Central Bank Balance Sheet in the United States decreased to 6659273 USD Million in July 16 from 6661912 USD Million in the previous week. This dataset provides - United States Central Bank Balance Sheet - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

From 2003 to 2025, the central banks of the United States, United Kingdom, and European Union exhibited remarkably similar interest rate patterns, reflecting shared global economic conditions. In the early 2000s, rates were initially low to stimulate growth, then increased as economies showed signs of overheating prior to 2008. The financial crisis that year prompted sharp rate cuts to near-zero levels, which persisted for an extended period to support economic recovery. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to further rate reductions to historic lows, aiming to mitigate economic fallout. However, surging inflation in 2022 triggered a dramatic policy shift, with the Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank significantly raising rates to curb price pressures. As inflation stabilized in late 2023 and early 2024, the ECB and Bank of England initiated rate cuts by mid-2024, and the Federal Reserve also implemented its first cut in three years, with forecasts suggesting a gradual decrease in all major interest rates between 2025 and 2026. Divergent approaches within the European Union While the ECB sets a benchmark rate for the Eurozone, individual EU countries have adopted diverse strategies to address their unique economic circumstances. For instance, Hungary set the highest rate in the EU at 13 percent in September 2023, gradually reducing it to 6.5 percent by October 2024. In contrast, Sweden implemented more aggressive cuts, lowering its rate to 2.25 percent by February 2025, the lowest among EU members. These variations highlight the complex economic landscape that European central banks must navigate, balancing inflation control with economic growth support. Global context and future outlook The interest rate changes in major economies have had far-reaching effects on global financial markets. Government bond yields, for example, reflect these policy shifts and investor sentiment. As of December 2024, the United States had the highest 10-year government bond yield among developed economies at 4.59 percent, while Switzerland had the lowest at 0.27 percent. These rates serve as important benchmarks for borrowing costs and economic expectations worldwide.

Graph and download economic data for Total Expense for Monetary Authorities-Central Bank, All Establishments, Employer Firms (DISCONTINUED) (EXPEF521ALLEST) from 2009 to 2012 about monetary authorities, employer firms, accounting, establishments, expenditures, services, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

Policy interest rates in the U.S. and Europe are forecasted to decrease gradually between 2024 and 2027, following exceptional increases triggered by soaring inflation between 2021 and 2023. The U.S. federal funds rate stood at **** percent at the end of 2023, the European Central Bank deposit rate at **** percent, and the Swiss National Bank policy rate at **** percent. With inflationary pressures stabilizing, policy interest rates are forecast to decrease in each observed region. The U.S. federal funds rate is expected to decrease to *** percent, the ECB refi rate to **** percent, the Bank of England bank rate to **** percent, and the Swiss National Bank policy rate to **** percent by 2025. An interesting aspect to note is the impact of these interest rate changes on various economic factors such as growth, employment, and inflation. The impact of central bank policy rates The U.S. federal funds effective rate, crucial in determining the interest rate paid by depository institutions, experienced drastic changes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The subsequent slight changes in the effective rate reflected the efforts to stimulate the economy and manage economic factors such as inflation. Such fluctuations in the federal funds rate have had a significant impact on the overall economy. The European Central Bank's decision to cut its fixed interest rate in June 2024 for the first time since 2016 marked a significant shift in attitude towards economic conditions. The reasons behind the fluctuations in the ECB's interest rate reflect its mandate to ensure price stability and manage inflation, shedding light on the complex interplay between interest rates and economic factors. Inflation and real interest rates The relationship between inflation and interest rates is critical in understanding the actions of central banks. Central banks' efforts to manage inflation through interest rate adjustments reveal the intricate balance between economic growth and inflation. Additionally, the concept of real interest rates, adjusted for inflation, provides valuable insights into the impact of inflation on the economy.

Graph and download economic data for All Employees, Monetary Authorities-Central Bank (CEU5552100001) from Jan 1990 to Jun 2025 about monetary authorities, financial, establishment survey, banks, depository institutions, employment, and USA.

The benchmark interest rate in the United States was last recorded at 4.50 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Fed Funds Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The U.S. federal funds rate peaked in 2023 at its highest level since the 2007-08 financial crisis, reaching 5.33 percent by December 2023. A significant shift in monetary policy occurred in the second half of 2024, with the Federal Reserve implementing regular rate cuts. By December 2024, the rate had declined to 4.48 percent. What is a central bank rate? The federal funds rate determines the cost of overnight borrowing between banks, allowing them to maintain necessary cash reserves and ensure financial system liquidity. When this rate rises, banks become more inclined to hold rather than lend money, reducing the money supply. While this decreased lending slows economic activity, it helps control inflation by limiting the circulation of money in the economy. Historic perspective The federal funds rate historically follows cyclical patterns, falling during recessions and gradually rising during economic recoveries. Some central banks, notably the European Central Bank, went beyond traditional monetary policy by implementing both aggressive asset purchases and negative interest rates.

United States US: Central Bank: Reserve Money data was reported at 1,683.205 USD bn in 2008. This records an increase from the previous number of 814.288 USD bn for 2007. United States US: Central Bank: Reserve Money data is updated yearly, averaging 150.225 USD bn from Dec 1950 (Median) to 2008, with 59 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,683.205 USD bn in 2008 and a record low of 38.338 USD bn in 1957. United States US: Central Bank: Reserve Money data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.IMF.IFS: Financial System: Monetary Authorities: Annual.

Central bank assets to GDP (%) in United States was reported at 24.6 % in 2021, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. United States - Central bank assets to GDP - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on June of 2025.

United States US: Central Bank Policy Rate: End of Period data was reported at 0.875 % pa in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.625 % pa for 2016. United States US: Central Bank Policy Rate: End of Period data is updated yearly, averaging 4.250 % pa from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2017, with 36 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.380 % pa in 1983 and a record low of 0.125 % pa in 2014. United States US: Central Bank Policy Rate: End of Period data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.IMF.IFS: Money Market and Policy Rates: Annual.

The U.S. federal funds effective rate underwent a dramatic reduction in early 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rate plummeted from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.65 percent in March, and further decreased to 0.05 percent in April. This sharp reduction, accompanied by the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing program, was implemented to stabilize the economy during the global health crisis. After maintaining historically low rates for nearly two years, the Federal Reserve began a series of rate hikes in early 2022, with the rate moving from 0.33 percent in April 2022 to 5.33 percent in August 2023. The rate remained unchanged for over a year, before the Federal Reserve initiated its first rate cut in nearly three years in September 2024, bringing the rate to 5.13 percent. By December 2024, the rate was cut to 4.48 percent, signaling a shift in monetary policy in the second half of 2024. In January 2025, the Federal Reserve implemented another cut, setting the rate at 4.33 percent, which remained unchanged throughout the following months. What is the federal funds effective rate? The U.S. federal funds effective rate determines the interest rate paid by depository institutions, such as banks and credit unions, that lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight. Changing the effective rate in times of crisis is a common way to stimulate the economy, as it has a significant impact on the whole economy, such as economic growth, employment, and inflation. Central bank policy rates The adjustment of interest rates in response to the COVID-19 pandemic was a coordinated global effort. In early 2020, central banks worldwide implemented aggressive monetary easing policies to combat the economic crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve's dramatic reduction of its federal funds rate - from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.05 percent by April - mirrored similar actions taken by central banks globally. While these low rates remained in place throughout 2021, mounting inflationary pressures led to a synchronized tightening cycle beginning in 2022, with central banks pushing rates to multi-year highs. By mid-2024, as inflation moderated across major economies, central banks began implementing their first rate cuts in several years, with the U.S. Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank all easing monetary policy.

View the total value of the assets of all Federal Reserve Banks as reported in the weekly balance sheet.

United States - Assets: Central Bank Liquidity Swaps: Central Bank Liquidity Swaps: Maturing Within 15 Days: Wednesday Level was 63.00000 Mil. of $ in July of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Assets: Central Bank Liquidity Swaps: Central Bank Liquidity Swaps: Maturing Within 15 Days: Wednesday Level reached a record high of 295261.00000 in June of 2020 and a record low of 0.00000 in December of 2002. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Assets: Central Bank Liquidity Swaps: Central Bank Liquidity Swaps: Maturing Within 15 Days: Wednesday Level - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by June 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic - both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S. - showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached ***** percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by *************, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in ***********, before the first rate cut since ************** occurred in **************. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2023, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

Central Bank Assets to GDP for United States was 24.60% in January of 2021, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Central Bank Assets to GDP for United States reached a record high of 24.60 in January of 2021 and a record low of 3.22 in January of 2008. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Central Bank Assets to GDP for United States - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

In 2023, the Federal Reserve System stood as the world's largest central bank, with total assets surpassing 7.7 trillion U.S. dollars. Comprising 12 Federal Reserve Banks, the system's largest component, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, held a significantly higher asset value than its counterparts. The People's Bank of China secured the second position globally, managing assets valued at approximately 6.4 trillion U.S. dollars. Following closely, the Bank of Japan ranked third with assets totaling 5.32 trillion U.S. dollars on its balance sheet.

United States US: Central Bank: Foreign Assets data was reported at 625.353 USD bn in 2008. This records an increase from the previous number of 72.052 USD bn for 2007. United States US: Central Bank: Foreign Assets data is updated yearly, averaging 22.647 USD bn from Dec 1950 (Median) to 2008, with 59 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 625.353 USD bn in 2008 and a record low of 11.574 USD bn in 1967. United States US: Central Bank: Foreign Assets data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.IMF.IFS: Financial System: Monetary Authorities: Annual.

United States US: Central Bank: Monetary Base: % Change over Previous Year data was reported at 10.713 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of -4.398 % for 2016. United States US: Central Bank: Monetary Base: % Change over Previous Year data is updated yearly, averaging 4.797 % from Dec 2002 (Median) to 2017, with 16 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 109.476 % in 2008 and a record low of -8.886 % in 2015. United States US: Central Bank: Monetary Base: % Change over Previous Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.IMF.IFS: Financial System: Monetary Authorities: Annual.

United States US: Central Bank: Foreign Liabilities data was reported at 97.054 USD bn in 2008. This records an increase from the previous number of 51.823 USD bn for 2007. United States US: Central Bank: Foreign Liabilities data is updated yearly, averaging 352.000 USD mn from Dec 1950 (Median) to 2008, with 59 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 97.054 USD bn in 2008 and a record low of 71.000 USD mn in 1999. United States US: Central Bank: Foreign Liabilities data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.IMF.IFS: Financial System: Monetary Authorities: Annual.

United States - Assets: Central Bank Liquidity Swaps: Central Bank Liquidity Swaps: Change in Wednesday Level from Year Ago Level was -67.00000 Mil. of U.S. $ in July of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Assets: Central Bank Liquidity Swaps: Central Bank Liquidity Swaps: Change in Wednesday Level from Year Ago Level reached a record high of 583135.00000 in December of 2008 and a record low of -568643.00000 in December of 2009. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Assets: Central Bank Liquidity Swaps: Central Bank Liquidity Swaps: Change in Wednesday Level from Year Ago Level - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.