The U.S. Census Bureau, in collaboration with five federal agencies, launched the Household Pulse Survey to produce data on the social and economic impacts of Covid-19 on American households. The Household Pulse Survey was designed to gauge the impact of the pandemic on employment status, consumer spending, food security, housing, education disruptions, and dimensions of physical and mental wellness. The survey was designed to meet the goal of accurate and timely weekly estimates. It was conducted by an internet questionnaire, with invitations to participate sent by email and text message. The sample frame is the Census Bureau Master Address File Data. Housing units linked to one or more email addresses or cell phone numbers were randomly selected to participate, and one respondent from each housing unit was selected to respond for him or herself. Estimates are weighted to adjust for nonresponse and to match Census Bureau estimates of the population by age, sex, race and ethnicity, and educational attainment. All estimates shown meet the NCHS Data Presentation Standards for Proportions.

Household Pulse Survey (HPS): HPS is a rapid-response survey of adults ages ≥18 years led by the U.S. Census Bureau, in partnership with seven other federal statistical agencies, to measure household experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Detailed information on probability sampling using the U.S. Census Bureau’s Master Address File, questionnaires, response rates, and bias assessment is available on the Census Bureau website (https://www.census.gov/data/experimental-data-products/household-pulse-survey.html).

Data from adults age ≥18 years are collected by 20-minute online survey from randomly sampled households stratified by state and the top 15 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). Data are weighted to represent total persons age 18 and older living within households and to mitigate possible bias that can result from non-responses and incomplete survey frame. Data from adults age ≥18 years are collected by 20-minute online survey from randomly sampled households stratified by state and the top 15 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). For more information on this survey, see https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/household-pulse-survey.html.

Data are weighted to represent total persons age 18 and older living within households and to mitigate possible bias that can result from non-responses and incomplete survey frame. Responses in the Household Pulse Survey (https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/household-pulse-survey.html) are self-reported. Estimates of vaccination coverage may differ from vaccine administration data reported at COVID-19 Vaccinations in the United States (https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations).

The Household Pulse Survey is designed to deploy quickly and efficiently, collecting data to measure household experiences over time..Percentages are based on reporting distributions and do not include the populations that did not report to specific items.

In 2020, the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) partnered with the Census Bureau on an experimental data system called the Household Pulse Survey. This survey was designed to complement the ability of the federal statistical system to rapidly respond and provide relevant information about how emergent issues are impacting American households. Beginning in Phase 4.0 (on January 9, 2024), questions on social support, loneliness, and social isolation were added to the survey. These questions have been included on other nationally representative surveys. Briefly, the question on social support was included on the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) from July 2020-December 2021 and was added to the 2024 NHIS. The question on loneliness was added to the 2024 NHIS. The questions on social isolation are adapted from the Berkman-Syme Social Network Index and were included on an earlier cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. For more information, please visit: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/covid19/pulse/lack-socialconnection.htm

The U.S. Census Bureau, in collaboration with five federal agencies, launched the Household Pulse Survey to produce data on the social and economic impacts of Covid-19 on American households. The Household Pulse Survey was designed to gauge the impact of the pandemic on employment status, consumer spending, food security, housing, education disruptions, and dimensions of physical and mental wellness. The survey was designed to meet the goal of accurate and timely weekly estimates. It was conducted by an internet questionnaire, with invitations to participate sent by email and text message. The sample frame is the Census Bureau Master Address File Data. Housing units linked to one or more email addresses or cell phone numbers were randomly selected to participate, and one respondent from each housing unit was selected to respond for him or herself. Estimates are weighted to adjust for nonresponse and to match Census Bureau estimates of the population by age, sex, race and ethnicity, and educational attainment. All estimates shown meet the NCHS Data Presentation Standards for Proportions,

To rapidly monitor recent changes in the use of telemedicine, the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and the Health Resources and Services Administration’s Maternal and Child Health Bureau (HRSA MCHB) partnered with the Census Bureau on an experimental data system called the Household Pulse Survey. This 20-minute online survey was designed to complement the ability of the federal statistical system to rapidly respond and provide relevant information about the impact of the coronavirus pandemic in the U.S.

The U.S. Census Bureau, in collaboration with five federal agencies, launched the Household Pulse Survey to produce data on the social and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on American households. The Household Pulse Survey was designed to gauge the impact of the pandemic on employment status, consumer spending, food security, housing, education disruptions, and dimensions of physical and mental wellness.

The survey was designed to meet the goal of accurate and timely estimates. It was conducted by an internet questionnaire, with invitations to participate sent by email and text message. The sample frame is the Census Bureau Master Address File Data. Housing units linked to one or more email addresses or cell phone numbers were randomly selected to participate, and one respondent from each housing unit was selected to respond for him or herself. Estimates are weighted to adjust for nonresponse and to match Census Bureau estimates of the population by age, sex, race and ethnicity, and educational attainment. All estimates shown meet the NCHS Data Presentation Standards for Proportions.

To rapidly monitor recent changes in the use of telemedicine, the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and the Health Resources and Services Administration’s Maternal and Child Health Bureau (HRSA MCHB) partnered with the Census Bureau on an experimental data system called the Household Pulse Survey. This 20-minute online survey was designed to complement the ability of the federal statistical system to rapidly respond and provide relevant information about the impact of the coronavirus pandemic in the U.S. The U.S. Census Bureau, in collaboration with five federal agencies, launched the Household Pulse Survey to produce data on the social and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on American households. The Household Pulse Survey was designed to gauge the impact of the pandemic on employment status, consumer spending, food security, housing, education disruptions, and dimensions of physical and mental wellness. The survey was designed to meet the goal of accurate and timely estimates. It was conducted by an internet questionnaire, with invitations to participate sent by email and text message. The sample frame is the Census Bureau Master Address File Data. Housing units linked to one or more email addresses or cell phone numbers were randomly selected to participate, and one respondent from each housing unit was selected to respond for him or herself. Estimates are weighted to adjust for nonresponse and to match Census Bureau estimates of the population by age, sex, race and ethnicity, and educational attainment. All estimates shown meet the NCHS Data Presentation Standards for Proportions.

In response to the unprecedented circumstances presented by COVID-19 and the urgent need for data, the U.S. Census launched two new experimental “pulse” surveys to measure temporal social and economic trends in the Nation’s small businesses and households during this crisis. This program expands the Census Bureau’s capability to conduct these types of surveys, to include the Business Trends and Outlook Survey (BTOS), which provides for an ongoing collection of high frequency, timely, and granular information about current economic conditions and trends, as well as the impact of national, subnational, or sector-level shocks on business activity.

Due to the change in the survey instrument regarding intention to vaccinate, our estimates for “hesitant or unsure” or “hesitant” derived from April 14-26, 2021, are not directly comparable with prior Household Pulse Survey data and should not be used to examine trends in hesitancy.

To support state and local communication and outreach efforts, ASPE developed state, county, and sub-state level predictions of hesitancy rates (https://aspe.hhs.gov/pdf-report/vaccine-hesitancy) using the most recently available federal survey data.

We estimate hesitancy rates at the state level using the U.S. Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey (HPS) (https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/household-pulse-survey.html) data and utilize the estimated values to predict hesitancy rates at the Public Use Microdata Areas (PUMA) level using the Census Bureau’s 2019 American Community Survey (ACS) 1-year Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS)(https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/microdata.html). To create county-level estimates, we used a PUMA-to-county crosswalk from the Missouri Census Data Center(https://mcdc.missouri.edu/applications/geocorr2014.html). PUMAs spanning multiple counties had their estimates apportioned across those counties based on overall 2010 Census populations.

The HPS is nationally representative and includes information on U.S. residents’ intentions to receive the COVID-19 vaccine when available, as well as other sociodemographic and geographic (state, region and metropolitan statistical areas) information. The ACS is a nationally representative survey, and it provides key sociodemographic and geographic (state, region, PUMAs, county) information. We utilized data for the survey collection period May 26, 2021 – June 7, 2021, which the HPS refers to as Week 31..

PUMA COVID-19 Hesitancy Data - https://data.cdc.gov/Vaccinations/Vaccine-Hesitancy-for-COVID-19-Public-Use-Microdat/djj9-kh3p

The U.S. Census Bureau, in collaboration with five federal agencies, launched the Household Pulse Survey to produce data on the social and economic impacts of Covid-19 on American households. The Household Pulse Survey was designed to gauge the impact of the pandemic on employment status, consumer spending, food security, housing, education disruptions, and dimensions of physical and mental wellness. The survey was designed to meet the goal of accurate and timely weekly estimates. It was conducted by an internet questionnaire, with invitations to participate sent by email and text message. The sample frame is the Census Bureau Master Address File Data. Housing units linked to one or more email addresses or cell phone numbers were randomly selected to participate, and one respondent from each housing unit was selected to respond for him or herself. Estimates are weighted to adjust for nonresponse and to match Census Bureau estimates of the population by age, gender, race and ethnicity, and educational attainment. All estimates shown meet the NCHS Data Presentation Standards for Proportions.

The U.S. Census Bureau, in collaboration with five federal agencies, launched the Household Pulse Survey to produce data on the social and economic impacts of Covid-19 on American households. The Household Pulse Survey was designed to gauge the impact of the pandemic on employment status, consumer spending, food security, housing, education disruptions, and dimensions of physical and mental wellness.

The survey was designed to meet the goal of accurate and timely weekly estimates. It was conducted by an internet questionnaire, with invitations to participate sent by email and text message. The sample frame is the Census Bureau Master Address File Data. Housing units linked to one or more email addresses or cell phone numbers were randomly selected to participate, and one respondent from each housing unit was selected to respond for him or herself. Estimates are weighted to adjust for nonresponse and to match Census Bureau estimates of the population by age, sex, race and ethnicity, and educational attainment. All estimates shown meet the NCHS Data Presentation Standards for Proportions.

Due to the change in the survey instrument regarding intention to vaccinate, our estimates for “hesitant or unsure” or “hesitant” derived from April 14-26, 2021, are not directly comparable with prior Household Pulse Survey data and should not be used to examine trends in hesitancy. To support state and local communication and outreach efforts, ASPE developed state, county, and sub-state level predictions of hesitancy rates(https://aspe.hhs.gov/pdf-report/vaccine-hesitancy) using the most recently available federal survey data. We estimate hesitancy rates at the state level using the U.S. Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey (HPS)(https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/household-pulse-survey.html) data and utilize the estimated values to predict hesitancy rates in more granular areas using the Census Bureau’s 2019 American Community Survey (ACS) 1-year Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS)(https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/microdata.html). Public Use Microdata Areas (PUMA) level – PUMAs are geographic areas within each state that contain no fewer than 100,000 people. PUMAs can consist of part of a single densely populated county or can combine parts or all of multiple counties that are less densely populated. The HPS is nationally representative and includes information on U.S. residents’ intentions to receive the COVID-19 vaccine when available, as well as other sociodemographic and geographic (state, region and metropolitan statistical areas) information. The ACS is a nationally representative survey, and it provides key sociodemographic and geographic (state, region, PUMAs, county) information. We utilized data for the survey collection period May 26, 2021 – June 7, 2021, which the HPS refers to as Week 31. County and State Hesitancy Data - https://data.cdc.gov/Vaccinations/Vaccine-Hesitancy-for-COVID-19-County-and-local-es/q9mh-h2tw

As part of an ongoing partnership with the Census Bureau, the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) recently added questions to assess the prevalence of post-COVID-19 conditions (long COVID), on the experimental Household Pulse Survey. This 20-minute online survey was designed to complement the ability of the federal statistical system to rapidly respond and provide relevant information about the impact of the coronavirus pandemic in the U.S. Data collection began on April 23, 2020. Beginning in Phase 3.5 (on June 1, 2022), NCHS included questions about the presence of symptoms of COVID that lasted three months or longer. Phase 3.5 will continue with a two-weeks on, two-weeks off collection and dissemination approach.

Estimates on this page are derived from the Household Pulse Survey and show the percentage of adults aged 18 and over who a) as a proportion of the U.S. population, the percentage of adults who EVER experienced post-COVID conditions (long COVID). These adults had COVID and had some symptoms that lasted three months or longer; b) as a proportion of adults who said they ever had COVID, the percentage who EVER experienced post-COVID conditions; c) as a proportion of the U.S. population, the percentage of adults who are CURRENTLY experiencing post-COVID conditions. These adults had COVID, had long-term symptoms, and are still experiencing symptoms; d) as a proportion of adults who said they ever had COVID, the percentage who are CURRENTLY experiencing post-COVID conditions; and e) as a proportion of the U.S. population, the percentage of adults who said they ever had COVID.

Key Table Information.Table Title.Annual Geographic Information Table.Table ID.GEOINFO2023.GEOINFO.Survey/Program.Geography.Year.2023.Dataset.GEO Geography Information.Source.U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 Geography.Release Date.August 15, 2024.Dataset Universe.Geographic information available in data.census.gov for year 2023.Methodology.Data Items and Other Identifying Records.Geographic Area Name Area (Land, in square meters) Area (Land, in square miles) Area (Water, in square meters) Area (Water, in square miles) Internal Point (Latitude) Internal Point (Longitude) For full list of all the variables including those available in the API refer to the following link: https://api.census.gov/data/2023/geoinfo/variables.html.Unit(s) of Observation.Geographic entity.Geography Coverage.For a full list defining the geographies covered go to https://api.census.gov/data/2023/geoinfo/geography.html.Technical Documentation/Methodology.https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/about/glossary.html.Table Information.API Information.https://api.census.gov/data/2023/geoinfo.html.Data-Specific Notes.The Geography Information dataset (GEOINFO) contains all the geographies that are disseminated by the U.S Census Bureau during a calendar year. The dataset combines all these disseminated geographies into one centralized location to allow for easy user access. The Geography Information dataset includes spatial attributes for the disseminated geographies, such as a point of internal latitude, a point of internal longitude, and the area of the water and land both in square meters and square miles. The geographies contained in the Geography Information dataset are the geographies disseminated for surveys and programs such as the American Community Survey, Community Resilience Estimates, Current Population Survey, Decennial Census, Economic Census, Economic Surveys, Household Pulse Survey, International Database, Population Estimates, Secondary Employment Outcomes, Public Sector, and Survey of Market Absorption. The Geography Information dataset does include island area geographies but does not contain any international geographies. The Geography Information dataset will be created annually for the calendar year prior once all of the Geographic Information Tables for the various surveys and programs are received for the year. The Geography Information dataset will be released around the early summer every year. The program will first produce a Geography Information dataset for data year 2023 and eventually produce datasets going backwards to data year 2020. The program will also produce a Geography Information dataset for every subsequent year after data year 2023. Note: The Geography Information dataset contains the geographies disseminated for the Population Estimates Program but does not currently support the release of the population estimates. Please refer to the following URL for population estimates: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data.html Note: The Geography Information dataset for 2023 does not include any island area geographies..Additional Information.Contact Information.census.data@census.gov.Suggested Citation.U.S. Census Bureau. "Annual Geographic Information Table" Geography, GEO Geography Information, Table GEOINFO, 2023, https://data.census.gov/table/GEOINFO2023.GEOINFO?q=GEOINFO: Annual Geographic Information Table Accessed on March 26, 2025..

This layer shows Household Pulse Survey data on gender identity and sexual orientation. Gender identity is the internal perception of gender, and how one identifies based on how one aligns or doesn’t align with cultural options for gender. This is a different concept than sex assigned at birth. Sexual orientation is the type of sexual attraction one has the capacity to feel for others, generally labeled based on the gender relationship between the person and the people they are attracted to. This is not the same as sexual behavior or preference.Learn more about how the Census Bureau survey measures sexual orientation and gender identity. This page includes nation-wide characteristics such as age, Hispanic origin and race, and educational attainment. Also read some of their findings about experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) adults experiencing higher rates of both economic hardship and mental health hardship. See the questionnaire used in phase 3.2 of the Household Pulse Survey.Source: Household Pulse Survey Data Tables. Data values in this layer are from Week 34 (July 21 - August 2, 2021), the first week that gender identity and sexual orientation questions were part of this survey. Top 15 metros are based on total population and are the same 15 metros available for all Household Pulse Data Tables.This layer is symbolized to show the percent of adults who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) as well as adults whose gender or sexual orientation was not listed on the survey (LGBTQIA+). The color of the symbol depicts the percentage and the size of the symbol depicts the count. *Percent calculations do not use those who did not report either their gender or sexual orientation in either the numerator or denominator, consistent with methodology used by the source.*Data Prep Steps:Data prep used Table 1 (Child Tax Credit Payment Status and Use, by Select Characteristics) to perform tabular data transformation. SAS to Table conversion tool was used to bring the tables into ArcGIS Pro.The data is joined to 2019 TIGER boundaries from the U.S. Census Bureau.Using the counties in each metro according to the Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area Reference Files, metro boundaries created via Merge and Dissolve tools in ArcGIS Pro.In preparing the field aliases and long descriptions, "none of these" and "something else" were generally modified to "not listed."

The IPUMS Contextual Determinants of Health (CDOH) data series includes measures of disparities, policies, and counts, by state or county, for historically marginalized populations in the United States including Black, Asian, Hispanic/Latina/o/e/x, and LGBTQ+ persons, and women. The IPUMS CDOH data are made available through ICPSR/DSDR for merging with the National Couples' Health and Time Study (NCHAT), United States, 2020-2021 (ICPSR 38417) by approved restricted data researchers. All other researchers can access the IPUMS CDOH data via the IPUMS CDOH website. Unlike other IPUMS products, the CDOH data are organized into multiple categories related to Race and Ethnicity, Sexual and Gender Minority, Gender, and Politics. The CDOH measures were created from a wide variety of data sources (e.g., IPUMS NHGIS, the Census Bureau, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Movement Advancement Project, and Myers Abortion Facility Database). Measures are currently available for states or counties from approximately 2015 to 2020. The Sexual and Gender measures in this release include the proportion of a state's population identifying as LGBTQ+ in the U.S. Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey, Phases 3.2 (07/21/2021-10/11/2021), 3.3 (12/01/2021-02/07/2022), 3.4 (03/02/2022-05/09/2022), and 3.5 (06/01/2022-08/08/2022). To work with the IPUMS CDOH data, researchers will need to first merge the NCHAT data to DS1 (MATCH ID and State FIPS Data). This merged file can then be linked to the IPUMS CDOH datafile (DS2) using the STATEFIPS variable.

Analysis of ‘Access and Use of Telemedicine During COVID-19’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/62ae3836-5b7b-4d97-b8e7-7e853aa39df0 on 26 January 2022.

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The Research and Development Survey (RANDS) is a platform designed for conducting survey question evaluation and statistical research. RANDS is an ongoing series of surveys from probability-sampled commercial survey panels used for methodological research at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). RANDS estimates are generated using an experimental approach that differs from the survey design approaches generally used by NCHS, including possible biases from different response patterns and sampling frames as well as increased variability from lower sample sizes. Use of the RANDS platform allows NCHS to produce more timely data than would be possible using traditional data collection methods. RANDS is not designed to replace NCHS’ higher quality, core data collections. Below are experimental estimates of telemedicine access and use for three rounds of RANDS during COVID-19. Data collection for the three rounds of RANDS during COVID-19 occurred between June 9, 2020 and July 6, 2020, August 3, 2020 and August 20, 2020, and May 17, 2021 and June 30, 2021. Information needed to interpret these estimates can be found in the Technical Notes. RANDS during COVID-19 included questions about whether providers offered telemedicine (including video and telephone appointments) in the last 2 months—both during and before the pandemic—and about the use of telemedicine in the last 2 months during the pandemic. As a result of the coronavirus pandemic, many local and state governments discouraged people from leaving their homes for nonessential reasons. Although health care is considered an essential activity, telemedicine offers an opportunity for care without the potential or perceived risks of leaving the home. The National Health Interview Survey, conducted by NCHS, added telemedicine questions to its sample adult questionnaire in July 2020. The Household Pulse Survey (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/covid19/pulse/telemedicine-use.htm), an online survey conducted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic by the Census Bureau in partnership with other federal agencies including NCHS, also reports estimates of telemedicine use during the pandemic (beginning in Phase 3.1, which started on April 14, 2021). The Household Pulse Survey reports telemedicine use in the last 4 weeks among adults and among households with at least one child under age 18 years. The experimental estimates on this page are derived from RANDS during COVID-19 and show the percentage of U.S. adults who have a usual place of care and a provider that offered telemedicine in the past 2 months, who used telemedicine in the past 2 months, or who have a usual place of care and a provider that offered telemedicine prior to the coronavirus pandemic. Technical Notes: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/covid19/rands/telemedicine.htm#limitations

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The Research and Development Survey (RANDS) is a platform designed for conducting survey question evaluation and statistical research. RANDS is an ongoing series of surveys from probability-sampled commercial survey panels used for methodological research at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). RANDS estimates are generated using an experimental approach that differs from the survey design approaches generally used by NCHS, including possible biases from different response patterns and sampling frames as well as increased variability from lower sample sizes. Use of the RANDS platform allows NCHS to produce more timely data than would be possible using traditional data collection methods. RANDS is not designed to replace NCHS’ higher quality, core data collections. Below are experimental estimates of telemedicine access and use for three rounds of RANDS during COVID-19. Data collection for the three rounds of RANDS during COVID-19 occurred between June 9, 2020 and July 6, 2020, August 3, 2020 and August 20, 2020, and May 17, 2021 and June 30, 2021. Information needed to interpret these estimates can be found in the Technical Notes. RANDS during COVID-19 included questions about whether providers offered telemedicine (including video and telephone appointments) in the last 2 months—both during and before the pandemic—and about the use of telemedicine in the last 2 months during the pandemic. As a result of the coronavirus pandemic, many local and state governments discouraged people from leaving their homes for nonessential reasons. Although health care is considered an essential activity, telemedicine offers an opportunity for care without the potential or perceived risks of leaving the home. The National Health Interview Survey, conducted by NCHS, added telemedicine questions to its sample adult questionnaire in July 2020. The Household Pulse Survey (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/covid19/pulse/telemedicine-use.htm), an online survey conducted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic by the Census Bureau in partnership with other federal agencies including NCHS, also reports estimates of telemedicine use during the pandemic (beginning in Phase 3.1, which started on April 14, 2021). The Household Pulse Survey reports telemedicine use in the last 4 weeks among adults and among households with at least one child under age 18 years. The experimental estimates on this page are derived from RANDS during COVID-19 and show the percentage of U.S. adults who have a usual place of care and a provider that offered telemedicine in the past 2 months, who used telemedicine in the past 2 months, or who have a usual place of care and a provider that offered telemedicine prior to the coronavirus pandemic. Technical Notes: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/covid19/rands/telemedicine.htm#limitations

The Covid-19 disease is resurging across the United States and vaccine hesitancy remains a major obstacle to reaching the expected threshold for herd immunity. Using the nationally representative cross sectional Household Pulse Survey (HPS) Data published by the U.S. Census Bureau, this study identified demographic, socio-economic, and medical-psychological determinants of Covid-19 vaccination. Results revealed significant differences in Covid-19 vaccine uptake due to age, sex, sexual orientation, race or ethnicity, marital status, education, income, employment form, housing and living condition, physical illness, mental illness, Covid-19 illness, distrust of vaccines and beliefs about the efficacy of vaccines. Government policymakers need to be cognizant of these determinants of vaccine hesitancy when formulating policies to increase vaccine uptake and control the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings of this study suggest that segmented solutions to reach vulnerable groups like racial minorities and homeless people are needed to win the trust and optimize vaccine uptake.

Regression analysis for composite unhappiness score and time by gender, census household pulse surveys, April 2020—April 2022.