The euro and U.S. dollar made up more than ***** of 10 SWIFT payments worldwide in September 2025, outperforming many other currencies. This is according to a monthly report meant to track the market share of China's yuan renminbi within the international bank transfer system SWIFT. Although China holds the largest forex reserves in the world, the yuan ranked as the *****-used currency in international payments. The figures concern customer-initiated and institutional payments and exclude trade. Discussions on the potential weakening role of the U.S. dollar especially touch world trade and forex. For example, the share of the USD in forex reserves declined visibly against the euro and Japanese yen in 2024. What sparked this de-dollarization trend, and will it continue? Trade sanctions and de-dollarization De-dollarization in 2024 is mentioned mostly alongside trade and the BRICS countries - an informal name given to Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The combined GDP of BRICS is about ** percent of the world's economy. After the start of the Ukraine war and Russia received economic sanctions, the BRICS slowly evolved into a trading bloc. The group increasingly wanted its own currency to settle payments within the trade bloc, to avoid using the U.S. dollar. In August 2024, BRICS gathered in South Africa to discuss the creation of such a new joint currency. Additionally, ** countries - including Argentina, Algeria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Yemen - expressed interest in joining the BRICS group. CBDC, or projects into a digital payment settlement A factor of future uncertainty for the U.S. dollar is how central bank digital currencies (CBDC) develop in emerging countries. Several projects exist between individual countries that specifically target cross-border interbank payments. A cooperation between Thailand and Hong Kong, Inthanon-Lionrock, ranks as the most advanced of these projects. CBDC does not require the U.S. dollar to function. Tangible such as commodities or gold can back them. The value of transactions processed with CBDC is to grow by ******* percent between 2024 and 2030.

The exports of goods from Russia to China stood at around 129 billion U.S. dollars in 2024, marking an increase compared to the previous year. Russian merchandise imports from China have increased significantly in value since 2022, reaching nearly 116 billion U.S. dollars in 2024. The trade balance of Russia with China already became positive in 2018 for the first time since 2006. Trade in Russia China was the leading export destination of Russian commodities as well as the major import partner of the country as of 2023. Turkey listed in the third place by export value and ranked as the second largest origin of imports to the country over the same period. Russia is one of the leading exporters of goods worldwide. Fuels, minerals, and energy products are its major export commodity groups. Russian trade in times of coronavirus The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic affected all segments of the Russian economy, including international trade. Nonetheless, in February 2020, certain agricultural product exports from Russia to China experienced a positive growth. The especially significant increase was recorded for fish products at over 50 percent year-on-year. Further up-to-date statistics and facts about trade in Russia can be found in a dedicated topic page.

From the first quarter of 2018 to the second quarter of 2019, the so-called de-dollarization of Russian exports to China was observed, referring to the steady decline in the share of export calculations to this destination in U.S. dollars. The share of calculations in euros rose over the same period. Between July and September 2019, the de-dollarization stopped, as the share of export deliveries to China increased to **** percent. The Russian and Chinese national currencies occupied over ** percent of total exports over the third quarter of 2019.

About Dataset: This dataset contains historical exchange rates of the Tajikistani Somoni (TJS) to four major currencies: Chinese Yuan (CNY), Euro (EUR), Russian Ruble (RUB), and US Dollar (USD). The data covers the period from 2001 to 2011 and includes interpolated values for missing years.

Columns: - Date: The date in YYYY-MM-DD format. - CNY: The exchange rate of TJS to Chinese Yuan (CNY). - EUR: The exchange rate of TJS to Euro (EUR). - RUB: The exchange rate of TJS to Russian Ruble (RUB). - USD: The exchange rate of TJS to US Dollar (USD).

Data Sources: - Exchange rates for TJS to USD and EUR were obtained from the National Bank of Tajikistan - https://www.nbt.tj/en/kurs/kurs.php

Methodology: - Missing data for certain years was interpolated using linear interpolation. - Exchange rates are presented as daily averages.

Potential Uses: - Analyzing trends in Tajikistani Somoni exchange rates. - Forecasting future exchange rates using machine learning models. - Research on the impact of global economic events on TJS.

License: MIT License

Acknowledgements: - Thanks to the National Bank of Tajikistan for providing historical exchange rate data.

The value of U.S. Treasury securities held by residents of Russia amounted to ** million U.S. dollars in March 2025, marking a stark contrast to ***** billion U.S. dollars held in January 2020. The lowest over the period under consideration was recorded in November 2023 at ** million U.S. dollars. Furthermore, in March 2020, the figure plummeted to **** billion U.S. dollars, down from **** billion U.S. dollars one month prior. Russia’s holdings of U.S. treasury securities have decreased since 2014 following the Western sanctions over the annexation of Crimea and have further dropped in 2022 after more restrictions were imposed over the war in Ukraine. What are U.S. treasury holdings? U.S. treasury holdings are government debt instruments that contribute to the funding of various government projects in the country. The U.S. Department of Treasury allows individuals and organizations to invest in treasury notes, bills, and bonds, which are the main three types of securities. Just under half of the outstanding ** trillion U.S. dollars as of May 2024 were in the form of treasury notes. The notes have varying maturities and coupon payment frequencies, which are different from the maturity periods of treasury bills and bonds. Main foreign holders of U.S. treasury securities Foreign holdings of U.S. treasury debt amounted to ***** trillion U.S. dollars as of January 2024. Japan and China held the largest portions, with China possessing ***** billion U.S. dollars in U.S. securities. Additionally, other significant foreign holders included oil exporting countries and Caribbean banking centers.

This dataset contains the daily official exchange rates from National Bank www.nationalbank.kz, for the Kazakhstani Tenge (KZT) against the US Dollar (USD), Euro (EUR), Chinese Yuan (CNY), and Russian Ruble (RUB) from January 1, 2000, to December 7, 2024. It provides a view of the exchange rate dynamics over more than two decades. The data includes daily closing rates for each currency pair, allowing for analysis of trends, fluctuations, and volatility. The dataset can be used for economic studies, forecasting, and analyzing the factors influencing KZT exchange rate stability and its response to global events.

China Imports from Russia was US$129.88 Billion during 2024, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. China Imports from Russia - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on December of 2025.

In 2024, mechanical and electrical products exported from China to Russia were valued at approximately **** billion U.S. dollars. This was more than twice the 2019 value. Vehicles, aircraft, and vessels was the second largest export commodity group.

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Steel Manufacturing Market Size 2025-2029

The steel manufacturing market size is valued to increase USD 455.4 billion, at a CAGR of 4.5% from 2024 to 2029. Upsurge in consumption of high-strength steel will drive the steel manufacturing market.

Major Market Trends & Insights

APAC dominated the market and accounted for a 54% growth during the forecast period.
By End-user - Construction segment was valued at USD 793.30 billion in 2023
By Type - Flat segment accounted for the largest market revenue share in 2023

Market Size & Forecast

Market Opportunities: USD 35.51 billion
Market Future Opportunities: USD 455.40 billion
CAGR : 4.5%
APAC: Largest market in 2023

Market Summary

The market encompasses the production and distribution of primary steel products, including iron, alloy, and specialty steel. This dynamic industry is driven by several key factors. The upsurge in consumption of high-strength steel, particularly in automotive and construction sectors, is a major growth catalyst. According to the World Steel Association, global steel demand reached 1.8 billion metric tons in 2020, with automotive and construction accounting for approximately 50% of the total consumption. Core technologies, such as electric arc furnaces and continuous casting, are transforming the manufacturing landscape, enabling increased efficiency and productivity. The market also faces challenges, including excess production capacity and growing demand for steel and stainless steel scrap.
Regulations, including environmental and safety standards, continue to evolve, shaping the competitive landscape. In 2021, the European Union's Green Deal aims to make Europe carbon neutral by 2050, potentially impacting the steel industry's production methods and raw material sourcing. Despite these challenges, opportunities abound, particularly in emerging markets and innovative applications. For instance, the increasing adoption of electric vehicles is expected to boost demand for high-strength steel. In 2020, the electric vehicle market share was approximately 3% of global vehicle sales, with projections indicating significant growth in the coming years. As the market continues to unfold, stakeholders must stay informed of these trends and adapt to the evolving landscape.

What will be the Size of the Steel Manufacturing Market during the forecast period?

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How is the Steel Manufacturing Market Segmented and what are the key trends of market segmentation?

The steel manufacturing industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

End-user

  Construction
  Machinery
  Automotive
  Metal products
  Others


Type

  Flat
  Long


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Russia
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By End-user Insights

The construction segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market is a significant global industry, with the construction sector being its largest consumer in 2024. This sector's growth is driven by the construction of various infrastructure projects such as skyscrapers, tech parks, roads, motorways, and bridges. Steel's popularity in the building industry is due to its exceptional properties, including durability, strength, affordability, and adaptability for prolonged weather exposure. In the manufacturing process, material testing procedures ensure product quality and consistency. Annealing processes refine the steel's microstructure, enhancing its mechanical properties. Robotics in steelmaking streamline production, increasing efficiency and reducing labor costs. Surface treatments protect steel from corrosion and improve its appearance.

Waste management strategies minimize environmental impact, aligning with industry sustainability goals. Stainless steel production represents a growing segment due to its resistance to corrosion and high strength. Heat treatment processes further refine the steel's properties, while inventory management systems optimize production schedules. Basic oxygen furnaces and electric arc furnaces are essential in steel production, with the latter offering increased flexibility and energy efficiency. Defect detection methods employ advanced technologies like digital twin technology and mechanical properties testing to minimize production downtime and improve product quality. Alloy steel production caters to various industries, with process optimization techniques ensuring optimal yield and energy efficiency.

Energy efficiency metrics are crucial in the industry, with galvanizin

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Aerospace Artificial Intelligence Market Size 2025-2029

The aerospace artificial intelligence (AI) market size is forecast to increase by USD 7.24 billion at a CAGR of 45.9% between 2024 and 2029.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the aerospace industry with its application in various domains, including software for flight simulation and virtual assistants for cockpit interaction. The rising trend of digital transformation in aviation is driving market growth, as AI enables automation in aircraft maintenance, threat detection systems, and additive manufacturing. The increasing use of drones equipped with sensors and data analytics capabilities is another significant trend, offering opportunities for real-time data collection and analysis. However, concerns surrounding data security and privacy are major challenges, necessitating strong cybersecurity measures. Machine learning algorithms, image recognition, and natural language processing are key technologies enabling AI in the aerospace sector, enhancing travel experiences and optimizing operational efficiency. The adoption of AI is set to continue, with the market expected to grow significantly in the coming years.

What will be the Size of the Aerospace Artificial Intelligence (AI) Market During the Forecast Period?

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The market encompasses the application of AI models, including machine learning, computer vision, and natural language processing, to enhance various aspects of the aerospace sector. AI technologies are increasingly being integrated into flight operations for predictive maintenance, optimization of fuel consumption, and improving pilot training through computer vision and voice recognition. In customer service, virtual assistants and voice recognition systems facilitate efficient communication between airlines and passengers.
Air traffic control benefits from AI's ability to analyze big data and identify data patterns for improved safety and efficiency. AI is also employed for observation tasks, such as analyzing time series data for anomaly detection and predictive maintenance in aircraft components. The aerospace AI market is poised for significant growth, as human intelligence is augmented by AI software to address complex challenges and optimize processes.

How is this Aerospace Artificial Intelligence (AI) Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The aerospace artificial intelligence (AI) industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Component

  Software
  Hardware
  Services


End-user

  Defense and military
  Commercial aviation
  Aircraft manufacturers
  Space exploration
  Airports


Application

  Machine learning
  Natural language processing
  Computer vision
  Context awareness computing


Geography

  North America

    Canada
    US


  Europe

    Germany
    UK
    France
    Italy


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan
    South Korea


  Middle East and Africa



  South America

By Component Insights

The software segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Aerospace Artificial Intelligence (AI) software plays a crucial role in the development and operation of autonomous systems for UAVs, drones, and spacecraft. AI algorithms, including machine learning, computer vision, and neural networks, enable navigation, obstacle detection, and real-time decision-making. For instance, Airbus SE's Air Superiority Tactical Assistance Real-Time Execution System (ASTares) digitizes human-level experience to support tactical coordination in the Future Combat Air System (FCAS). In the aerospace sector, AI software optimizes flight control systems by analyzing data from sensors and adjusting flight parameters in real-time. This leads to improved fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, and enhanced safety. AI models are also integrated into customer service applications, such as virtual assistants and chatbots, to streamline airline industry processes and improve customer satisfaction.

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The software segment was valued at USD 141.10 million in 2019 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Regional Analysis

North America is estimated to contribute 35% to the growth of the global market during the forecast period.

Technavio's analysts have elaborately explained the regional trends and drivers that shape the market during the forecast period.

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The aerospace industry is embracing Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance operational efficiency and automate processes in North America. Machine learning a

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Iron and Steel Market Size 2024-2028

The iron and steel market size is forecast to increase by USD 478.1 billion, at a CAGR of 5.65% between 2023 and 2028.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing consumption of high-strength stainless steel. This trend is fueled by the expanding infrastructure sector, particularly in emerging economies, and the growing demand for stainless steel in various end-use industries such as construction, automotive, and packaging. Furthermore, the rising popularity of stainless steel scrap as a cost-effective alternative to primary steel production is contributing to market expansion. However, the market faces challenges as well. Carbon fiber is increasingly gaining traction in the automotive industry, posing a threat to the demand for steel and stainless steel.
This shift is due to the lightweight and high-strength properties of carbon fiber, making it an attractive alternative for manufacturers seeking to reduce vehicle weight and improve fuel efficiency. Companies in the iron and steel industry must adapt to this trend by focusing on innovation and developing new applications for steel and stainless steel that offer superior performance or cost advantages over carbon fiber. Additionally, ensuring sustainable production methods and addressing environmental concerns will be crucial in maintaining market competitiveness and addressing regulatory pressures.

What will be the Size of the Iron and Steel Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2018-2022 and forecasts 2024-2028 - in the full report.
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The market continues to evolve, driven by advancements in steel production technologies and the diverse applications of various steel types across numerous sectors. High-strength low-alloy steel, for instance, is increasingly sought after for its enhanced yield strength and hardness, making it suitable for use in automotive and construction industries. Impact testing and hardness testing are crucial in ensuring the quality and durability of these high-performance steels. Stainless steel, with its excellent corrosion resistance, is another key player in the market. The production of stainless steel involves processes such as pig iron production, coke making, and sintering, followed by electric arc furnace melting and continuous casting.

The industry anticipates a steady growth of around 4% annually, fueled by increasing demand from sectors like aerospace and healthcare. An example of this market's continuous dynamism can be seen in the implementation of advanced high-strength steel in the automotive industry. A major automaker reported a 15% increase in fuel efficiency by using this steel in vehicle production. The steel's superior properties, such as increased tensile strength and fatigue resistance, contribute to the overall improvement in vehicle performance and sustainability. Quality control systems, steel scrap recycling, and steel microstructure analysis are essential components of the steel manufacturing process.

They ensure the consistent production of steel grades that meet specific customer requirements. The integration of coating lines and galvanizing lines further enhances the versatility of steel products. Alloy steel and carbon steel undergo various processes, including blast furnace operation, basic oxygen furnace, hot rolling mill, and cold rolling mill, to achieve their desired properties. Heat treatment and pickling line processes further refine these steels for specific applications. The ongoing innovation in steelmaking technologies, such as secondary steelmaking and yield optimization techniques, continues to shape the market landscape.

How is this Iron and Steel Industry segmented?

The iron and steel industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

End-user

  Construction
  Machinery
  Transportation
  Metal goods
  Others


Type

  Steel
  Iron


Geography

  North America

    US


  Europe

    Russia


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  Rest of World (ROW)

By End-user Insights

The construction segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market is a critical sector in the construction industry, supplying essential components for structural integrity, durability, and versatility. High-strength low-alloy steel, for instance, undergoes impact testing and hardness testing to ensure its robustness in various applications. Stainless steel, another key player, offers corrosion resistance and is extensively used in galvanizing lines and coating lines. Pig iron production and coke making are fundamental processes in steelmaking, wh

The exports of services from Russia to China reached **** billion U.S. dollars in 2021, marking a slight increase compared to the previous year. On the other hand, Russian services imports from China decreased in value, standing at approximately *** billion U.S. dollars in 2021. Over the past two years, the trade balance of Russia with China demonstrated negative figures.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, the BRICS countries have been considered the five foremost developing economies in the world. Originally, the term BRIC was used by economists when talking about the emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, however these countries have held annual summits since 2009, and the group has expanded to include South Africa since 2010. China has the largest GDP of the BRICS country, at 16.86 trillion U.S. dollars in 2021, while the others are all below three trillion. Combined, the BRICS bloc has a GDP over 25.85 trillion U.S. dollars in 2022, which is slightly more than the United States. BRICS economic development China has consistently been the largest economy of this bloc, and its rapid growth has seen it become the second largest economy in the world, behind the U.S.. China's growth has also been much faster than the other BRICS countries; for example, when compared with the second largest BRICS economy, its GDP was less than double the size of Brazil's in 2000, but is almost six times larger than India's in 2021. Since 2000, the country with the second largest GDP has fluctuated between Brazil, Russia, and India, due to a variety of factors, although India has held this position since 2015 (when the other two experienced recession), and it's growth rate is on track to surpass China's in the coming decade. South Africa has consistently had the smallest economy of the BRICS bloc, and it has just the third largest economy in Africa; its inclusion in this group is due to the fact that it is the most advanced and stable major economy in Africa, and it holds strategic importance due to the financial potential of the continent in the coming decades. Future developments It is predicted that China's GDP will overtake that of the U.S. by the end of the 2020s, to become the largest economy in the world, while some also estimate that India will also overtake the U.S. around the middle of the century. Additionally, the BRICS group is more than just an economic or trading bloc, and its New Development Bank was established in 2014 to invest in sustainable infrastructure and renewable energy across the globe. While relations between its members were often strained or of less significance in the 20th century, their current initiatives have given them a much greater international influence. The traditional great powers represented in the Group of Seven (G7) have seen their international power wane in recent decades, while BRICS countries have seen theirs grow, especially on a regional level. Today, the original BRIC countries combine with the Group of Seven (G7), to make up 11 of the world's 12 largest economies, but it is predicted that they will move further up on this list in the coming decades.

This dataset provides values for GOLD RESERVES reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

In 2024, the total stock of FDI from China in Russia amounted to around ***** billion U.S. dollars. This was an increase from ***** billion U.S. dollars from previous year.

In 2021, the BRICS countries with the highest estimated GDP per capita were Russia and China, with between 12,000 and 13,000 U.S. dollars per person. Brazil and South Africa's GDP per capita are thought to be closer to the 7,000 mark, while India's GDP per capita is just over 2,000 U.S. dollars. This a significant contrast to figures for overall GDP, where China has the largest economy by a significant margin, while India's is the second largest. The reason for this disparity is due to population size. For example, both China's population and overall GDP are roughly 10 times larger than those of Russia, which results in them having a comparable GDP per capita. Additionally, India's population is 23 times larger than South Africa's, but it's GDP is just seven times larger; this results in South Africa having a higher GDP per capita than India, despite it being the smallest of the BRICS economies.

In 2024, the gross domestic product (GDP) of China amounted to around 18.7 trillion U.S. dollars. In comparison to the GDP of the other BRIC countries India, Russia and Brazil, China came first that year and second in the world GDP ranking. The stagnation of China's GDP in U.S. dollar terms in 2022 and 2023 was mainly due to the appreciation of the U.S. dollar. China's real GDP growth was 5.4 percent in 2023 and 5.0 percent in 2024. In 2024, per capita GDP in China reached around 13,300 U.S. dollars. Economic performance in China Gross domestic product (GDP) is a primary economic indicator. It measures the total value of all goods and services produced in an economy over a certain time period. China's economy used to grow quickly in the past, but the growth rate of China’s real GDP gradually slowed down in recent years, and year-on-year GDP growth is forecasted to range at only around four percent in the years after 2024. Since 2010, China has been the world’s second-largest economy, surpassing Japan.China’s emergence in the world’s economy has a lot to do with its status as the ‘world’s factory’. Since 2013, China is the largest export country in the world. Some argue that it is partly due to the undervalued Chinese currency. The Big Mac Index, a simplified and informal way to measure the purchasing power parity between different currencies, indicates that the Chinese currency yuan was roughly undervalued by 38 percent in 2024. GDP development Although the impressive economic development in China has led millions of people out of poverty, China is still not in the league of industrialized countries on the per capita basis. To name one example, the U.S. per capita economic output was more than six times as large as in China in 2024. Meanwhile, the Chinese society faces increased income disparities. The Gini coefficient of China, a widely used indicator of economic inequality, has been larger than 0.45 over the last decade, whereas 0.40 is the warning level for social unrest.