On October 29, 1929, the U.S. experienced the most devastating stock market crash in it's history. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 set in motion the Great Depression, which lasted for twelve years and affected virtually all industrialized countries. In the United States, GDP fell to it's lowest recorded level of just 57 billion U.S dollars in 1933, before rising again shortly before the Second World War. After the war, GDP fluctuated, but it increased gradually until the Great Recession in 2008. Real GDP Real GDP allows us to compare GDP over time, by adjusting all figures for inflation. In this case, all numbers have been adjusted to the value of the US dollar in FY2012. While GDP rose every year between 1946 and 2008, when this is adjusted for inflation it can see that the real GDP dropped at least once in every decade except the 1960s and 2010s. The Great Recession Apart from the Great Depression, and immediately after WWII, there have been two times where both GDP and real GDP dropped together. The first was during the Great Recession, which lasted from December 2007 until June 2009 in the US, although its impact was felt for years after this. After the collapse of the financial sector in the US, the government famously bailed out some of the country's largest banking and lending institutions. Since recovery began in late 2009, US GDP has grown year-on-year, and reached 21.4 trillion dollars in 2019. The coronavirus pandemic and the associated lockdowns then saw GDP fall again, for the first time in a decade. As economic recovery from the pandemic has been compounded by supply chain issues, inflation, and rising global geopolitical instability, it remains to be seen what the future holds for the U.S. economy.

In a 2020 online survey, 34 percent of small business owners in the United States said they expected the economy to not recover from the impacts of COVID-19 until beyond 2021. Only three percent of respondents believed that the economy would be able to recover in a few more weeks.

This data package includes the underlying data and files to replicate the calculations, charts, and tables presented in From Rapid Recovery to Slowdown: Why Recent Economic Growth in Latin America Has Been Slow, PIIE Policy Brief 15-6. If you use the data, please cite as: De Gregorio, José. (2015). From Rapid Recovery to Slowdown: Why Recent Economic Growth in Latin America Has Been Slow. PIIE Policy Brief 15-6. Peterson Institute for International Economics.

This modeling tool accompanied the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act: Impact on U.S. Industries and Consumers and on Beneficiary Countries, 25th Report

According to a survey conducted in November 2020, 22 percent of U.S. adults expect the economy to be weakened for one year or longer as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak.

In September 2024, the global PMI amounted to 47.5 for new export orders and 48.8 for manufacturing. The manufacturing PMI was at its lowest point in August 2020. It decreased over the last months of 2022 after the effects of the Russia-Ukraine war and rising inflation hit the world economy, and remained around 50 since.

The Long Depression was, by a large margin, the longest-lasting recession in U.S. history. It began in the U.S. with the Panic of 1873, and lasted for over five years. This depression was the largest in a series of recessions at the turn of the 20th century, which proved to be a period of overall stagnation as the U.S. financial markets failed to keep pace with industrialization and changes in monetary policy. Great Depression The Great Depression, however, is widely considered to have been the most severe recession in U.S. history. Following the Wall Street Crash in 1929, the country's economy collapsed, wages fell and a quarter of the workforce was unemployed. It would take almost four years for recovery to begin. Additionally, U.S. expansion and integration in international markets allowed the depression to become a global event, which became a major catalyst in the build up to the Second World War. Decreasing severity When comparing recessions before and after the Great Depression, they have generally become shorter and less frequent over time. Only three recessions in the latter period have lasted more than one year. Additionally, while there were 12 recessions between 1880 and 1920, there were only six recessions between 1980 and 2020. The most severe recession in recent years was the financial crisis of 2007 (known as the Great Recession), where irresponsible lending policies and lack of government regulation allowed for a property bubble to develop and become detached from the economy over time, this eventually became untenable and the bubble burst. Although the causes of both the Great Depression and Great Recession were similar in many aspects, economists have been able to use historical evidence to try and predict, prevent, or limit the impact of future recessions.

Workers’ compensation and other insurance funds businesses have experienced significant changes in recent years, largely driven by economic fluctuations and shifts in investment income. The crash of the US economy in 2020 due to pandemic-related restrictions placed immense pressure on the industry. Business formation plunged and unemployment soared, resulting in a diminished customer base for insurance funds and a steep drop in revenue. Regardless, the Federal Reserve's injection of liquidity into the financial system propelled stock prices upward, boosting investment income for insurance providers. This increase in investment income provided some relief for providers, enabling them to cover expenses and sustain profits despite revenue losses. The relaxation of COVID-19 restrictions spurred economic recovery in 2021, driving unemployment down and corporate profit up. This positive economic climate increased demand for insurance services and enhanced investment income due to robust stock market conditions. However, since 2022, inflation has wreaked havoc, causing businesses and organizations to slash investments in insurance funds amid soaring prices. More recently, rising interest rates have reduced downstream demand due to the emergence of recessionary fears, but revenue and profit have expanded because of growing returns on fixed-income products. Overall, revenue for workers’ compensation and other insurance funds has inched downward at a CAGR of 0.2% over the past five years, reaching $56.6 billion in 2025. This includes a 0.5% rise in revenue in that year. Looking ahead, providers are poised for moderate growth over the next five years. As the US economy stabilizes, with solid GDP growth and potential increases in business formation and employment, the customer base for insurance funds is likely to expand. These favorable economic conditions should bolster consumer confidence and investment in the stock market, leading to greater investment income for the industry. Nonetheless, larger players are expected to dominate, given their ability to invest in cutting-edge technologies like AI for predicting claim risks and optimizing business operations. Smaller providers may face intensified internal competition, prompting some to exit the market, while others could focus on niche offerings or invest in technological advancements to remain viable and competitive. Overall, revenue for workers’ compensation and other insurance funds is expected to expand at a CAGR of 1.3% over the next five years, reaching $60.3 billion in 2030.

In 2023, the U.S. GDP increased from the previous year to about 27.36 trillion U.S. dollars. This increase in GDP can be attributed to a continued rebound from the impact of the coronavirus pandemic. Gross domestic product (GDP) refers to the market value of all goods and services produced within a country. In 2023, the United States has the largest economy in the world. See, for example, the Russian GDP for comparison.

What is GDP? Gross domestic product is one of the most important indicators used to analyze the health of an economy. GDP is defined by the BEA as the market value of goods and services produced by labor and property in the United States, regardless of nationality. It is the primary measure of U.S. production. The OECD defines GDP as an aggregate measure of production equal to the sum of the gross values added of all resident, institutional units engaged in production (plus any taxes, and minus any subsidies, on products not included in the value of their outputs).

GDP and national debt

Although the United States had the highest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world in 2022, this does not tell us much about the quality of life in any given country. GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) is an economic measurement that is thought to be a better method for comparing living standards across countries because it accounts for domestic inflation and variations in the cost of living.

While the United States might have the largest economy, the country that ranked highest in terms of GDP at PPP was Luxembourg, amounting to around 141,333 international dollars per capita. Singapore, Ireland, and Qatar also ranked highly on the GDP PPP list, and the United States ranked 9th in 2022.

Between the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the end of the Great Depression in the late 1930s, the Soviet Union saw the largest growth in its gross domestic product, growing by more than 70 percent between 1929 and 1937/8. The Great Depression began in 1929 in the United States, following the stock market crash in late October. The inter-connectedness of the global economy, particularly between North America and Europe, then came to the fore as the collapse of the U.S. economy exposed the instabilities of other industrialized countries. In contrast, the economic isolation of the Soviet Union and its detachment from the capitalist system meant that it was relatively shielded from these events. 1929-1932 The Soviet Union was one of just three countries listed that experienced GDP growth during the first three years of the Great Depression, with Bulgaria and Denmark being the other two. Bulgaria experienced the largest GDP growth over these three years, increasing by 27 percent, although it was also the only country to experience a decline in growth over the second period. The majority of other European countries saw their GDP growth fall in the depression's early years. However, none experienced the same level of decline as the United States, which dropped by 28 percent. 1932-1938 In the remaining years before the Second World War, all of the listed countries saw their GDP grow significantly, particularly Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Coincidentally, these were the three most powerful nations during the Second World War. This recovery was primarily driven by industrialization, and, again, the U.S., USSR, and Germany all experienced the highest level of industrial growth between 1932 and 1938.

Graph and download economic data for Contributions to Percent Change in Real GDP by Industry: Gross Domestic Product (CPGDPAI) from Q2 2005 to Q3 2024 about GDP, rate, and USA.

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) was passed by the U.S. congress in February 2009, authorizing the federal government to spend up to 800 billion U.S. dollars on stimulating the economy. With the election of Barack Obama to the U.S. Presidency in November 2008, the priority of the policy response to the Great Recession and Global Financial Crisis shifted from aiming to backstop the financial system, to trying to stimulate economic growth through tax cuts, infrastructure spending, and improving public services. By 2011, around 500 billion had been disbursed to government departments or agencies, with the greatest beneficiaries being Health and Human Services, the Treasury Department, and the Department of Education. The act was the signature economic policy initiative of the Obama administration and has been credited by some for preventing the recession from spiraling into a crisis of the magnitude of the Great Depression. The size of the stimulus package also galvanized opposition from Republicans, however, with the Tea Party movement arising to oppose the Obama administration's economic policies, while the Republicans retook control of congress in the 2010 midterm elections.

Anthropogenic discharge of excess phosphorus (P) to water bodies and increasingly stringent discharge limits have fostered interest in quantifying opportunities for P recovery and reuse. To date, geospatial estimates of P recovery potential in the United States (US) have used human and livestock population data, which do not capture the engineering constraints of P removal from centralized water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) and corn ethanol biorefineries where P is concentrated in coproduct animal feeds. Here, renewable P (rP) estimates from plant-wide process models were used to create a geospatial inventory of recovery potential for centralized WRRFs and biorefineries, revealing that individual corn ethanol biorefineries can generate on average 3 orders of magnitude more rP than WRRFs per site, and all corn ethanol biorefineries can generate nearly double the total rP of WRRFs across the US. The Midwestern states that make up the Corn Belt have the largest potential for P recovery and reuse from both corn biorefineries and WRRFs with a high degree of co-location with agricultural P consumption, indicating the untapped potential for a circular P economy in this globally significant grain-producing region.

In recent years, beauty product manufacturers have faced significant losses due to unfavorable economic conditions, including high inflation and increasing economic uncertainty. Many cosmetics and beauty products are considered discretionary, causing sales to weaken when disposable income drops. Heightened inflationary pressures in recent years pushed consumers to postpone purchases to downgrade to more affordable products, contributing to revenue losses between 2020 and 2022. Although domestic manufacturers have begun to recover, recent gains are largely driven by higher selling prices despite the smaller basket sizes. Since 2020, revenue has weakened by an estimated CAGR of 1.2% to reach $45.3 billion in 2025, including a 2.4% gain that year alone. During such times, consumers tend to opt for more affordable options, leading to a surge in imports to meet domestic demand. Imported beauty products have gained a larger share of the domestic market, especially those from countries like France, Italy and South Korea, which are perceived to offer higher quality. The growing demand for innovative, inclusive, sustainable and technical products—especially anti-aging and luxury items—creates growth opportunities for domestic manufacturers. Also, companies like Glossier, which leverages social media marketing and the heightened demand for US-made products, have successfully reached international consumers, driving an increase in exports. The ongoing economic recovery is expected to benefit domestic beauty product manufacturers. As consumer confidence and disposable income climb, spending on discretionary items like beauty products will likely increase, supporting manufacturers' performance. The anticipated decline in the world price of zinc, a key material for manufacturers, due to resolved international conflicts, will boost producers' profit. Similarly, the expected depreciation of the US dollar will enhance the performance of domestic producers both domestically and internationally. These factors are set to cause revenue to accelerate at an annualized 2.5% to $51.3 billion through the end of 2025.

U.S Concrete Market size was valued at USD 15,236.93 Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 25,024.02 Million by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 6.66% from 2024 to 2031.

U.S Concrete Market Overview

The U.S Concrete Market is a vital component of the construction industry, playing a pivotal role in infrastructure development across utility infrastructure products, telecommunication infrastructure products across the nation. With a history deeply rooted in the growth of urban areas, the concrete market reflects the overall economic health and development trends in the U.S. In recent years, the U.S Concrete Market has grown steadily, owing to reasons like urbanization, population growth, and greater government infrastructure spending. The demand for concrete is closely tied to the construction sector, which itself is influenced by economic conditions, interest rates, and government policies. As the U.S. economy continues to recover from past challenges, the construction industry is regaining momentum, providing a positive outlook for the concrete market.

Government policies and funding initiatives also play a crucial role in shaping the U.S Concrete Market in utility infrastructure projects. The Biden administration’s commitment to investing in infrastructure, as evidenced by the passing of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, is expected to fuel further growth in the market. Federal, state, and local governments play a crucial role in stimulating demand for concrete through investments in utility infrastructure products, telecommunication infrastructure products, and other infrastructure projects. The approval and funding of such projects have a direct correlation with the growth of the concrete market, as they drive demand for various types of concrete products and services. The allocation of funds for projects related to transportation, water, and energy infrastructure will likely drive the demand for concrete in the coming years.

Technological advancements in concrete production and construction techniques have contributed to the efficiency and quality of concrete products. Automation and improved manufacturing processes have enhanced the consistency and performance of concrete, meeting the stringent requirements of modern construction projects. Challenges facing the U.S Concrete Market include fluctuations in raw material prices, regulatory hurdles, and the impact of external economic factors. The volatility of cement prices, a key component of concrete production, can affect profit margins and overall industry stability. The utility infrastructure sector in the U.S. is diverse, with various projects ranging from the expansion of urban water supply systems to the construction of renewable energy facilities. This diversity has led to a nuanced market landscape where different types of concrete formulations are preferred based on the specific requirements of each project. For instance, the concrete used in road construction may differ from that used in water treatment plants, highlighting the need for a versatile and adaptable concrete market. In recent years, sustainability has become a key focus in the construction industry, influencing material choices and construction practices. Precast concrete, with its ability to minimize on-site waste and reduce construction time, aligns with the growing emphasis on sustainable building practices. Polymer concrete, with its enhanced durability and resistance to environmental factors, contributes to the longevity of structures, reducing the need for frequent repairs and replacements. Fiberglass concrete, being lightweight and corrosion-resistant, addresses sustainability concerns by minimizing the environmental impact associated with transportation and maintenance.

The current US oil price per barrel is approximately $75, reflecting the gradual recovery of the global economy and ongoing efforts by OPEC+ to stabilize the market. However, oil prices are subject to constant fluctuations due to a variety of economic, political, and environmental factors.

This poll, fielded April 21-24, 2009, is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicit public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. Respondents were asked to give their opinions of President Barack Obama and his handling of the presidency, foreign policy, and the economy as well as opinions on Vice President Joe Biden. Respondents were asked whether the Obama administration, the Republicans or the Democrats in Congress could be trusted to do a better job coping with the economic problems the nation faced, whether things in the country were going in the right direction, and the capacity of President Obama to understand the problems and needs of the American citizen. Respondents were also asked their opinions of the effectiveness of the economic stimulus and federal controls to prevent waste and fraud in the economic recovery, as well as the appropriateness for United States automakers to declare bankruptcy and their role in the national economy. Non-economic questions concerned the role of the United States in Afghanistan, confidence in the Obama administration in the handling of Afghanistan and the campaign against terrorism, whether the United States should establish diplomatic/trade relations with Cuba, whether the Obama administration should investigate the legality of the use of torture during the previous Bush (George, W.) administration, concerns over greenhouse gases, gun control and its relationship to the level of violent crime in the United States and the legality of same-sex marriage. Additional questions asked respondents for their opinions on the effectiveness of immigration control and proposed amnesty plans for illegal immigrants, and legalizing possession of marijuana for personal use. Personal financial and economic topics addressed how concerned respondents were that they could maintain their current standard of living. Demographic variables include sex, age, race, political philosophy, type of residential area (e.g., urban or rural), education level, religious preference, employment status, household income, and whether respondents considered themselves to be a born-again Christian.

The Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI®) 2006-10 measures the social vulnerability of U.S. Census tracts to environmental hazards. The index is a comparative metric that facilitates the examination of the differences in social vulnerability among counties. SoVI® is a valuable tool for policy makers and practitioners. It graphically illustrates the geographic variation in social vulnerability. It shows where there is uneven capacity for preparedness and response and where resources might be used most effectively to reduce the pre-existing vulnerability. SoVI® also is useful as an indicator in determining the differential recovery from disasters.

The index synthesizes 30 socioeconomic variables, which the research literature suggests contribute to reduction in a community’s ability to prepare for, respond to, and recover from hazards. SoVI® data sources include primarily those from the United States Census Bureau.

The data are compiled and processed by the Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute at the University of South Carolina with funding via the NOAA Office for Coastal Management. The data are standardized and placed into a principal components analysis to reduce the initial set of variables into a smaller set of statistically optimized components. Adjustments are made to the components’ cardinality (positive (+) or negative (-)) to insure that positive component loadings are associated with increased vulnerability, and negative component loadings are associated with decreased vulnerability. Once the cardinalities of the components are determined, the components are added together to determine the numerical social vulnerability score for each census tract.

SoVI® 2006-10 marks a change in the formulation of the SoVI® metric from earlier versions. New directions in the theory and practice of vulnerability science emphasize the constraints of family structure, language barriers, vehicle availability, medical disabilities, and healthcare access in the preparation for and response to disasters, thus necessitating the inclusion of such factors in SoVI®. Extensive testing of earlier conceptualizations of SoVI®, in addition to the introduction of the U.S. Census Bureau’s five-year American Community Survey (ACS) estimates, warrants changes to the SoVI® recipe, resulting in a more robust metric. These changes, pioneered with the ACS-based SoVI® 2005-09 carry over to SoVI® 2006-10, which combines the best data available from both the 2010 U.S. Decennial Census and five-year estimates from the 2006-2010 ACS at the census tract level.

These data are available for download from: http://www.coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/data/sovi

As of June 9, 2020, the coronavirus outbreak posed a level seven threat to businesses, meaning that severe and widespread economic impacts were likely. The composite index, which has level ten as its highest warning, was raised to level six on March 12 and to level seven on April 13.

Strong plans needed in response to coronavirus Countries are taking small steps on the road to economic recovery by gradually lifting lockdown measures. Manufacturing firms were among the first to return to work, and governments are now permitting shops, bars, and restaurants to reopen. However, there is no guarantee that consumers will return to their normal habits. In order to reduce the risks, businesses are being encouraged to activate contingency plans that include separating all essential operations from non-essential and focusing on high-priority areas and clients.

A focus on the U.S. economy COVID-19 has left the United States facing an economic crisis, and the country’s GDP fell by 4.8 percent in the first quarter of 2020. Record numbers of Americans have lost their jobs during the pandemic, and the unemployment rate jumped to 14.7 percent in April 2020. The Dow Jones, which monitors the stock prices of the 30 largest companies in the United States, has rallied since the U.S. economy restarted but continues to feel the effects of a destructive period that wiped out years of gains in a matter of weeks.

description: The 2016 Recycling Economic Information (REI) Report aims to increase the understanding of the economic implications of material reuse and recycling. The report shows that recycling and reuse of materials creates jobs, while also generating local and state tax revenues. The 2016 REI Report covers the economic activities of nine sectors: ferrous metals, nonferrous metals (aluminum), glass, paper, plastics, rubber, construction and demolition, electronics and organics (including food and yard trimmings). The 2016 REI Report builds on work from a 2001 REI study. In 2001, to encourage the development of an economic market for recycling, EPA supported the creation of a national Recycling Economic Information (REI) Project and the related REI report, based upon the work of several states and regions. The REI report was a ground breaking national study demonstrating the economic value of recycling and reuse to the U.S. economy. Compiled through a cooperative agreement with the National Recycling Coalition, the study confirmed what many have known for decades: there are significant economic benefits in recycling. The 2016 report focuses on the economic impacts of recycling rather than the environmental benefits, as the environmental benefits have been researched in detail. Accurately estimating the impact that recycling has on jobs, wages and taxes is important because the results can influence policy decisions and provide a more robust picture of recycling by adding an economic layer on top of the more heavily researched environmental impacts of recycling. For more information, please visit https://www.epa.gov/smm/recycling-economic-information-rei-report. The REI Report is part of EPA's larger SMM program (https://www.epa.gov/smm). Sustainable Materials Management (SMM) is a systemic approach to using and reusing materials more productively over their entire lifecycles. It represents a change in how our society thinks about the use of natural resources and environmental protection. By looking at a product's entire lifecycle we can find new opportunities to reduce environmental impacts, conserve resources and reduce costs. There are multiple challenge programs available as part of the SMM program, including the Food Recovery Challenge, the Electronics Challenge, the Federal Green Challenge and the WasteWise program.; abstract: The 2016 Recycling Economic Information (REI) Report aims to increase the understanding of the economic implications of material reuse and recycling. The report shows that recycling and reuse of materials creates jobs, while also generating local and state tax revenues. The 2016 REI Report covers the economic activities of nine sectors: ferrous metals, nonferrous metals (aluminum), glass, paper, plastics, rubber, construction and demolition, electronics and organics (including food and yard trimmings). The 2016 REI Report builds on work from a 2001 REI study. In 2001, to encourage the development of an economic market for recycling, EPA supported the creation of a national Recycling Economic Information (REI) Project and the related REI report, based upon the work of several states and regions. The REI report was a ground breaking national study demonstrating the economic value of recycling and reuse to the U.S. economy. Compiled through a cooperative agreement with the National Recycling Coalition, the study confirmed what many have known for decades: there are significant economic benefits in recycling. The 2016 report focuses on the economic impacts of recycling rather than the environmental benefits, as the environmental benefits have been researched in detail. Accurately estimating the impact that recycling has on jobs, wages and taxes is important because the results can influence policy decisions and provide a more robust picture of recycling by adding an economic layer on top of the more heavily researched environmental impacts of recycling. For more information, please visit https://www.epa.gov/smm/recycling-economic-information-rei-report. The REI Report is part of EPA's larger SMM program (https://www.epa.gov/smm). Sustainable Materials Management (SMM) is a systemic approach to using and reusing materials more productively over their entire lifecycles. It represents a change in how our society thinks about the use of natural resources and environmental protection. By looking at a product's entire lifecycle we can find new opportunities to reduce environmental impacts, conserve resources and reduce costs. There are multiple challenge programs available as part of the SMM program, including the Food Recovery Challenge, the Electronics Challenge, the Federal Green Challenge and the WasteWise program.