Concept: For the sake of time series organization, exchange rates have been grouped in two segments: I – Administered or free rates, covering the whole period since 1899, and II – Floating rates, which have been in place in the period of January 1989 to January 1999 and coexisted with the first segment. I – Administered or free exchange rates Available since 1899. In this period covered by the time series a great diversity of foreign exchange policies have been adopted. During some times, exchange rates were fixed (i.e. administered) by the monetary authorities, whereas in other times rates were freely agreed by market participants (i.e. they were free) and there were even times when both administered and free rates have existed at the same time. It should also be emphasized that between 1953 and 1961 a system of multiple exchange rates have been in place. For these time series the following kinds of exchange rates have been considered: - From January 1899 to January 1953 – administered rates; - From February 1953 to October 1961 – free rates, coming from the Exchange Portfolio of the Banco do Brasil. In this period administered rates have also been in place, with sell rates fixed on: CR$ 18,72, from Feb/1953 to Jul/1953; CR$ 18,82, from Aug/1953 to Dec/1958; and CR$ 18,92, from Jan/1959 to Feb/1961. In the beginning of the period most transactions were channeled through the administered rates system. As time went by, the number of transactions going through the free rates system grew. - From November 1961 to February 1990 – administered rates; and - From March 1990 onwards, free rates (Resolution 1.690 from 18.3.1990). The corresponding time series are the following ones: - Commercial dollar (sell and buy) – daily rates Available from 28.11.1984 onwards, refers to administered rates up to March 13th 1990 and to free rates from this date on (Resolution 1.690 from 18.3.1990). Administered rates are the ones fixed by the Central Bank. Free rates are the average of the rates of transactions effectively closed in the interbank market, weighted by the volume of sell transactions in the day. Outliers and rates presenting evidence of manipulation or other violations of the generally accepted market practices are excluded from the calculation. From March 1992 on, this rate was named PTAX. The series “American dollar – buy and sell – end of period” and “American dollar – buy and sell – period average” are derived respectively from these buy and sell daily rates. - American dollar – end of period Refers to the dollar administered rates expressed in Mil-réis for the period 1899-1941. The Mil-réis/dollar rates for the period 1899-1921 were computed from the pound/dollar parity. Discontinued in 1941. - American dollar (buy and sell) – end of period Annual rates are available from 1942 on and monthly rates from January 1953 on. End of period values correspond to the daily rate of the reference period´s last day. - American dollar (buy and sell) – period average Annual rates are available from 1942 on and monthly rates from January 1953 on. Buy and sell average rates are computed from the reference period daily rates. Monthly and annual rates were computed based on the running days of the reference up until December 1973. From January 1974 on, rates were weighted by the working days. II – Floating exchange rates Created by the Resolution 1.552 from 22.12.1988, this segment of the exchange market allowed markets participants to freely agree on the price of the foreign currency being negotiated. It initially covered only transactions related to international travel motivated by tourism, business, education and health. Later, other kinds of transactions were incorporated in the segment, such as gold, Brazilian investments abroad, unilateral transfers and some services. On 31.1.1999 this segment was terminated and the free and floating rates were merged. Series related to this segment are the following: - Tourism dollar (sell) Daily rates in the floating rate segment, available for the period between 27.5.1993 to 29.1.1999. The computation of this rate takes into account transactions in the interbank market weighted by the volume of sell transactions. Outliers and rates presenting evidence of manipulation or other violations of the generally accepted market practices are excluded from the computation. The series “American dollar – buy and sell – end of period” and “American dollar – buy and sell – period average” are derived respectively from these buy and sell daily rates. - American dollar (buy and sell) – end of period Rates for the last day of the reference period, computed for both buy and sell transactions. - American dollar (buy and sell) – period average Average of the daily rates of the reference period (month or year), computed for buy and sell transactions, weighted by the number of working days. Source: Central Bank Information System – PTAX800 transaction ee2d2d33-2788-458c-9b1b-506150cfd4d1 10813-exchange-rate---free---united-states-dollar-buy

Daily USD to PKR open, high, low, close and mid rates for the calendar year 2022.

Daily USD to PKR open, high, low, close and mid rates for the calendar year 2017.

Daily USD to PKR open, high, low, close and mid rates for the calendar year 2024.

Daily USD to PKR open, high, low, close and mid rates for the calendar year 2025.

This dataset offers a comprehensive view of daily currency exchange rates, from 2008 to 2023. Currency rates can be affected by various factors, including interest rates, inflation, political instability, economic performance, and global market developments. Understanding these rates over time can provide valuable insights into economic trends, market behaviors, and the impacts of global events on currency values.

The currency pairs included in this dataset are: USD to INR (INR=X) USD to JPY (JPY=X) USD to EUR (EUR=X) USD to GBP (GBP=X) USD to AUD (AUD=X) USD to CAD (CAD=X) USD to CHF (CHF=X) USD to CNY (CNY=X) USD to HKD (HKD=X) USD to SGD (SGD=X)

Each row in the dataset represents a single day and includes the following columns:

Ticker: The currency pair being represented. Date: The date in YYYY-MM-DD format. Open: The opening exchange rate of the day. High: The highest exchange rate of the day. Low: The lowest exchange rate of the day. Close: The closing exchange rate of the day. Adj Close: The adjusted closing exchange rate of the day. Volume: The volume of the currency traded on that day.

Usage: This dataset could be useful for a variety of purposes, including but not limited to:

Economic research: Analyze currency trends over time to understand economic behaviors. Financial modeling: Use historical data to forecast future currency rates. Machine learning: Develop predictive models for currency exchange rates. Teaching: An excellent resource for educators in finance and economics.

Graph and download economic data for Nominal Emerging Market Economies U.S. Dollar Index (TWEXEMEGSANL) from 2006 to 2024 about trade-weighted, emerging markets, exchange rate, currency, goods, services, rate, indexes, and USA.

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🇹🇷 USD/TRY + the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Economic Indicators Dataset

📌 Overview

This dataset brings together key economic indicators published by The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (TCMB) via the EVDS API, including:

• The official USD/TRY exchange rate
• Central Bank’s open market operations data (repo rates, funding)
• Inflation expectations and actual CPI index
• FX swap amounts
• TRY interest rates
• Transaction volumes and market sentiment indicators
• Stock market index (BIST100)

All indicators are structured in a time series format, ideal for: - Macroeconomic research - Forecasting exchange rates - Monetary policy analysis - Financial market sentiment modeling

Data was then cleaned, translated into English, and exported as CSV using pandas.

📁 Column Descriptions

Column	Description
Date	The calendar date for which the exchange rate was recorded. Each row corresponds to one trading day (or business day).
Conversion_Rate	The official USD→TRY exchange rate, expressed as “Turkish Lira per one U.S. Dollar.”
Repo_1Day_Weighted_Average_Rate	Weighted average 1-day repo rate (% annualized) for transactions via the Central Bank. Indicates short-term monetary policy stance.
Net_Funding_Million_TRY	Net liquidity provided/absorbed by the Central Bank through alternative funding tools. Positive = liquidity injection.
Transaction_Volume	Total daily FX transaction volume through the banking system (in TRY terms). Useful as a market activity indicator.
FX_Swap_Deposit_Amount	The volume of foreign currency swap deposits (TRY equivalent) placed with the CBRT. High values = more FX liquidity absorbed.
BIST100_Index	Daily closing value of the BIST100 stock index, representing Turkey’s top 100 listed companies.
Year_Week	Week label in the format YYYY-WW (e.g., 2025-4 means the 4th week of 2025).
TRY_Interest_Rate_6Month	Weekly average TRY money market interest rate for 6-month maturity (%). Reflects borrowing cost in mid-term.
Inflation_Expectation_12M	Households’ expected annual inflation rate 12 months ahead, based on surveys conducted by TCMB.
CPI_Index	General Consumer Price Index (TÜFE) showing inflation in Turkey, base year normalized (e.g., 2003=100).

📊 Example Use Cases

✅ Time-series forecasting using exchange rate and macro indicators
✅ Relationship modeling: inflation vs. interest rates vs. FX
✅ Macro financial dashboards
✅ Market reaction analysis post-policy announcements
✅ Econometric & deep learning models for policy simulation

Graph and download economic data for Nominal Emerging Market Economies U.S. Dollar Index (DTWEXEMEGS) from 2006-01-02 to 2025-10-31 about trade-weighted, emerging markets, exchange rate, currency, goods, services, rate, indexes, and USA.

The euro-to-dollar exchange rate fluctuated significantly in 2022, reaching its lowest recorded value since 2008 during that time. Figures were different later in the year, however, with a rate of 1.16 USD recorded at the end of November 14, 2025. The average (standardized) measure is based on the calculation of many observations throughout the period in question. It is therefore different from an annual measure at a point, which reflects concrete values as of end of the year.EstablishmentThe euro, which was established in 1992, introduced in non-physical form in 1999 and finally rolled out in 2002, is used by 19 of the 27 member states of the European Union. This group of countries is otherwise known as the eurozone or euro area. By 2018, the total value of euro currency in circulation was almost 1.2 trillion euros, or over 3.4 thousand euros per capita.Euro to USDBetween 2001 and 2008, the average annual exchange rate of the euro to the U.S. dollar noted a steep increase. In 2008, the euro to U.S. dollar annual average exchange rate was equal to 1.47, which meant that one euro could buy 1.47 U.S. dollars. By 2019, this value had decreased overall, to a value of 1.12 which meant that one euro could buy 1.12 U.S. dollars. Similar dynamics in the euro to U.S. dollar exchange rate were also reflected in the monthly exchange rate recently.

Daily USD to PKR open, high, low, close and mid rates for the calendar year 2023.

Daily bulletin time series available since 2/1/2002, for the Euro, and since 28/11/1984, for the other currencies. For the American Dollar, this data set shows administered rates until March, 1990 and free rates from then on (Resolution 1690/1990). Administered rates are those set by the Central Bank of Brazil; from March, 1992, this rate started being called Ptax rate (close). Until 30/6/2011, this rate was calculated as the average rate, weighed by volume, of all interbank operations traded on that day. Starting on 1/7/2011 (Circular 3506/2010), the Ptax rate calculation corresponds to the arithmetic average of four daily quotes provided by Central Bank of Brazil’s foreign exchange dealers; the quotes must reflect market conditions at that time. Parities of the other currencies against the American Dollar (USD) are obtained from information agencies. Currencies rates against the Brazilian currency are calculated dividing the Brazilian currency rate against the American Dollar by the parities against the American Dollar for type A currencies, and multiplying the Brazilian currency rate against the American Dollar by the parities against the American Dollar for type B currencies. Available currencies: Danish Krone (DKK) Type A Norwegian Krone (NOK) Type A Swedish Krona (SEK) Type A American Dollar (USD) Type A Australian Dollar (AUD) Type B Canadian Dollar (CAD) Type A Euro (EUR) Type B Swiss Franc (CHF) Type A Japanese Yen (JPY) Type A British Pound (GBP) Type B Unit of measure: Type A currencies: Parity (American Dollar): quantity in the currency per one unit of American Dollar (USD); Rates (Brazilian currency): quantity in the Brazilian currency per one unit of the currency Type B currencies: Parity (American Dollar): quantity in American Dollars (USD) per one unit of the currency; Rates (Brazilian currency): quantity in the Brazilian currency per one unit of the currency Example of how to calculate type A currencies rates in the Brazilian currency, considering the Real (BRL) as the domestic currency and the Canadian Dollar (CAD) as the foreign currency: CADBRL bid rate = USDBRL bid rate ÷ USDCAD offer parity CADBRL offer rate = USDBRL offer rate ÷ USDCAD bid parity Example of how to calculate type B currencies rates in the Brazilian currency, considering the Real (BRL) as the domestic currency and the Euro (EUR) as the foreign currency: EURBRL bid rate = EURUSD bid parity × USDBRL bid rate EURBRL offer rate = EURUSD offer parity × USDBRL offer rate Source: Refinitiv, except for USDBRL The Central Bank assumes no responsibility whatsoever for non-simultaneity or any lack of information, as well as for possible errors in currency parities or any other errors, except the parity of the United States dollar in relation to the Real. The institution also assumes no responsibilty for delays or the unavailability of telecommunications services, interruptions, failures or imprecisions in the providing of the services or information. The Central Bank likewise assumes no responsibility for any losses or damages consequent upon such interruptions, delays, failings or imperfections, as well as for the inadequate use of the information contained in the transaction. af829095-9d8c-4c1d-a77f-48e4d51f7a71 exchange-rates-daily-bulletins

The USD/PKR exchange rate rose to 282.5790 on December 2, 2025, up 0.02% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Pakistan Rupee has weakened 0.05%, and is down by 1.68% over the last 12 months. Pakistan Rupee - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

This dataset contains historical Forex (foreign exchange) rates for three major currency pairs: EUR/USD, GBP/USD, and USD/JPY. It includes daily open, high, low, and close prices for each currency pair along with the corresponding date. The dataset has 6 columns, and 4473 rows.

The dataset is ideal for:

Financial analysis and market trend exploration

Forex price prediction using machine learning or deep learning

Time series analysis and forecasting

Algorithmic trading research

Missing or duplicate columns have been cleaned to make the dataset ready for analysis.

Data source: Collected from Yahoo Finance

Columns:

date → Trading date in YYYY-MM-DD format

exchange_type → Currency pair (EUR/USD, GBP/USD, USD/JPY)

open → Opening price of the day

high → Highest price of the day

low → Lowest price of the day

close → Closing price of the day

Daily USD to PKR open, high, low, close and mid rates for the calendar year 2018.

Key information about Poland Exchange Rate against USD

• Poland Exchange Rate against USD averaged 3.650 (USD/PLN) in Oct 2025, compared with 3.631 USD/PLN in the previous month.
• Poland Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to Oct 2025.
• The data reached an all-time high of 4.894 in Oct 2022 and a record low of 0.000 in Nov 1978.

CEIC extends history for monthly average Exchange Rate against USD. Narodowy Bank Polski provides average Exchange Rate against USD. Exchange Rate against USD prior to January 1993 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.


Key information about Poland Exchange Rate against USD

• In the latest reports, Poland Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: ACI Polska: WIBOR: 3 Months was reported at 4.220 % pa in Nov 2025.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Long Term Interest Rate: Month Avg: Poland: ECB Harmonised) was reported at 5.410 % pa in Oct 2025.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Reference Rate: Open Market Operations: 7 Days) was set at 4.250 % pa in Nov 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Nominal Broad U.S. Dollar Index (DTWEXBGS) from 2006-01-02 to 2025-11-28 about trade-weighted, broad, exchange rate, currency, goods, services, rate, indexes, and USA.

Title: Currency Exchange Rate Prediction: INR to USD (August 2019 - February 2023)

Abstract:

This comprehensive dataset, named "historical_data.csv," presents a meticulous record of the Indian Rupee (INR) to US Dollar (USD) exchange rates over a significant timeframe spanning from August 3rd, 2019, to February 3rd, 2023. With a meticulous collection of data encompassing various financial metrics, including Date, Close/Last, Volume, Open, High, and Low prices, this dataset offers a valuable resource for researchers, analysts, and machine learning enthusiasts aiming to predict and understand currency fluctuations between these two major global currencies.

Dataset Description:

The "historical_data.csv" dataset offers a wide array of financial metrics for each trading day, enabling researchers to delve into the intricate dynamics of the INR to USD exchange rate. The dataset features the following columns:

Date: The date of the trading day, spanning from August 3rd, 2019, to February 3rd, 2023. Close/Last: The closing or last recorded exchange rate for the given trading day. Volume: The trading volume for the given day, providing insights into market activity. Open: The opening exchange rate at the start of the trading day. High: The highest exchange rate recorded during the trading day. Low: The lowest exchange rate recorded during the trading day.

Potential Applications:

This dataset holds substantial potential for various applications and research endeavours, including but not limited to:

Currency Forecasting: Researchers and analysts can leverage historical data to develop and test predictive models for forecasting INR to USD exchange rates, contributing to enhanced decision-making in financial markets. Market Analysis: The dataset can be used to conduct in-depth analyses of market trends, patterns, and volatility, aiding traders and investors in making informed trading strategies. Risk Assessment: Financial institutions can use the data to assess and manage currency-related risks, optimizing their exposure to INR to USD fluctuations. Algorithmic Trading: Developers can utilize this dataset to design and evaluate algorithmic trading strategies based on historical exchange rate movements. Economic Research: Economists and researchers can explore the dataset to uncover insights into the broader economic factors influencing currency exchange rates. Citation: If you find this dataset useful for your research or analysis, we kindly request that you acknowledge its source by providing a citation. You can use the following citation format:

Author(s), "Currency Exchange Rate Prediction: INR to USD (August 2019 - February 2023)," Dataset, Year, [URL].

Note: While this dataset offers a wealth of information, users are advised to exercise due diligence and apply appropriate data preprocessing techniques before conducting analysis or developing predictive models.

Explore the intricate world of currency exchange rates with our meticulously curated "historical_data.csv" dataset. Uncover valuable insights, make informed decisions, and contribute to the advancement of financial research and analysis.

ABSTRACT Food prices play a major role in setting inflation rates, and in recent years’ global climatic conditions has worsened a lot while global demand is increasing due to the growth of the middle class in countries such as China and India. Rising food prices remains a key concern for the government of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia remains vulnerable to increases in food prices due to its high dependence on imports. The Saudi economy is an open-market based economy which is reflected by data of foreign trade with trading partners of the Kingdom. High degree of economic openness of a country causes the domestic inflation rate to be affected by change in the prices of goods in the country of origin. Saudi government is facing the challenge of limiting inflation amid a spike in global food prices. Another major challenge to the effectiveness of the Saudi monetary policy is the lack of autonomy due to the pegged exchange rate system with the US dollar. This paper attempts to study the market dynamics of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, drivers responsible for inflation and measures that has been taken by the government to deal with the situation.

The pound strengthened against the USD in November 2025 compared to a year prior, closing trading at 1.3647 as of November 11, 2025. This was due to various developments in the global financial market and increased inflation in the United States that has led to a pullback in the value of U.S. dollars. Inflation in the United States—as measured by the consumer price index (CPI)—declined to three percent in September 2025.