquidity for investors. Fund size and investment strategies vary, with some focusing on start-ups and emerging technologies. Technology adoption is a significant factor in fund performance, with customer acquisition and retention key to long-term success. Fund returns are closely monitored, with performance fees incentivizing top-performing funds. In the global private equity landscape, fundraising strategies and industry trends continue to evolve. Regulatory compliance and customer experience are paramount, with digital assets investment and ESG integration shaping the future of the industry.
Private equity sales and industry consolidation are ongoing, with post-investment management and portfolio optimization crucial to maximizing returns.

How is this Private Equity Industry segmented?

The private equity industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

End-user

  Privately held companies
  Start-up companies


Application

  Leveraged buyouts
  Venture capital
  Equity investment
  Enterpreneurship


Investments

  Large Cap
  Upper Middle Market
  Lower Middle Market
  Real Estate
  Large Cap
  Upper Middle Market
  Lower Middle Market
  Real Estate


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    UK


  Middle East and Africa



  APAC

    Australia
    China
    India
    Japan


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By End-user Insights

The privately held companies segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

In the realm of investment, private equity portfolios play a significant role in the additive manufacturing market. These portfolios encompass various investment vehicles, such as buyout funds, growth equity funds, strategic investments, and late-stage funding. Each type caters to different growth stages of companies in the sector. Buyout funds focus on acquiring controlling stakes in mature companies, often facilitating digital transformation and operational improvements. Growth equity funds, on the other hand, invest in companies with proven business models, aiming to fuel their expansion through capital infusion and industry expertise. Strategic investments are made by firms seeking to gain a foothold in a new market or expand their existing presence.

Legal frameworks and regulatory landscapes play a crucial role in shaping the market dynamics. Alternative investments, such as distressed debt funds and private debt, provide opportunities

The yield on China 30 Year Bond Yield rose to 2.09% on November 17, 2025, marking a 0.01 percentage points increase from the previous session. Over the past month, the yield has fallen by 0.15 points and is 0.22 points lower than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for China 30Y.

At the end of the fiscal year 2024, ***************************************** were the leading type of domestic investors in stocks in Japan, with stock holdings of around ***** trillion Japanese yen. Stock holdings of financial institutions, including insurance companies, investment trusts, and pension trusts, amounted to ***** trillion yen. Tokyo Stock Exchange With a market capitalization of over *** trillion Japanese yen and around ***** constituents, the Tokyo Stock Exchange, operated by the Japan Exchange Group, is one of the largest stock exchanges in Asia and the world. In parallel to its reorganization in April 2022, a series of reforms were introduced to improve corporate governance of listed companies and make Japanese stocks more attractive to investors. Driven by global investors, the Nikkei 225 stock market index, Japan’s benchmark index, surpassed a 34 year-old record-high in February 2024. Private investors Stock holdings of individuals amounted to around ***** trillion yen in fiscal 2024. Japanese households hold a comparably large share of assets in cash and deposits. According to estimates, around ** percent of the population were stock owners and equity and investment trusts accounted for around ** percent of the financial assets of households. To boost private investment in stocks and bonds, an amended version of Japan’s tax-exempt investment scheme, Nippon Individual Savings Account (NISA), was launched in January 2024.