This data package includes the underlying data files to replicate the data and charts presented in Misconceptions about US trade deficits muddy the economic policy debate by Maurice Obstfeld, PIIE Policy Brief 24-7.

If you use the data, please cite as: Obstfeld, Maurice. 2024. Misconceptions about US trade deficits muddy the economic policy debate. PIIE Policy Brief 24-7. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Americans' understanding of tariffs appears limited, with only 27 percent feeling very confident about their knowledge of the trade policy tool. This lack of awareness comes at a time when tariffs have become a significant topic in U.S. economic discussions, particularly in relation to international trade relations and domestic industry protection. Potential impact of proposed tariffs Despite the public's uncertainty, proposed tariffs could have far-reaching effects on the U.S. economy. If implemented, certain proposals could increase the average tariff rate on dutiable imports to nearly 18 percent, a substantial rise from the two percent rate in 2024. Such changes would not only affect dutiable goods but also impose taxes on previously duty-free imports, potentially leading to a sharp increase in the overall tariff burden. Estimates suggest that imposing tariffs on Mexico, Canada, and China could increase federal tax revenue by approximately 106 billion U.S. dollars, equivalent to 0.35 percent of the nation's GDP.

Graph and download economic data for Discussion About Pandemics Index for United States (WPDIUSA) from Q1 1996 to Q2 2025 about pandemic, indexes, and USA.

Abstract (en): This research focuses on the longer-term monetary relationships in historical data. Charts describing the 10-year average growth rates in the M2 monetary aggregate, nominal GDP, real GDP, and inflation are used to show that there is a consistent longer-term correlation between M2 growth, nominal GDP growth, and inflation but not between such nominal variables and real GDP growth. The data reveal extremely long cycles in monetary growth and inflation, the most recent of which was the strong upward trend in M2 growth, nominal GDP growth, and inflation during the 1960s and 1970s, and the strong downward trend since then. Data going back to the 19th century show that the most recent inflation/disinflation cycle is a repetition of earlier long monetary growth and inflation cycles in the United States historical record. Also discussed is a measure of bond market inflation credibility, defined as the difference between averages in long-term bond rates and real GDP growth. By this measure, inflation credibility hovered close to zero during the 1950s and early 1960s, but then rose to a peak of about 10 percent in the early 1980s. During the 1990s, the bond market has yet to restore the low inflation credibility that existed before inflation turned up during the 1960s. The conclusion is that the risks of starting another costly inflation/disinflation cycle could be avoided by monitoring monetary growth and maintaining a sufficiently tight policy to keep inflation low. An environment of credible price stability would allow the economy to function unfettered by inflationary distortions, which is all that can reasonably be expected of monetary policy, and is precisely what should be expected. (1) The file submitted is the data file 9811WD.DAT. (2) These data are part of ICPSR's Publication-Related Archive and are distributed exactly as they arrived from the data depositor. ICPSR has not checked or processed this material. Users should consult the investigator(s) if further information is desired.

The US government is a major producer of economic and financial data, statistics, analysis, and forecasts that are gathered, compiled, and published as public goods for use by citizens, government agencies, researchers, nonprofits, and the business community. There is no market transaction in the publication and dissemination of these government data and therefore no market-determined value. The purpose of this paper is to outline and augment our understanding of the value of government data for business decision-making. We provide an overview of the topic, including results from government reports and a private sector survey. We then provide concrete examples of how these government data are used to make business decisions focusing on three sectors: automotive, energy, and financial services. Examples of new initiatives by the federal government to open access to more data, exploiting technology advances associated with the internet, cloud storage, and software applications, are discussed. With the significant growth in the digital economy, we also include discussion and insights around how digital platform companies utilize government data in conjunction with their privately generated data (or "big data") to foster more informed business decisions.

In October 2024, the public debt of the United States was around 35.46 trillion U.S. dollars, a slight decrease from the previous month. The U.S. public debt ceiling has become one of the most prominent political issues in the States in recent years, with debate over how to handle it causing political turmoil between Democrats and Republicans. The public debt The public debt of the United States has risen quickly since 2000, and in 2022 was more than five times higher than in 2000. The public debt is the total outstanding debt that is owed by the federal government. This figure comprises debt owed to the public (for example, through bonds) and intergovernmental debt (debt owed to various governmental departments), such as Social Security. Debt in Politics The debt issue has become a highly contentious topic within the U.S. government. Measures such as stimulus packages, social programs and tax cuts add to the public debt. Additionally, spending tends to peak during large global events, such as the Great Depression, the 2008 financial crisis, or the COVID-19 pandemic - all of which had a detrimental impact on the U.S. economy. Although both major political parties in the U.S. tend to blame one another for increases in the country's debt, a recent analysis found that both parties have contributed almost equally to national expenditure. Debate on raising the debt ceiling, or the amount of debt the federal government is allowed to have at any one time, was a leading topic in the government shutdown in October 2013. Despite plans from both Democrats and Republicans on how to lower the national debt, it is only expected to increase over the next decade.

The United States recorded a trade deficit of 71.52 USD Billion in May of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Balance of Trade - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

In 2020, global gross domestic product declined by 6.7 percent as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak. In Latin America, overall GDP loss amounted to 8.5 percent.

Dataset Description

This dataset contains the actual and predicted federal funds target rate for the United States from 1990 to 2023. The federal funds target rate is the interest rate at which depository institutions lend their excess reserves to each other overnight. It is set by the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) and is a key tool used by the Federal Reserve to influence the economy.

The dataset includes the following five columns:

Release Date: The date on which the data was released by the Federal Reserve. Time: The time of day at which the data was released. Actual: The actual federal funds target rate. Predicted: The predicted federal funds target rate. Forecast: The forecast federal funds target rate.

Data Usage

This dataset can be used for a variety of purposes, including: - Analyzing trends in the federal funds target rate over time. - Forecasting the future path of the federal funds target rate. - Assessing the effectiveness of monetary policy. - Data Quality

The data for this dataset is of high quality. The Federal Reserve is a reputable source of data and the data is updated regularly.

Data Limitations

The data for this dataset is limited to the United States. Additionally, the data does not include information on the factors that influenced the Federal Open Market Committee's decision to set the federal funds target rate.

When I was searching for COVID-19 datasets online, I soon realized that there were no comprehensive datasets of the United States on a county level basis which included social, economic, and demographic factors in addition to the general case information that was already available on several sites. To quench my thirst for clean and relevant data, I proceeded to gather information from several various sources to compile the dataset I was looking for.

I started by looking for a reliable dataset that has general information such as confirmed cases, deaths, etc. I found John Hopkin's COVID-19 dataset to be the best one for this purpose as it is well organized and updated daily. Then, I set out looking for economic factors and population data for each county in the United States. I found a collection of such files compiled by the Economic Research Service branch of the USDA on their website. Finally, I had to find a dataset which had racial and demographic information for each county, which I found on the US Census Bureau's website under a page which was dedicated to county population data by several characteristics. Now that I had all the data I was looking for, I proceeded to find which counties were common in all datasets. After several hours of cleaning each dataset and extracting relevant information, I combined all the information into one CSV file with 2959 counties of clean information - exactly what I was looking for.

I hope that the Kaggle community will use this dataset to answer important questions regarding COVID-19 in the United States and the role that external economic, social, and demographic factors play in the shaping of the pandemic. I know that there are several patterns to be discovered and I sincerely hope that this helps our community understand just a little more about the pandemic than we do right now.

Volkswagen focuses on diplomacy to counteract economic threats from recent U.S. tariff announcements impacting its Mexican manufacturing base and global trade relations.

Decision-makers traditionally expect “hard facts” from scientific inquiry, an expectation that the results of material flow analyses (MFAs) can hardly meet. MFA limitations are attributable to incompleteness of flowcharts, limited data quality, and model assumptions. Moreover, MFA results are, for the most part, based less on empirical observation but rather on social knowledge construction processes. Developing, applying, and improving the means of evaluating and communicating the reliability of MFA results is imperative. We apply two recently proposed approaches for making quantitative statements on MFA reliability to national minor metals systems: rhenium, gallium, and germanium in the United States in 2012. We discuss the reliability of results in policy and management contexts. The first approach consists of assessing data quality based on systematic characterization of MFA data and the associated meta-information and quantifying the “information content” of MFAs. The second is a quantification of data inconsistencies indicated by the “degree of data reconciliation” between the data and the model. A high information content and a low degree of reconciliation indicate reliable or certain MFA results. This article contributes to reliability and uncertainty discourses in MFA, exemplifying the usefulness of the approaches in policy and management, and to raw material supply discussions by providing country-level information on three important minor metals often considered critical.

Money Supply M2 in the United States increased to 21942 USD Billion in May from 21862.40 USD Billion in April of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Money Supply M2 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

On demand webinars & podcast-style recordings from IBISWorld's Chief Economist Richard Buczynski, Ph.D. discussing COVID-19 and its impacts on industries and economies.

Graph and download economic data for NBER based Recession Indicators for the United States from the Period following the Peak through the Trough (USREC) from Dec 1854 to Jun 2025 about peak, trough, recession indicators, and USA.

The American Economic Review CiteScore 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - The American Economic Review is a general-interest economics journal. Established in 1911, the AER is among the nation's oldest and most respected scholarly journals in the economics profession and is celebrating over 100 years of publishing. The May issue of the American Economic Review each year is known as "Papers and Proceedings". Selected papers and discussions of papers presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Economic Association are published along with reports of officers, committees, and representatives. The journal publishes 12 issues containing articles on a broad range of topics.

The current growing interest in the growth of the Western European economies between the end of World War II and the first oil crisis of 1973 is primarily due to the end of the Cold War and the subsequent demand for solutions for the economic problems of Central and Eastern European transition countries. It was and is discussed to what extent we could learn from the successful rebuilding of the Western European economies. In this context one area of special interest is the reconstruction of West Germany, closely accompanied by the principle of the social market economy. The recollection of this principle, and the call for a new Marshall Plan imply the idea that the Western European post-war boom in essence can be traced to a successful economic policy. It is shown how this assumption can stand up to a theoretical and empirical analysis. Using the new growth theory and the cointegration analysis both national (eg social market economy and Planification (i.e. macroeconomic framework development planning)) and international explanations (eg the Marshall Plan) of the so called ‘golden age’ are examined. It turns out that the impact of economic policies on economic growth must be put into perspective. In contrast, the importance of the different economic conditions of the countries for the explication of their growth process is underlined. Variables, inter alia: - Investment behavior of industry - Production and Export industry - Exchange Rates - Structure of the economies Data focus: Foreign trade structure, external value (foreign wholesale prices), export volume, industrial production, capital stock, long-term development (income, investment rates, openness, exchange rates), patents (patent applications in Germany, France). List of tables in the database HISTAT ZA: - Investment rates in four European countries (1880-1995) - Net fixed assets of the industry in Germany (1950-1968) - Sectoral Gross capital expenditures in Germany (1960-1976) - Sectoral Gross investment in France (1949-1965) - Export volume index of France and the Federal Republic of Germany (1950-1973) - Export volume in millions of current U.S. dollars (1951-1990) - Weighted exchange rate index in indirect rate (1950-1973) - Index of industrial production in Europe and North America (1950-1973) - Construction and equipment investment in Germany (1950-1968) - Investment rates in four European countries (1880-1995) - Sectoral gross and net capital stock in France (1950-1970) - Sectoral gross and net capital stock, investment in France (1950-1969) - Percentage of the French colonies in the French total exports (1950-1973) - Openness of four European economies (1880-1994) - Annual patent applications in the United States (1963-1995) - Real per capita income in Europe and the United States (1870-1992) - Regional structure of the French export value (1896-1973) - French sector gross investment (1960-1976) - Exchange rates in four European countries (1891-1995) Territory of investigation: Germany, France, further OECD-states. Sources: Publications of the official French and German statistics, publications of the OECD, USA and further states; scientific journals. Das aktuell wachsende Interesse an dem Wachstum der westeuropäischen Wirtschaften zwischen dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges und der ersten Erdölkrise 1973 hängt in erster Linie mit dem Ende des Kalten Krieges und der darauf folgenden Nachfrage nach Lösungsansätzen für die ökonomischen Probleme der mittel- und osteuropäischen Transformationsländer zusammen. Es wurde und wird diskutiert, inwieweit sich Lehren aus dem erfolgreichen Wiederaufbau der westeuropäischen Wirtschaften ziehen ließen. Ein besonderes Interesse besaß hierbei der Wiederaufbau Westdeutschlands, eng einhergehend mit dem Prinzip der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft. Die Rückbesinnung auf diese und der Ruf nach einem neuen Marshall-Plan implizieren die Vorstellung, dass sich der westeuropäische Nachkriegsboom im Wesentlichen auf eine erfolgreiche Wirtschaftspolitik zurückführen lässt. Es wird gezeigt, inwieweit diese Annahme einer theoretischen und empirischen Analyse standhält. Mit Hilfe der neuen Wachstumstheorie und der Kointegrationsanalyse werden sowohl nationale (z.B. Soziale Marktwirtschaft und Planification) als auch internationale Erklärungsansätze (z.B. Marshall-Plan) des golden age untersucht. Es zeigt sich, dass der Einfluss der Wirtschaftspolitik auf das Wachstum relativiert werden muss. Dagegen wird die Bedeutung der unterschiedlichen Ausgangsbedingungen in den einzelnen Ländern für die Erklärung ihres Wachstumsprozesses unterstrichen. Variablen u.a.: - Investitionsverhalten der Industrie - Produktion und Export der Industrie - Wechselkurse - Struktur der Volkswirtschaften Datenschwerpunkte: Außenhandelsstruktur, Außenwert (ausländische Großhandelspreise), Exportmenge (Exportvolumen), Industrieproduktion, Kapitalstock, langfristige Entwicklung (Einkommen, Investitionsquoten, Offenheitsgrad, Wechselkurse), Patente (Patentanmeldungen Deutschland, Frankreich). Verzeichnis der Tabellen in der ZA-Datenbank HISTAT: - Investitionsquoten in vier europäischen Ländern (1880-1995) - Netto-Anlagevermögen der Industrie in der BRD (1950-1968) - Sektorale Brutto-Investitionen in Deutschland (1960-1976) - Sektorale Bruttoinvestitionen in Frankreich (1949-1965) - Index Exportvolumen Frankreichs und der BRD (1950-1973) - Exportvolumen in Mio. laufenden US Dollar (1951-1990) - Index gewichteter Wechselkurs in Mengennotierung (1950-1973) - Index Industrieproduktion in Europa und Nordamerika (1950-1973) - Bau- und Ausrüstungsinvestitionen in Deutschland (1950-1968) - Investitionsquoten in vier europäischen Ländern (1880-1995) - Sektoraler Brutto- und Nettokapitalstock in Frankreich (1950-1970) - Sektoraler Brutto- und Nettokapitalstock, Investitionen in Frankreich (1950-1969) - Anteil der französischen Kolonien am französischen Gesamtexport (1950-1973) - Offenheitsgrad von vier europäischen Volkswirtschaften (1880-1994) - Jährliche Patentanmeldungen in den USA (1963-1995) - Reales Pro-Kopf-Einkommen in Europa und den USA (1870-1992) - Regionale Struktur des französischen Exportwertes (1896-1973) - Französische sektorale Brutto-Investitionen (1960-1976) - Wechselkurse in vier europäischen Staaten (1891-1995) Veröffentlichungen öffentlicher Statistiken Frankreichs und Deutschlands, der OECD, der USA sowie weitere ausgewählte Einzelstudien; Fachzeitschriften.

The current growing interest in the growth of the Western European economies between the end of World War II and the first oil crisis of 1973 is primarily due to the end of the Cold War and the subsequent demand for solutions for the economic problems of Central and Eastern European transition countries. It was and is discussed to what extent we could learn from the successful rebuilding of the Western European economies. In this context one area of special interest is the reconstruction of West Germany, closely accompanied by the principle of the social market economy. The recollection of this principle, and the call for a new Marshall Plan imply the idea that the Western European post-war boom in essence can be traced to a successful economic policy. It is shown how this assumption can stand up to a theoretical and empirical analysis. Using the new growth theory and the cointegration analysis both national (eg social market economy and Planification (i.e. macroeconomic framework development planning)) and international explanations (eg the Marshall Plan) of the so called ‘golden age’ are examined. It turns out that the impact of economic policies on economic growth must be put into perspective. In contrast, the importance of the different economic conditions of the countries for the explication of their growth process is underlined.

Variables, inter alia: - Investment behavior of industry - Production and Export industry - Exchange Rates - Structure of the economies

Data focus: Foreign trade structure, external value (foreign wholesale prices), export volume, industrial production, capital stock, long-term development (income, investment rates, openness, exchange rates), patents (patent applications in Germany, France).

List of tables in the database HISTAT ZA: - Investment rates in four European countries (1880-1995) - Net fixed assets of the industry in Germany (1950-1968) - Sectoral Gross capital expenditures in Germany (1960-1976) - Sectoral Gross investment in France (1949-1965) - Export volume index of France and the Federal Republic of Germany (1950-1973) - Export volume in millions of current U.S. dollars (1951-1990) - Weighted exchange rate index in indirect rate (1950-1973) - Index of industrial production in Europe and North America (1950-1973) - Construction and equipment investment in Germany (1950-1968) - Investment rates in four European countries (1880-1995) - Sectoral gross and net capital stock in France (1950-1970) - Sectoral gross and net capital stock, investment in France (1950-1969) - Percentage of the French colonies in the French total exports (1950-1973) - Openness of four European economies (1880-1994) - Annual patent applications in the United States (1963-1995) - Real per capita income in Europe and the United States (1870-1992) - Regional structure of the French export value (1896-1973) - French sector gross investment (1960-1976) - Exchange rates in four European countries (1891-1995)

Territory of investigation: Germany, France, further OECD-states.

Sources: Publications of the official French and German statistics, publications of the OECD, USA and further states; scientific journals.

Content

More details about each file are in the individual file descriptions.

Context

This is a dataset from the U.S. Census Bureau hosted by the Federal Reserve Economic Database (FRED). FRED has a data platform found here and they update their information according the amount of data that is brought in. Explore the U.S. Census Bureau using Kaggle and all of the data sources available through the U.S. Census Bureau organization page!

• Update Frequency: This dataset is updated daily.

Acknowledgements

This dataset is maintained using FRED's API and Kaggle's API.

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Oil prices see a modest rise amid U.S.-Iran nuclear discussions, economic uncertainties, and global market dynamics, with Brent and West Texas Intermediate futures experiencing slight increases.