The U.S. dollar was the currency most commonly used for deals on the international debt capital market in the fourth quarter of 2024. At that time, the value of deals in that currency was 639 billion U.S. dollars. What is debt capital market? The debt market is the part of the capital market on which fixed-interest securities are traded. These securities include, for example, government, municipal, corporate or mortgage bonds. It allows the companies and governments to raise capital through issuance of debt securities. In case a company or a government decides to collect additional money on debt capital market, it issues debt securities and sells them to investors. Depending on financial situation of the company issued bonds can obtain different ratings. The better the company is perceived in the market, the lower interest rates it has to pay for raised capital. Other ways of raising capital Some companies can access money via venture capital or private equity funding, where money comes from high net worth individuals, investment funds, banks or other financial institutions. For larger and well-established companies going public can be an option and raising money among investors. This process is called initial public offering (IPO).

The yield on US 10 Year Note Bond Yield eased to 4.22% on August 1, 2025, marking a 0.15 percentage point decrease from the previous session. Over the past month, the yield has fallen by 0.06 points, though it remains 0.43 points higher than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. US 10 Year Treasury Bond Note Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on August of 2025.

In the first quarter of 2025, the value of the international debt capital market transactions amounted to nearly *** trillion U.S. dollars. The debt market is the part of the capital market on which fixed-interest securities are traded. These securities include, for example, government, municipal, corporate or mortgage bonds. Bonds – additional information The bond market, also known as the credit or fixed income market, is a market that trades in debt. The two most well known parts of the bond market are the primary and secondary capital markets. The primary market is the market that deals with the issuance of new securities and is an important part of the financial markets system. The bonds issued on the primary market are subsequently traded on the secondary markets. A bond is an instrument of indebtedness. The issuer of the bond is obliged to pay the bond holder the principal amount and the pre-agreed interest when the bond reaches maturity. The interest rates are generally payable at fixed intervals. Bonds provide the borrower with external funds in order to finance long-term investments, or, where government bonds are concerned, to finance government expenditure. Bonds are most often bought and traded by institutions such as central banks, pension funds or hedge funds. They are generally seen as being less volatile that stocks, especially the short and medium termed bonds. Bonds suffer from less day-to-day volatility than stocks but are still subject to risk. They are subject to credit and liquidity risks, among others.

The yield on US 30 Year Bond Yield eased to 4.84% on August 1, 2025, marking a 0.06 percentage point decrease from the previous session. Over the past month, the yield has edged up by 0.02 points and is 0.73 points higher than a year ago, according to over-the-counter interbank yield quotes for this government bond maturity. United States 30 Year Bond Yield - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on August of 2025.

Over the past 15 years U.S. companies have tapped the bond market at a near‑record pace, issuing on average over *** trillion U.S. dollars worth of corporate bonds each year. The peak was reached in 2020 and 2021, when borrowing costs were at historic lows due to economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Global bond market was valued at USD 141.34 Trillion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 166.81 Trillion by 2030 with a CAGR of 2.8% during the forecast period.

Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates: Long-Term Government Bond Yields: 10-Year: Main (Including Benchmark) for United States (IRLTLT01USM156N) from Apr 1953 to Jun 2025 about long-term, 10-year, bonds, yield, government, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Market Value of Marketable Treasury Debt (MVMTD027MNFRBDAL) from Jan 1942 to Jun 2025 about market value, debt, Treasury, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for 10-Year High Quality Market (HQM) Corporate Bond Par Yield (HQMCB10YRP) from Jan 1984 to Jun 2025 about 10-year, bonds, yield, corporate, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

Quarterly positions in debt securities issues by sector, currency, maturity, type of interest rate and market of issuance, positions at the end of the quarter, book and market value.

As of July 22, 2025, the yield for a ten-year U.S. government bond was 4.38 percent, while the yield for a two-year bond was 3.88 percent. This represents an inverted yield curve, whereby bonds of longer maturities provide a lower yield, reflecting investors' expectations for a decline in long-term interest rates. Hence, making long-term debt holders open to more risk under the uncertainty around the condition of financial markets in the future. That markets are uncertain can be seen by considering both the short-term fluctuations, and the long-term downward trend, of the yields of U.S. government bonds from 2006 to 2021, before the treasury yield curve increased again significantly in the following years. What are government bonds? Government bonds, otherwise called ‘sovereign’ or ‘treasury’ bonds, are financial instruments used by governments to raise money for government spending. Investors give the government a certain amount of money (the ‘face value’), to be repaid at a specified time in the future (the ‘maturity date’). In addition, the government makes regular periodic interest payments (called ‘coupon payments’). Once initially issued, government bonds are tradable on financial markets, meaning their value can fluctuate over time (even though the underlying face value and coupon payments remain the same). Investors are attracted to government bonds as, provided the country in question has a stable economy and political system, they are a very safe investment. Accordingly, in periods of economic turmoil, investors may be willing to accept a negative overall return in order to have a safe haven for their money. For example, once the market value is compared to the total received from remaining interest payments and the face value, investors have been willing to accept a negative return on two-year German government bonds between 2014 and 2021. Conversely, if the underlying economy and political structures are weak, investors demand a higher return to compensate for the higher risk they take on. Consequently, the return on bonds in emerging markets like Brazil are consistently higher than that of the United States (and other developed economies). Inverted yield curves When investors are worried about the financial future, it can lead to what is called an ‘inverted yield curve’. An inverted yield curve is where investors pay more for short term bonds than long term, indicating they do not have confidence in long-term financial conditions. Historically, the yield curve has historically inverted before each of the last five U.S. recessions. The last U.S. yield curve inversion occurred at several brief points in 2019 – a trend which continued until the Federal Reserve cut interest rates several times over that year. However, the ultimate trigger for the next recession was the unpredicted, exogenous shock of the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, showing how such informal indicators may be grounded just as much in coincidence as causation.

In 2023, the country that issued the highest value of sustainable bonds - either from the government or organizations domiciled in that country - was the United States, with almost 100 billion U.S. dollars of fixed income debt issued. China was second, with nearly ** billion U.S. dollars, then Germany with ** billion U.S. dollars. However, it should be noted that the balance between debt for environmental and social purposes was very different between these countries, with the majority of debt issued by France being for social purposes. If just considering the value of green bonds issued (i.e. bonds issued for environmental projects), the highest issuer in 2023 was China. The European sustainable bond market Overall, Europe is the clear leader in the sustainable bond market, having issued more sustainable bonds than any other region since 2014 (including supranational organizations). Given the sustainable bonds issued over this period were for environmental causes, the European green bond market is highly advanced. Types of sustainable bonds While green bonds are the most common type of sustainable bond, there are also social bonds which raise money for social (rather than environmental) causes. In addition, there is the broader category of sustainable bonds, which are for a combination of both social and environmental causes. The category of what is a social cause is somewhat broad, however, generating some controversy. For example while China does issue a high number of green bonds, they issued a far higher value of social bonds in 2020. Much of this debt was labelled as for dealing with the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which meant it could be classified as social bonds. This is controversial, as in many other countries debt raised for this purpose may not have been not categorized as sustainable. Some have also raised questions about whether such bonds can even be considered sustainable in the first place, given some certifications only required ** percent of the money raised to be used for causes directly related to the fight against COVID-19 (such as manufacturing medical devices, building hospitals, or scientific research).

Abstract (en): In this article, the author analyzes the future prospects of the euro as an international currency from a portfolio perspective. Using daily bond and exchange-rate data during the period 1996-1998, the author constructs an optimal benchmark portfolio for representative investors from the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the three major European countries participating in the euro: France, Germany, and Italy. Subsequently, the author distinguishes three plausible (euro) exchange-rate scenarios and three plausible (European) bond market scenarios as a result of the introduction of the euro. Then, the portfolio optimization is implemented again under the nine scenarios. Generally, the outcomes suggest that an increase in net demand for euro assets is unlikely, due to the inherent reduction of attractive diversification possibilities. For a given eurobond supply, this in turn implies a depreciation of the euro. Potential entry of the United Kingdom into the euro area is not seen to change the results. However, increasing depth and liquidity of European bond markets, together with lower transaction costs, may reverse the conclusions. Finally, the author shows that both actual supply and demand developments in international bond markets in 1999 are consistent with the observed depreciation of the euro relative to the United States dollar. (1) Two files were submitted: 0009ck.xls, a data file, and 0009ckp.zip, which contains program files and a description file, 0009ckp.doc. (2) These data are part of ICPSR's Publication-Related Archive and are distributed exactly as they arrived from the data depositor. ICPSR has not checked or processed this material. Users should consult the investigator if further information is desired.

As of December 2024, Japan held United States treasury securities totaling about 1.06 trillion U.S. dollars. Foreign holders of United States treasury debt According to the Federal Reserve and U.S. Department of the Treasury, foreign countries held a total of 8.5 trillion U.S. dollars in U.S. treasury securities as of December 2024. Of the total held by foreign countries, Japan and Mainland China held the greatest portions, with China holding 759 billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. The U.S. public debt In 2023, the United States had a total public national debt of 33.2 trillion U.S. dollars, an amount that has been rising steadily, particularly since 2008. In 2023, the total interest expense on debt held by the public of the United States reached 678 billion U.S. dollars, while 197 billion U.S. dollars in interest expense were intra governmental debt holdings. Total outlays of the U.S. government were 6.1 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023. By 2029, spending is projected to reach 8.3 trillion U.S. dollars.

Graph and download economic data for Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 30-Year Constant Maturity, Quoted on an Investment Basis (DGS30) from 1977-02-15 to 2025-07-31 about 30-year, maturity, Treasury, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

Amounts outstanding of debt securities issued in international markets by residents of Dominican Republic of general government (nationality of All countries excluding residents of all issuers), foreign currencies, US Dollar, original maturity of total (all maturities), remaining maturity of total (all maturities), all interest rates

As of July 18, 2025, the major economy with the highest yield on 10-year government bonds was Turkey, with a yield of ** percent. This is due to the risks investors take when investing in Turkey, notably due to high inflation rates potentially eradicating any profits made when using a foreign currency to investing in securities denominated in Turkish lira. Of the major developed economies, United Kingdom had one the highest yield on 10-year government bonds at this time with **** percent, while Switzerland had the lowest at **** percent. How does inflation influence the yields of government bonds? Inflation reduces purchasing power over time. Due to this, investors seek higher returns to offset the anticipated decrease in purchasing power resulting from rapid price rises. In countries with high inflation, government bond yields often incorporate investor expectations and risk premiums, resulting in comparatively higher rates offered by these bonds. Why are government bond rates significant? Government bond rates are an important indicator of financial markets, serving as a benchmark for borrowing costs, interest rates, and investor sentiment. They affect the cost of government borrowing, influence the price of various financial instruments, and serve as a reflection of expectations regarding inflation and economic growth. For instance, in financial analysis and investing, people often use the 10-year U.S. government bond rates as a proxy for the longer-term risk-free rate.

These tables provide additional detail on the investment holdings of U.S. money market funds, based on a monthly dataset of security-level holdings for all U.S. money market funds. Table 1 reports the aggregate dollar amount of investments of U.S. money market funds since 2010, by the world region and country of the security issuer. Table 2 provides a finer level of detail by month, showing, for each country of issuer, the aggregate dollar amount of investments of U.S. money market funds by type of money fund (i.e., prime, government, and municipal bond funds), type of security (i.e., direct debt and deposits, repurchase agreement, asset-backed commercial paper, and other), and by maturity of the security. Table 3 depicts the asset allocation of U.S. money market fund portfolios over time. Tables 4, 5, and 6 show the asset allocation of prime, government, and tax-exempt money market funds, respectively, over time. The sum of the values in these three tables equals the total value of Table 3. Tables 7 and 8 report additional detail on the repurchase agreement holdings and the commercial paper holdings, respectively, for U.S. money market funds.

This analysis presents a rigorous exploration of financial data, incorporating a diverse range of statistical features. By providing a robust foundation, it facilitates advanced research and innovative modeling techniques within the field of finance.

US Dollar Index: Bullish Break or Bearish Trap?

Financial data:

• Historical daily stock prices (open, high, low, close, volume)

• Fundamental data (e.g., market capitalization, price to earnings P/E ratio, dividend yield, earnings per share EPS, price to earnings growth, debt-to-equity ratio, price-to-book ratio, current ratio, free cash flow, projected earnings growth, return on equity, dividend payout ratio, price to sales ratio, credit rating)

• Technical indicators (e.g., moving averages, RSI, MACD, average directional index, aroon oscillator, stochastic oscillator, on-balance volume, accumulation/distribution A/D line, parabolic SAR indicator, bollinger bands indicators, fibonacci, williams percent range, commodity channel index)

Machine learning features:

• Feature engineering based on financial data and technical indicators

• Sentiment analysis data from social media and news articles

• Macroeconomic data (e.g., GDP, unemployment rate, interest rates, consumer spending, building permits, consumer confidence, inflation, producer price index, money supply, home sales, retail sales, bond yields)

Potential Applications:

• Stock price prediction

• Portfolio optimization

• Algorithmic trading

• Market sentiment analysis

• Risk management

Use Cases:

• Researchers investigating the effectiveness of machine learning in stock market prediction

• Analysts developing quantitative trading Buy/Sell strategies

• Individuals interested in building their own stock market prediction models

• Students learning about machine learning and financial applications

Additional Notes:

• The dataset may include different levels of granularity (e.g., daily, hourly)

• Data cleaning and preprocessing are essential before model training

• Regular updates are recommended to maintain the accuracy and relevance of the data

This data represents the effective yield of the ICE BofA US Corporate Index, which tracks the performance of US dollar denominated investment grade rated corporate debt publicly issued in the US domestic market. To qualify for inclusion in the index, securities must have an investment grade rating (based on an average of Moody's, S&P, and Fitch) and an investment grade rated country of risk (based on an average of Moody's, S&P, and Fitch foreign currency long term sovereign debt ratings). Each security must have greater than 1 year of remaining maturity, a fixed coupon schedule, and a minimum amount outstanding of $250 million. Original issue zero coupon bonds, "global" securities (debt issued simultaneously in the eurobond and US domestic bond markets), 144a securities and pay-in-kind securities, including toggle notes, qualify for inclusion in the Index. Callable perpetual securities qualify provided they are at least one year from the first call date. Fixed-to-floating rate securities also qualify provided they are callable within the fixed rate period and are at least one year from the last call prior to the date the bond transitions from a fixed to a floating rate security. DRD-eligible and defaulted securities are excluded from the Index.

ICE BofA Explains the Construction Methodology of this series as: Index constituents are capitalization-weighted based on their current amount outstanding. With the exception of U.S. mortgage pass-throughs and U.S. structured products (ABS, CMBS and CMOs), accrued interest is calculated assuming next-day settlement. Accrued interest for U.S. mortgage pass-through and U.S. structured products is calculated assuming same-day settlement. Cash flows from bond payments that are received during the month are retained in the index until the end of the month and then are removed as part of the rebalancing. Cash does not earn any reinvestment income while it is held in the Index. The Index is rebalanced on the last calendar day of the month, based on information available up to and including the third business day before the last business day of the month. Issues that meet the qualifying criteria are included in the Index for the following month. Issues that no longer meet the criteria during the course of the month remain in the Index until the next month-end rebalancing at which point they are removed from the Index. When the last calendar day of the month takes place on the weekend, weekend observations will occur as a result of month ending accrued interest adjustments.

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The end of day Index values, Index returns, and Index statistics (“Top Level Data”) are being provided for your internal use only and you are not authorized or permitted to publish, distribute or otherwise furnish Top Level Data to any third-party without prior written approval of ICE Data. Neither ICE Data, its affiliates nor any of its third party suppliers shall have any liability for the accuracy or completeness of the Top Level Data furnished through FRED, or for delays, interruptions or omissions therein nor for any lost profits, direct, indirect, special or consequential damages. The Top Level Data is not investment advice and a reference to a particular investment or security, a credit rating or any observation concerning a security or investment provided in the Top Level Data is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold such investment or security or make any other investment decisions. You shall not use any Indices as a reference index for the purpose of creating financial products (including but not limited to any exchange-traded fund or other passive index-tracking fund, or any other financial instrument whose objective or return is linked in any way to any Index) without prior written approval of ICE Data. ICE Data, their affiliates or their third party suppliers have exclusive proprietary rights in the Top Level Data and any information and software received in connection therewith. You shall not use or permit anyone to use the Top Level Data for any unlawful or unauthorized purpose. Access to the Top Level Data is subject to termination in the event that any agreement between FRED and ICE Data terminates for any reason. ICE Data may enforce its rights against you as the third-party beneficiary of the FRED Services Terms of Use, even though ICE Data is not a party to the FRED Services Terms of Use. The FRED Services Terms of Use, including but limited to the limitation of liability, indemnity and disclaimer provisions, shall extend to third party suppliers.