The estimated population of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. stands at around ** million people. Although the number has stabilized, the United States has seen a spike in migrant encounters in the last few years, with over * million cases registered by the U.S. Border Patrol in 2023. This is a slight decrease from the previous year, when there were over *** million cases registered. Due to its proximity and shared border, Mexico remains the leading country of origin for most undocumented immigrants in the U.S., with California and Texas being home to the majority.

Immigration and political division

Despite the majority of the population having immigrant roots, the topic of immigration in the U.S. remains one of the country’s longest-standing political debates. Support among Republicans for restrictive immigration has grown alongside Democratic support for open immigration. This growing divide has deepened the polarization between the two major political parties, stifling constructive dialogue and impeding meaningful reform efforts and as a result, has led to dissatisfaction from all sides. In addition to general immigration policy, feelings toward illegal immigration in the U.S. also vary widely. For some, it's seen as a significant threat to national security, cultural identity, and economic stability. This perspective often aligns with support for stringent measures like Trump's proposed border wall and increased enforcement efforts. On the other hand, there are those who are more sympathetic toward undocumented immigrants, as demonstrated by support for the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program.

Canada’s appeal as an immigration destination has been increasing over the past two decades, with a total of 464,265 people immigrating to the country in 2024. This figure is an increase from 2000-2001, when approximately 252,527 immigrants came to Canada. Immigration to the Great White North Between July 1, 2022 and June 30, 2023, there were an estimated 199,297 immigrants to Ontario, making it the most popular immigration destination out of any province. While the number of immigrants has been increasing over the years, in 2024 over half of surveyed Canadians believed that there were too many immigrants in the country. However, in 2017, the Canadian government announced its aim to significantly increase the number of permanent residents to Canada in order to combat an aging workforce and the decline of working-age adults. Profiles of immigrants to Canada The gender of immigrants to Canada in 2023 was just about an even split, with 234,279 male immigrants and 234,538 female immigrants. In addition, most foreign-born individuals in Canada came from India, followed by China and the Philippines. The United States was the fifth most common origin country for foreign-born residents in Canada.

Components of international migratory increase, quarterly: immigrants, emigrants, returning emigrants, net temporary emigrants, net non-permanent residents.

In the twelve months to December 2024, approximately 948,000 people migrated to the United Kingdom, while 517,000 emigrated away from the country, resulting in a net migration figure of 431,000.

Ontario was the province with the most immigrants in 2024, with 197,657 immigrants. Nunavut, Canada’s northernmost territory, had 56 immigrants arrive in the same period. Immigration to Canada Over the past 20 years, the number of immigrants to Canada has held steady and is just about evenly split between men and women. Asian countries dominate the list of leading countries of birth for foreign-born residents of Canada, although the United Kingdom, the United States, and Italy all make the list as well. Unemployment among immigrants In 2023, the unemployment rate for immigrants in Canada was highest among those who had been in the country for five years or less. The unemployment rate decreased the longer someone had been in Canada, and unemployment was lowest among those who had been in the country for more than ten years, coming more into line with the average unemployment rate for the whole of Canada.

Number of immigrants in the labour force (employment and unemployment) and not in the labour force, unemployment rate, participation rate, and employment rate, by sex, age group and immigrant status, last 5 months.

Overview: Each quarter, the Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) publishes Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA) statistics on Open Government Data Portal, including quarterly and annual LMIA data related to, but not limited to, requested and approved TFW positions, employment location, employment occupations, sectors, TFWP stream and temporary foreign workers by country of origin. The TFWP does not collect data on the number of TFWs who are hired by an employer and have arrived in Canada. The decision to issue a work permit rests with Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) and not all positions on a positive LMIA result in a work permit. For these reasons, data provided in the LMIA statistics cannot be used to calculate the number of TFWs that have entered or will enter Canada. IRCC publishes annual statistics on the number of foreign workers who are issued a work permit: https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/360024f2-17e9-4558-bfc1-3616485d65b9. Please note that all quarterly tables have been updated to NOC 2021 (5 digit and training, education, experience and responsibilities (TEER) based). As such, Table 5, 8, 17, and 24 will no longer be updated but will remain as archived tables. Frequency of Publication: Quarterly LMIA statistics cover data for the four quarters of the previous calendar year and the quarter(s) of the current calendar year. Quarterly data is released within two to three months of the most recent quarter. The release dates for quarterly data are as follows: Q1 (January to March) will be published by early June of the current year; Q2 (April to June) will be published by early September of the current year; Q3 (July to September) will be published by early December of the current year; and Q4 (October to December) will be published by early March of the next year. Annual statistics cover eight consecutive years of LMIA data and are scheduled to be released in March of the next year. Published Data: As part of the quarterly release, the TFWP updates LMIA data for 28 tables broken down by: TFW positions: Tables 1 to 10, 12, 13, and 22 to 24; LMIA applications: Tables 14 to 18; Employers: Tables 11, and 19 to 21; and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP): Tables 25 to 28. In addition, the TFWP publishes 2 lists of employers who were issued a positive or negative LMIA: Employers who were issued a positive LMIA by Program Stream, NOC, and Business Location (https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/90fed587-1364-4f33-a9ee-208181dc0b97/resource/b369ae20-0c7e-4d10-93ca-07c86c91e6fe); and Employers who were issued a negative LMIA by Program Stream, NOC, and Business Location (https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/f82f66f2-a22b-4511-bccf-e1d74db39ae5/resource/94a0dbee-e9d9-4492-ab52-07f0f0fb255b). Things to Remember: 1. When data are presented on positive or negative LMIAs, the decision date is used to allocate which quarter the data falls into. However, when data are presented on when LMIAs are requested, it is based on the date when the LMIA is received by ESDC. 2. As of the publication of 2022Q1- 2023Q4 data (published in April 2024) and going forward, all LMIAs in support of 'Permanent Residence (PR) Only' are included in TFWP statistics, unless indicated otherwise. All quarterly data in this report includes PR Only LMIAs. Dual-intent LMIAs and corresponding positions are included under their respective TFWP stream (e.g., low-wage, high-wage, etc.) This may impact program reporting over time. 3. Attention should be given for data that are presented by ‘Unique Employers’ when it comes to manipulating the data within that specific table. One employer could be counted towards multiple groups if they have multiple positive LMIAs across categories such as program stream, province or territory, or economic region. For example, an employer could request TFWs for two different business locations, and this employer would be counted in the statistics of both economic regions. As such, the sum of the rows within these ‘Unique Employer’ tables will not add up to the aggregate total.

Graph and download economic data for Employment Level - Foreign Born (LNU02073395) from Jan 2007 to Jul 2025 about foreign, household survey, employment, and USA.

In July 2024, the United States accepted 34 refugees from Ukraine. In fiscal year 2022 - which ended September 30, 2022 - the U.S. accepted a total of 1,610 Ukrainian refugees. The most Ukrainian refugees arrived in February 2022, the same month that Ukraine was invaded by Russia.In April 2022, the United States committed itself to welcoming 100,000 Ukrainian citizens and others fleeing Russian aggression in the region, but has so far only accepted 2,402 since the Russian invasion in February last year.

In 2024, approximately 948,000 million people migrated to the United Kingdom, while 517,000 people migrated from the UK, resulting in a net migration figure of 431,000. There have consistently been more people migrating to the United Kingdom than leaving it since 1993 when the net migration figure was negative 1,000. Although migration from the European Union has declined since the Brexit vote of 2016, migration from non-EU countries accelerated rapidly from 2021 onwards. In the year to June 2023, 968,000 people from non-EU countries migrated to the UK, compared with 129,000 from EU member states. Immigration and the 2024 election Since late 2022, immigration, along with the economy and healthcare, has consistently been seen by UK voters as one of the top issues facing the country. Despite a pledge to deter irregular migration via small boats, and controversial plans to send asylum applicants to Rwanda while their claims are being processed, Rishi Sunak's Conservative government lost the trust of the public on this issue. On the eve of the last election, 20 percent of Britons thought the Labour Party would be the best party to handle immigration, compared with 13 percent who thought the Conservatives would handle it better. Sunak and the Conservatives went on to lose this election, suffering their worst defeat in modern elections. Historical context of migration The first humans who arrived in the British Isles, were followed by acts of conquest and settlement from Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Danes, and Normans. In the early modern period, there were also significant waves of migration from people fleeing religious or political persecution, such as the French Huguenots. More recently, large numbers of people also left Britain. Between 1820 and 1957, for example, around 4.5 million people migrated from Britain to America. After World War Two, immigration from Britain's colonies and former colonies was encouraged to meet labour demands. A key group that migrated from the Caribbean between the late 1940s and early 1970s became known as the Windrush generation, named after one of the ships that brought the arrivals to Britain.

In January 2022, it was estimated that about 1.85 million male illegal immigrants living in the United States were aged between 35 and 44 years old. In that same year, it was estimated that 1.52 million female illegal immigrants living in the U.S. were between 35 and 44 years old.

Abstract

The main purpose of the Viet Nam Migration Survey 2004 is to supplement the lack of current understanding about the migration relating to migration decision and results of the different types of moves by migration streams and their relations to regional and national development schemes. Information collected from the survey will form a supplement information source to other available sources (censuses, surveys), and at the same time, provide detailed data on other aspects of the migration process, which are not available at other sources.

The survey focuses on: (a). Model, some streams and types of migration; (b). Cause and results of those moves; (c). Characteristics, including attitude, awareness of the surveyed population in relation to their moves; (d). Characteristics on reproductive health; (e). Those information will be collected for non-migrants in order to find out social-economic differences between migrants and non-migrants. Specifically, the survey aims to the collection of the following data: · Process of migration including decision of move, number of moves, and process of settling their life in and looking jobs; · Socio-economic and demographic factors and facilitating factors of migration; · Consequences of movement of migrants and their family in terms of: - income and employment - living conditions and housing - remittance - access to social and health services - life satisfactions and recreation - adaptation and attitude change · Comparison of situation of migrants and non-migrants in the destination areas · Develop policy recommendations on rural development to prevent out-migration, on regional development to divert migration streams to other regions, on information programs to assist those who wish to move, and on health and social services to assist migrants in their adjustment and integration at destination areas.

Geographic coverage

The survey covered the following areas: Area 1: Hanoi Area 2: Northeast economic zone, including Hai Phong, Hai Duong, and Quang Ninh Area 3: Central Highlands, including Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Dak Nong, and Lam Dong Ho Chi Minh City Industrial zone of Binh Duong, and Dong Nai

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual

Universe

Household: includes one or more than one persons, having common dwelling and sharing food. Usual residents: are persons who usually live and have food in the household; or persons recently have moved into the household and stayed stably there for one month or more, regardless of the fact that they have or have not been registered by police office.

Definition of migrants:
Including those who are in the age group 15-59 and moved from one district to another within the five years before the survey, and not less than one month. For 3 cities: Hanoi, Hai Phong and Ho Chi Minh, those who moved from one quarter to another within a city are not covered by this definition.

Migration here is the internal migration of the Vietnamese people.

Non-migrants: Including those who are in the age group 15-59 and not determined as migrants.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

In total, about 10,000 individual interviews will be conducted, including 5,000 migrants and 5,000 non-migrants. All of them will be in the age group 15-59. To ensure a complete obtainment of the above-targeted number of interviews, it is important to have a good preparation, helping in the determination of enumeration areas with highest migration rates.

The extent to which the sample can be generalized is limited. The main objective of the survey was to understand migration and differentials among migration types, and the survey was not intended to provide estimates that were representative of any clearly defined geographical area. For the five main areas including in the sample design, selection of respondents was not undertaken on the basis of equal probability of selection, either between or within the areas. Furthermore, information is not available to construct sampling weights that would adjust for the unequal probability of selection. Therefore the results for each area should not be interpreted as representing the populations of those areas.

To ensure sufficient representation of different types of migrants, defined here in terms of household registration status, the sampling scheme concentrated on those areas that had the highest proportions of temporary migrants. This means that the results are most likely to represent the areas that are the destinations of high numbers of temporary migrants. Because the non-migrant sample was drawn from the same areas as the migrants, the non-migrants do not represent a cross-section of non-migrants. Rather, they represent non-migrants living in areas that attract large numbers of temporary migrants.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey uses 3 kinds of questionnaire: 1) A household questionnaire was administered in each household, which collected various information on household members including - Identification information - Information on each of household members: relationship to household head, sex, age and questions used to identify household with migrants or non-migrants; - Questions for the household as a whole: housing, electricity for lighting, possession of TV, radio, toilet facility, expenses for food, main income source, time to the nearest primary school, secondary school and hospital.

2) A Migrant questionnaire includes: - Part 1: Used to collect information on characteristics of the respondent, such as age, sex, marital status, education level and access to mass media; - Part 2: Used to collect information on the migration history, such as place of birth, place of residence at age 15, number of moves, and access to urban centre; - Part 3: Used to collect information on last move, such as the place of residence before the move, reasons of move, decision making process to move, persons accompanying migrant, assistance received, knowledge and utilization of job introduction agency, time for looking for work, difficulties faced, residence registration, and remittances; - Part 4: Used to collect information on current activity and living conditions, such as: activity status, occupation, industry, time of work, income, expenses, savings, access and use of health services, access to education of children, participation in mass organization activity, and security; - Part 5: Used to collect information on health, health care, cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking; - Part 6: Used to collect information on HIV/AIDS, sexual transmitted infections and family planning. 3) A Non - migrant questionnaire: - Except for the exclusion of Part 3, the content of the Form C questionnaire was similar to that of Form B.

Cleaning operations

The data-entry programme was developed in CSPRO25 to ensure proper validation of the entered data. The program provided value and range checks of the variables, skip patterns, and relationship checks among designated variables. During data entry, the programme prompted data entry personnel to check the entered value against the value in the questionnaire when inconsistencies were located. Two kinds of prompts were programmed: i). A warning prompt that meant that if the entered value was confirmed the warning could be ignored; ii). A confirmatory prompt that would not allow data to be entered. In the case of a confirmatory prompt, data entry personnel were required to discuss the problem with staff of the Department of Population and Labour Statistics before the prompt could be over-ridden. The migrant household and non-migrant household used the same data-entry programme and have the same data structure.

The data-entry management programme was written in Visual FoxPro. It ensured that data entry and editing worked smoothly and efficiently. This programme was used to monitor survey units and quality of questionnaires; to manage the user data-entry programme; to provide authorization for use of data; to protect against duplication or missing questionnaires in comparison with the selected sample; and to manage data in the LAN environment. It is the interface between the system, data entry personnel and users.

Geographic coverage

Nationally representative sample

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling Frame

The 2002 population and housing census provided a frame for sample selection. The frame contains a list of all administrative units up to the lowest level called, 'Local Council 1', or LC1. This is usually, but not always consistent with a village in terms of area. The Enumeration Area (EA) may comprise of one village/LC1, or more than one village/LC1. The demarcation of EAs is based on total population within a given area and in many instances, may vary by locality. In addition the sampling frame also indicates the EA to which a particular LC belongs. The 2002 Uganda Sampling Frame has a total of 33,283 EAs.

Study population

The study population comprised of the entire population of Uganda. Based on the distribution of households in table 1 above, the sample was determined based on information from Uganda National Household survey 2005/06 conducted by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics. The proportion of internal migrants reported in the past 5 years has been used to estimate the required sample. Given the limited nature of the number of international migrants, the proportion of internal migrants is considered adequate to provide sufficient estimates of the indicators of interest.

Sample allocation by region

The above sample was proportionately allocated across the four statistical regions on the basis of the population in each of the regions. There was oversampling for urban population approximately by 5 times. To ease implementation, the regional sample was further disaggregated down to Enumeration Area level.

Selection of Enumeration Areas

The task was to undertake a nationally-representative survey of 2,000 households (urban and rural combined) in 2009 that would provide information on migration, remittances and their effects on development. The frame was be divided into two strata namely rural and urban. A two-stage stratified sample design was adopted. The first stage representing the primary sampling unit comprised of the selection of EAs from each of the strata while at the second and ultimate stage households were selected. EAs were selected from the list of Enumeration Areas developed after the 2002 Population and Housing Census and updated to include new districts.

The selection of EAs was proportionally done based on the number of households in the respective stratum according to the 2006 Uganda household survey. All the EAs in each domain were sorted by county, sub-county and parish. A random number was generated and an appropriate random start and sampling interval was systematically selected from the ordered list with probability proportionate to number of households. This was done separately for urban and rural areas, hence stratified sampling. The proportion of EAs sampled in urban areas is about 5 times that in rural.

Selection of households

At the second stage, a complete listing of households in each EA was done to classify the households into three groups: non migrants, internal migrants and international migrants. The number of households per EA varied from around 20 to about 1000. Most of the time, all households were listed even in the large EAs since it was difficult to establish lines of demarcation to segment the EA.

A total of 10 households were selected randomly from each of the 200 EAs. The goal was to select 4 households with an international migrant (emigrant), 3 with one or more internal migrants, and 3 with no migrant. This sampling was done from the three strata or listings of households according to migration status. Separate sampling was done from each stratum using systematic sampling. In case of a refusal or other reason for non-response, another household was selected from the same stratum to reach the desired quota. In case the number of households listed in any of the three strata was smaller than the numbers desired (4, 3, 3), then all those listed in that stratum were automatically sampled and the short fall selected from the next stratum.

For example, if there were, say, 150 households in an EA, with 3 with international migrants, 27 with internal migrants, and 120 with no migrants, the numbers selected would be, respectively, 3, 3 and 3. But to make up 10, priority would be given to the migrant stratum to add one more, randomly selected, from that stratum. As another example, suppose there were 0 international migrant households; then 7 would be selected from the internal migrant stratum and still only 3 from the list of non-migrant households.

The choice of 10 households per EA was based on experience from the various economic surveys conducted by UBOS, where 10 households provide adequate representation at EA level for most of the economic and social indicators.

The listing operation

The survey targeted household with in-migrants or former members who have migrated away, whether to another part of the country (urban or rural) or to another country. Since the census frame does not uniquely identify who is a migrant or non migrant, and owing to the lack of an up to date list of all households in Uganda from which to draw the sample, the survey team adopted a listing exercise as stop gap measure.

The exercise involved conducting a fresh listing of all households in each of the selected EAs. During the exercise, households with migrants were identified and the migrants clearly categorized as internal-within Uganda- or international where household members had moved to another country all together. The total number of listed household numbers was 24,618. Thereafter, a sample of 10 households was selected using systematic sampling procedure.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire consisted of seven sections namely: A Cover Sheet requiring household identification particulars including district name and code, county name and code, parish name and code, EA name, stratum, household number, names of the household head and first spouse, number of household members and a description of the location of the household.

In addition, the page captured details of the interview including the interviewer name, date, duration and the outcome of the interview. It also provided for the team leaders remarks and signature.

Section 1: Household roster This section captured the socio-demographic characteristics of all household members.

Section 2: Households housing conditions In this section, information was sought on the type of dwelling, occupancy status, the physical characteristics of the dwelling, and access to basic utilities including water, electricity and sanitation.

Section 3 Household Assets and Expenditure The section collected information on the assets and expenditures of the household. This information was used to determine the welfare status of the household.

Section 4: Household Use of Financial Services: In this section, information relating to use of financial services by household members was collected.

Section 5: Internal and International Migration And Remittances From Former Household Members This section captured information on migration, both internal and international as well as remittances received by the household from former household member migrants.

Section 6: Internal and International Migration and Remittances From Former Household Members Like section 5 above, section 6 sought information on migration, both internal and international as well as remittances received by the household from non household member migrants.

Section 7: Return Migrants Here information on Return migrants was captured. A return migrant was defined as an adult member (over 18 years old) currently living in the household, who had lived in another country or another place in Uganda for at least 3 months in the 5 years preceding the survey. The information sought in this section related to the last migration episode for each return migrant.

Cleaning operations

Data Editing: Data editing was initially done by six editors from among the enumerators.

Prior to data entry, efforts were made to manually edit and ensure that inconsistent entries in the questionnaire were corrected. Data entry was initially done using the EPIDATA software after which it was exported to SPSS for further processing and analysis. This included the creation of variable and value labels for the data.

Response rate

Three categories of non response were encountered in the survey. These include: · Household not Visisted: In this category, the survey teams were unable to visit the households due to one reason or another. This happened in Karamoja, where 2 EAs could not be visited due to insecurity; Kalangala, an island EA where residents were reported to have vacated the EA on the advice of the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) in a bid to conserve the environment, four years prior to the visit by the survey team and in Kampala, where an EA could not be located. This led to a loss of 40 responses. · Incomplete Information: Here households were located but enumerators were not able to conduct or complete the interviews due to various reasons. Such reasons include respondents' hostility, interruption by an unforeseen event such as death of the respondent's close relative. The total number of responses lost in this category is 79. Overall, there were 1872 valid responses received representing a response rate of 94%. Of these, 49% reported having migrants.

Number of persons in the labour force (employment and unemployment) and not in the labour force, unemployment rate, participation rate, and employment rate, by immigrant status and age group, last 5 years.

This poll, fielded May 20-24, 2010, is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicits public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. Respondents were asked whether they approved of the way Barack Obama was handling his job as president, whether things in the United States were going in the right direction, and how they would rate the condition of the national economy. Respondents were also asked what they thought was the most important problem facing the United States today, whether they approved or disapproved of the way President Obama was handling the economy, the situation with Afghanistan, health care, and the threat of terrorism. They were also asked whether they approved of the way Congress was handling its job, whether most members of Congress have done a good enough job to deserve re-election, and whether they felt the economy is getting better or worse. They were also queried on their feelings for the Democratic and Republican parties, about the way things are going in Washington, DC, how important they thought it was for there to be another woman on the Supreme Court, and their opinion of Supreme Court nominee Elena Kagan. Respondents were asked how serious a problem they thought illegal immigration was, whether they thought the Arizona documentation policy went too far in dealing with illegal immigration, whether the federal government should have provided financial help to United States homeowners who were having trouble repaying their mortgages, whether the federal government should have provided financial help to United States automakers who were in financial trouble, and whether the federal government should have provided financial help to United States banks and financial institutions who were in financial trouble. Respondents were asked about the new health care reform bill and whether they approved it, and whether this new reform bill will mostly help, hurt, or not affect them. They were also queried on whether they favored increased drilling for oil and natural gas off the coast of the United States, whether they approved of the way the Obama Administration was handling the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, and whether they approved the way BP was handling the same oil spill. They were asked to rate their family financial situation, how concerned they were about making ends meet financially in the next 12 months, how concerned they were in the next 12 months they or someone in their household might be out of work, how much the economic recession affected them and their family, and whether the economic recession affected plans for their children's future. They were also asked their opinion of the Tea Party movement and whether they considered themselves to be a supporter of the Tea Party movement. They were also asked whether they thought being gay or homosexual was a choice, whether same-sex relations between consenting adults is wrong, whether it is necessary to have laws to protect gays and lesbians from discrimination in housing and employment, and whether they personally know someone who is gay or lesbian. Demographic information includes sex, age, race, education level, household income, military service, religious preference, reported social class, type of residential area (e.g., urban or rural), political party affiliation, political philosophy, voter registration status, and whether respondents thought of themselves as born again Christians.

Abstract

A cluster-randomized experiment with 3,641 young men from 391 settlements in The Gambia is used to test three approaches to reducing risky migration: providing better information and testimonials about the risks of the journey, facilitating migration to a safer destination by providing information and assistance for migration to Dakar, and offering vocational skill training to enhance domestic employment opportunities. A baseline survey and follow-up survey 18 months later are used.

Geographic coverage

The Gambia is divided into five administrative regions and the capital city area of Banjul. We selected the two Eastern-most regions of the Upper River Region (URR) with a population of 240,000; and the Central River Region (CRR) with a population of 226,000

Analysis unit

Migrant, Household

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The Gambia is divided into five administrative regions and the capital city area of Banjul. We selected the two Eastern-most regions of the Upper River Region (URR) with a population of 240,000; and the Central River Region (CRR) with a population of 226,000. These regions were chosen due to their high propensities of irregular migration and poor access to conventional sources of information about migration.

Using estimated population sizes projected from the 2013 Gambian census, we identified settlements that were predicted to have at least 35 males aged between 18 and 30, and that had total population sizes below 3,000. We then used data from the 2015/16 integrated household survey to exclude two districts with the lowest shares of households receiving remittances, to ensure we focused on areas with higher likelihoods of migration. We then randomly selected 404 settlements from a pool of 580 eligible settlements to conduct a listing exercise.

Settlements are divided into enumeration areas (EAs), consisting of at most 500 individuals (50 households), and most settlements consist of only one EA. We randomly chose up to 2 EAs per settlement and conducted a door-to-door listing exercise of all households in these 404 settlements to record whether they have at least one male aged 18 to 30. Listing took place from March 26, 2019 to April 11, 2019 (see study timeline in Appendix A5) and listed 5,597 households with males aged 18 to 30 in the 404 villages. The baseline survey then took place between April 19, 2019 and May 18, 2019. Data collection was conducted in 391 settlements, after dropping 13 small settlements that had fewer than 4 eligible households. Within the eligible households, the baseline interview took place with a male 18 to 30

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The following survey instruments were used to collecte the data: - Household Listing - Baseline Survey - Youth Endline Survey - Household Endline Survey - Elders Endline Survey - Household Phone Survey

Response rate

We ended up with a final panel of 3,640 youth which were either interviewed face-to-face (n=2,761) or through the phone (n=475), or for which we got information from their household head (n=370), the elder survey (n=28) or only their WhatsApp location (n=6). Only 1 individual, a teacher, was lost because he could not be contacted by phone and the whole household had moved out.