Electricity Demand Dataset

This dataset compiles and harmonizes multiple open smart meter datasets.

Curated by: Attila Balint License: BSD 3-clause "New" or "Revised" licence

  Uses

This smart meter dataset facilitates primarily electricity demand forecasting.

  Dataset Structure

The dataset contains three main files.

data/demand.parquet data/metadata.parquet data/weather.parquet

  data/demand.parquet

This file contains the electricity consumption… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/EDS-lab/electricity-demand.

The electricity usage of data centers in the United States is expected to increase year-on-year from 2023 to 2030, reaching an **** percent share of total electricity demand in the latter year. In 2023, data centers in the U.S. demanded *** terawatt-hours of electricity.

Texas is the leading electricity-consuming state in the United States. In 2022, the state consumed roughly 475 terawatt-hours of electricity. California and Florida followed in second and third, each consuming approximately 250 terawatt-hours.

Industrial activities are the greatest energy end-user sector in the United States, reaching a consumption of some 31 quadrillion British thermal units in 2024, followed by the transportation sector. The U.S. is the second-largest energy consumer in the world, after China. Energy source in the United States Consumption of fossil fuels still accounts for the majority of U.S. primary energy consumption. The transportation and industrial sectors are the sectors with the largest fossil fuel consumption in the country, the former relying on oil-based motor fuels. Electricity generation in the United States Although around 60 percent of the electricity generated in the U.S. is derived from natural gas and coal, the use of renewable sources is becoming more common in electricity production, with the largest increase in wind and solar power. These two clean energy resources are projected to generate as much power as natural gas by 2030.

The largest US grid is projected to experience its highest electricity consumption in 12 years due to a heat wave, with demand potentially peaking at 158.5 gigawatts.

Annual data back to 2003 at the national level for electricity generation; capacity; consumption and cost of fossil fuels; sales, price and revenue; emissions; demand-side management; and operating revenues, expenses, and income. Based on Form EIA-860 and Form EIA-861 data.

This deposit combines data from https://doi.org/10.3886/E146782V1 and https://doi.org/10.3886/E146801V1 to produce files containing the hourly generation, costs, and capacities of virtually all power plants in the lower 48 United States between 1999-2012 for their use in "Data and Code for: Imperfect Markets versus Imperfect Regulation in U.S. Electricity Generation" (https://doi.org/10.3886/E115467V1).

This API provides data on U.S. total electricity consumption by fuel type, i.e., coal, petroleum liquids, petroleum coke, and natural gas. Data also organized by sector, i.e., electric power, electric utility, commerical and industrial. Annual, quarterly, and monthly data available. Based on Form EIA-906, Form EIA-920, and Form EIA-923 data. Users of the EIA API are required to obtain an API Key via this registration form: http://www.eia.gov/beta/api/register.cfm

The net summer capacity of the electric power sector in the United States was estimated at 1.2 terawatts in 2024. This figure is expected to increase by more than 97 percent in the coming three decades, reaching almost three terawatts by 2050.

United States US: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data was reported at 82.776 % in 2015. This records a decrease from the previous number of 82.935 % for 2014. United States US: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 87.236 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2015, with 56 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 95.982 % in 1967 and a record low of 82.776 % in 2015. United States US: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.World Bank.WDI: Energy Production and Consumption. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.; ; IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/; Weighted average; Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

Hourly one-week electricity demand profiles for electric transit bus depots in the United States, as described in Liu et al. (2025).Please cite as:Liu, Bo, Tim Jonas, Kara Podkaminer, and Brennan Borlaug. 2025. Hourly Load Profile Dataset for Electric Transit Bus Depots in the United States. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-5400-92140. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy25osti/92140.pdf

This data set is provided in support of a forthcoming paper: "Impact of uncoordinated plug-in electric vehicle charging on residential power demand," [1]. These files include electricity demand profiles for 200 households randomly selected among the ones available in the 2009 RECS data set for the Midwest region of the United States. The profiles have been generated using the modeling proposed by Muratori et al. [2], [3], that produces realistic patterns of residential power consumption, validated using metered data, with a resolution of 10 minutes. Households vary in size and number of occupants and the profiles represent total electricity use, in watts. The files also include in-home plug-in electric vehicle recharging profiles for 348 vehicles associated with the 200 households assuming both Level 1 (1920 W) and Level 2 (6600 W) residential charging infrastructure. The vehicle recharging profiles have been generated using the modeling proposed by Muratori et al. [4], that produces real-world recharging demand profiles, with a resolution of 10 minutes. [1] M. Muratori, "Impact of uncoordinated plug-in electric vehicle charging on residential power demand." Forthcoming. [2] M. Muratori, M. C. Roberts, R. Sioshansi, V. Marano, and G. Rizzoni, "A highly resolved modeling technique to simulate residential power demand," Applied Energy, vol. 107, no. 0, pp. 465 - 473, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.02.057 [3] M. Muratori, V. Marano, R. Sioshansi, and G. Rizzoni, "Energy consumption of residential HVAC systems: a simple physically-based model," in 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting. San Diego, CA, USA: IEEE, 22-26 July 2012. https//doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2012.6344950 [4] M. Muratori, M. J. Moran, E. Serra, and G. Rizzoni, "Highly-resolved modeling of personal transportation energy consumption in the United States," Energy, vol. 58, no. 0, pp. 168-177, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.02.055

Federal, state, and municipal electric vehicle fleet hourly load datasets at the Uber H3 hex, county, and city resolutions, as described in Singer et al. (2025).Please cite as:Singer, Mark, Cabell Hodge, Kara Podkaminer, and Brennan Borlaug. 2025. Hourly Load Profile Dataset for Federal, State, and Municipal Electric Vehicle Fleets in the United States. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-5400-92142. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy25osti/92142.pdf

Abstract

The U.S. Residential Energy Consumption Survey, administered by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), uses a nationally representative sample to collect information about home characteristics, household energy usage, and energy cost. The microdata at the household level from 2020, 2015, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997, 1993,1990, and 1987, made available by the EIA for public use, were curated by Carnegie Mellon University Libraries to make it more accessible for data analysis.

Methodology

Survey background and technical information

Usage

• Microdata are organized by year and can be found in "Tables;"
• Years include 2020, 2015, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997, 1993, 1990, and 1987;
• In "Files," there are 9 folders (named by year), each of which contains the codebook(s) for a given year; for a given year, the codebook is provided in one file for all variables, if the EIA made this available; for some years, the EIA uses multiple files to organize its codebook (e.g., 1997);
• For 2020, 2015, and 2009, there is a PDF file (e.g., microdata_guide_xxxx) that describes how to use the provided sample weights to calculate standard errors; for other years, similar instructions can be found via the URL of the microdata description page on the EIA's website, provided in the description field of the microdata table for a given year (e.g., 1993).

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United States US: Electricity Production From Coal Sources: % of Total data was reported at 34.233 % in 2015. This records a decrease from the previous number of 39.651 % for 2014. United States US: Electricity Production From Coal Sources: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 51.846 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2015, with 56 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 57.679 % in 1988 and a record low of 34.233 % in 2015. United States US: Electricity Production From Coal Sources: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.World Bank.WDI: Energy Production and Consumption. Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Coal refers to all coal and brown coal, both primary (including hard coal and lignite-brown coal) and derived fuels (including patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, coke oven gas, and blast furnace gas). Peat is also included in this category.; ; IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/; Weighted average; Electricity production shares may not sum to 100 percent because other sources of generated electricity (such as geothermal, solar, and wind) are not shown. Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

U.S. power consumption is projected to reach record highs in 2025 and 2026, driven by increased demand from data centers, AI, and cryptocurrency, with a shift towards renewable energy sources.

United States US: Electricity Production From Oil Sources: % of Total data was reported at 0.904 % in 2015. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.923 % for 2014. United States US: Electricity Production From Oil Sources: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 4.834 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2015, with 56 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 17.167 % in 1977 and a record low of 0.774 % in 2012. United States US: Electricity Production From Oil Sources: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.World Bank.WDI: Energy Production and Consumption. Sources of electricity refer to the inputs used to generate electricity. Oil refers to crude oil and petroleum products.; ; IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/; Weighted average; Electricity production shares may not sum to 100 percent because other sources of generated electricity (such as geothermal, solar, and wind) are not shown. Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

Tennessee Valley Authority was the leading U.S. utility company based on summer peak electricity demand in 2022, with 31.6 gigawatts. Oncor Electric Delivery Company LLC and Florida Power & Light Co ranked second and third, with approximately 29.2 and 26.2 gigawatts, respectively.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Electricity Generation market size will be USD 2154.2 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.80% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 861.68 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.0% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 646.26 million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 495.47 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.8% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 107.71 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.2% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 43.08 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.5% from 2024 to 2031.
Thermal Generation is the market leader in the Electricity Generation industry

Market Dynamics of Electricity Generation Market

Key Drivers for Electricity Generation Market

Rising need for cooling boosts the electricity generation market: The increased demand for cooling is projected to drive the electricity generating market in the future years. Cooling is the process of lowering the temperature of an object or environment, which is usually accomplished by transporting heat away from the intended location, typically utilizing air or a cooling medium. Power generation can be utilized to cool by running air conditioning (AC) and fans to keep indoor temperatures comfortable. For instance, According to the International Energy Agency, an autonomous intergovernmental body located in France, in July 2023, more than 90% of households in the United States and Japan had an air conditioner. Cooling accounts for around 10% of global electricity use. In warmer countries, this might result in a more than 50% increase in power demand during the summer months. As a result, increased demand for cooling is likely to drive expansion in the power generating industry.

Increasing applications of electricity in the transportation industry: The growing use of energy in the transportation industry is predicted to increase demand for electricity, hence pushing the power generation market. The electrification of railways in underdeveloped and developing countries, the establishment of public transportation networks such as rapid metro transit systems, and the growing use of electric vehicles in developed countries will all create significant market opportunities for power generation companies. For instance, in order to achieve net-zero carbon emissions, the Office of Rail and Road (ORR) predicts that 13,000 track kilometers - or roughly 450 km per year - of track in the UK will need to be electrified by 2050, with 179 km electrified between 2020 and 2021. According to the Edison Electric Institute (EEl), yearly electric car sales in the United States are estimated to exceed 1.2 million by 2025. Electric vehicles are projected to account for 9% of worldwide electricity demand by 2050.

Restraint Factor for the Electricity Generation Market

High initial capital investment for renewable projects: The high initial capital for renewable projects is indeed a limiting factor for the market growth of the electricity generation sector, as most such technologies, infrastructure, and installation depend on significant up-front funding. For instance, most renewable energy technologies are highly capital intensive-solar, and wind, in particular, scares investors away from taking action, especially if they are small or developing firms. There is thus an economic limitation that restricts competition and contributes toward slower development of cleaner energy solutions. Moreover, funding can be quite tricky and challenging-especially for a poor economic climate. The payback times attached to these investment options are long, leading to uncertainty and making stakeholders reluctant to commit. These financial constraints are, therefore, blighting the transition to renewable energy as well as, more broadly, the overall electricity generation market

Trends for the Ele...

The size of the North America Power Industry market was valued at USD XX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of % during the forecast period. The power industry in North America is experiencing a profound transformation, influenced by advancements in technology, changes in regulations, and evolving energy requirements. This sector, which includes the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity, is essential to the economic framework of the region, catering to both residential and industrial consumers. Recent developments indicate a marked shift towards cleaner and more sustainable energy options, particularly renewables, while still maintaining a significant dependence on natural gas. This transition is driven by a mix of environmental regulations, technological progress, and an increasing focus on minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. The North American power industry is shaped by several key factors, including the growing incorporation of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, which are altering the energy landscape and prompting necessary upgrades to grid infrastructure to enhance reliability and adaptability. Innovations in energy storage and smart grid technologies are also critical, improving the efficiency and stability of power distribution systems. Furthermore, regulatory frameworks and incentives designed to encourage energy efficiency and lower carbon emissions are expediting the adoption of cleaner technologies. As the region continues to progress through its energy transition, the North American power industry is set for expansion, characterized by a combination of upgraded infrastructure, cutting-edge technologies, and a robust commitment to sustainability. This transformation mirrors broader global movements towards cleaner and more resilient energy systems. Recent developments include: In August 2022, The U.S. Department of Energy's Water Power Technologies Office has given GE Research, the technological development division of General Electric Company, a 30-month, USD 4.3 million projects to increase the operating capacity and flexibility of hydropower assets., In October 2022, Belltown Power U.S. sold a 6 GW portfolio of solar, coupled, and stand-alone battery storage development projects to ENGIE North America (ENGIE). 33 projects totaling approximately 2.7 GW of solar energy, 0.7 GW of paired storage, and 2.6 GW of standalone battery storage are included in the transaction. Acquisition of 33 early to late-stage projects will accelerate renewables development across multiple states in North America., In November 2022, EE North America joined up with Elio Energy to build a 2GW solar power pipeline and energy storage assets in Arizona and neighboring states in the United States. The company intends to build 10GW of renewable energy capacity in the country by 2026 in order to assist state and local governments across the United States in meeting their net-zero emissions targets.. Key drivers for this market are: 4., Supportive Government Policies and Incentives4.; Environmental Concerns. Potential restraints include: 4., Fossil Fuel Subsidies. Notable trends are: Conventional Thermal is Likely Dominate the Market.