The benchmark interest rate in the United States was last recorded at 4.50 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Fed Funds Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Graph and download economic data for Monetary Base: Total (BOGMBASE) from Jan 1959 to May 2025 about monetary base and USA.

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by June 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic - both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S. - showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached ***** percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by *************, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in ***********, before the first rate cut since ************** occurred in **************. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2023, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

Graph and download economic data for Currency in Circulation (CURRCIR) from Aug 1917 to Jun 2025 about currency and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Monetary Base: Currency in Circulation from Jan 1959 to May 2025 about monetary base, currency, and USA.

United States - Currency in Circulation was 2385.15400 Bil. of $ in May of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Currency in Circulation reached a record high of 2385.15400 in May of 2025 and a record low of 3.71400 in August of 1917. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Currency in Circulation - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

Money Supply M0 in the United States decreased to 5648600 USD Million in May from 5732900 USD Million in April of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Money Supply M0 - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

The U.S. federal funds rate peaked in 2023 at its highest level since the 2007-08 financial crisis, reaching 5.33 percent by December 2023. A significant shift in monetary policy occurred in the second half of 2024, with the Federal Reserve implementing regular rate cuts. By December 2024, the rate had declined to 4.48 percent. What is a central bank rate? The federal funds rate determines the cost of overnight borrowing between banks, allowing them to maintain necessary cash reserves and ensure financial system liquidity. When this rate rises, banks become more inclined to hold rather than lend money, reducing the money supply. While this decreased lending slows economic activity, it helps control inflation by limiting the circulation of money in the economy. Historic perspective The federal funds rate historically follows cyclical patterns, falling during recessions and gradually rising during economic recoveries. Some central banks, notably the European Central Bank, went beyond traditional monetary policy by implementing both aggressive asset purchases and negative interest rates.

The amount of money that depository institutions maintained in their accounts at their regional Federal Reserve Banks was just below *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2023. This was a notable increase compared to the previous year, when reserve balances stood at roughly *** trillion U.S. dollars.

The Federal Reserve (Fed) experienced an unprecedented shift in its financial performance, with its net income plummeting from 58.84 billion U.S. dollars in 2022 to negative 114.3 billion U.S. dollars in 2023 - an exceptionally sharp decrease. This negative net income in 2023 marked the lowest point in the observed period. As the majority of the Fed's net income is typically remitted to the U.S. Treasury, these earnings remittances also saw a significant decline in 2023. This drastic decline in net income occurred because of the rapidly rising interest rates in 2023.

United States Operating Cash Balance: Federal Reserve Account data was reported at 578.473 USD bn in 15 Apr 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 602.292 USD bn for 14 Apr 2022. United States Operating Cash Balance: Federal Reserve Account data is updated daily, averaging 117.704 USD bn from Jan 1998 (Median) to 15 Apr 2022, with 6017 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,830.546 USD bn in 27 Jul 2020 and a record low of 2.973 USD bn in 15 May 2008. United States Operating Cash Balance: Federal Reserve Account data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Bureau of the Fiscal Service. The data is categorized under High Frequency Database’s Government & Other Securities – Table US.DB011: US Treasury Operating Cash Balance: Bureau of the Fiscal Service.

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet ballooned following its announcement to carry out quantitative easing to increase the liquidity of U.S. banks in early 2020. The balance sheet continued to grow in the following period as well, with a downward trend in 2023. As of February 29, 2024, the Fed's balance sheet amounted to roughly 7.6 trillion U.S. dollars. The most drastic increase in the observed period took place in the first half of 2020. This measure was taken to increase the money supply and stimulate economic growth in the wake of the damage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Federal Reserve was not the only institution that implemented an expansionary monetary policy in response to the pandemic. For instance, the European Central Bank expanded its money supply in March 2020 and kept doing so over the following months. How do central banks increase the amount of money in circulation? Central banks can increase the money circulating in the economy in many ways. For instance, they can decrease banks’ reserve requirements to stimulate lending or decrease the interest rates to reduce the cost of borrowing for commercial banks. Alternatively, central banks can engage in open market operations (OMO) and buy securities such as government bonds from commercial banks or institutions. By conducting open market operations, the Federal Reserve expanded its balance sheet by seven trillion U.S. dollars between 2007 and 2023. All these measures aim to increase bank loans to entrepreneurs and consumers in order to stimulate employment and economic growth. Impact of COVID-19 on the U.S. economy The COVID-19 pandemic had a tremendous impact on national economies worldwide, and the United States was no exception. During the early months of the crisis, many lost their jobs, mostly those in lower-income categories. As a consequence, many Americans found it difficult to pay their rent and cover basic household expenses. Furthermore, in April 2022, most small business owners claimed that the pandemic had a large or moderate negative effect on their businesses. Overall, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States decreased by roughly 2.2 percent in 2020. In the following years, however, it increased notably, surpassing 25 trillion U.S. dollars in 2022.

Graph and download economic data for Money Market Funds; Total Financial Assets, Other Changes in Volume (BOGZ1FV634090005Q) from Q4 1946 to Q1 2020 about volume, change, MMMF, financial, assets, and USA.

United States - Effective Federal Funds Volume was 106.00000 Bil. of U.S. $ in July of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Effective Federal Funds Volume reached a record high of 144.00000 in June of 2023 and a record low of 34.00000 in December of 2020. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Effective Federal Funds Volume - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Monetary Aggregates and Their Components: Narrow Money and Components: M1 and Components: M1 for United States (MANMM101USA189S) from 1960 to 2022 about M1, monetary aggregates, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Money Market Funds; Total Financial Assets, Level (MMMFFAQ027S) from Q4 1945 to Q1 2025 about MMMF, IMA, financial, assets, and USA.

View the total value of the assets of all Federal Reserve Banks as reported in the weekly balance sheet.

Graph and download economic data for Total Borrowings from the Federal Reserve (BORROW) from Jan 1919 to May 2025 about borrowings, depository institutions, and USA.

View data of the frequency at which one unit of currency purchases domestically produced goods and services within a given time period.

Graph and download economic data for Money Market Funds; Total Time and Savings Deposits; Asset, Level (BOGZ1FL633030000Q) from Q4 1945 to Q1 2025 about MMMF, savings, deposits, assets, and USA.