The U.S. federal funds effective rate underwent a dramatic reduction in early 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rate plummeted from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.65 percent in March, and further decreased to 0.05 percent in April. This sharp reduction, accompanied by the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing program, was implemented to stabilize the economy during the global health crisis. After maintaining historically low rates for nearly two years, the Federal Reserve began a series of rate hikes in early 2022, with the rate moving from 0.33 percent in April 2022 to 5.33 percent in August 2023. The rate remained unchanged for over a year, before the Federal Reserve initiated its first rate cut in nearly three years in September 2024, bringing the rate to 5.13 percent. By December 2024, the rate was cut to 4.48 percent, signaling a shift in monetary policy in the second half of 2024. In January 2025, the Federal Reserve implemented another cut, setting the rate at 4.33 percent, which remained unchanged throughout the following months. What is the federal funds effective rate? The U.S. federal funds effective rate determines the interest rate paid by depository institutions, such as banks and credit unions, that lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight. Changing the effective rate in times of crisis is a common way to stimulate the economy, as it has a significant impact on the whole economy, such as economic growth, employment, and inflation. Central bank policy rates The adjustment of interest rates in response to the COVID-19 pandemic was a coordinated global effort. In early 2020, central banks worldwide implemented aggressive monetary easing policies to combat the economic crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve's dramatic reduction of its federal funds rate - from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.05 percent by April - mirrored similar actions taken by central banks globally. While these low rates remained in place throughout 2021, mounting inflationary pressures led to a synchronized tightening cycle beginning in 2022, with central banks pushing rates to multi-year highs. By mid-2024, as inflation moderated across major economies, central banks began implementing their first rate cuts in several years, with the U.S. Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank all easing monetary policy.

Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates, Discount Rate for United States (INTDSRUSM193N) from Jan 1950 to Aug 2021 about discount, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

Bank Lending Rate in the United States remained unchanged at 7.50 percent in June. This dataset provides - United States Average Monthly Prime Lending Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Graph and download economic data for Bank Prime Loan Rate Changes: Historical Dates of Changes and Rates (PRIME) from 1955-08-04 to 2024-12-20 about prime, loans, interest rate, banks, interest, depository institutions, rate, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Discount Rate (DISCONTINUED) (MDISCRT) from Jan 1950 to Dec 2002 about interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

Unemployment Rate in the United States decreased to 4.10 percent in June from 4.20 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Unemployment Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The benchmark interest rate in India was last recorded at 5.50 percent. This dataset provides - India Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

In the 1st quarter of 2025, personal savings amounted to 3.97 percent of the disposable income in the United States. The personal savings rate peaked in 2020, when U.S. households saved on average over 15 percent of their income. After that, it has remained between three and five percent. Savings during recessions During recessions, households often tend to increase their savings due to economic uncertainty and to compensate for any possible loss of income, which could occur, for example, in the case of falling into unemployment. For example, as seen in this statistic, the savings rate increased noticeably between 2007 and 2012, coinciding with a period of crisis. However, there are also factors that affect the amount of money that households can manage to set aside, such as inflation. Saving can be particularly difficult during periods when the inflation rate has been higher than the growth rates of wages. Savings accounts The value of savings deposits and other checkable deposits in the U.S. amounted to roughly 11 trillion U.S. dollars in early 2025, even after a significant fall in the amount of money placed in those types of instruments. In other words, savings accounts are a type of financial asset that is very widely used among households to save money. Nevertheless, interest rates of savings’ accounts differ a lot from one financial institution to another. Some of the lesser-known online banks had the highest interest rates, while the major banks often offered lower interest rates.

The current growing interest in the growth of the Western European economies between the end of World War II and the first oil crisis of 1973 is primarily due to the end of the Cold War and the subsequent demand for solutions for the economic problems of Central and Eastern European transition countries. It was and is discussed to what extent we could learn from the successful rebuilding of the Western European economies. In this context one area of special interest is the reconstruction of West Germany, closely accompanied by the principle of the social market economy. The recollection of this principle, and the call for a new Marshall Plan imply the idea that the Western European post-war boom in essence can be traced to a successful economic policy. It is shown how this assumption can stand up to a theoretical and empirical analysis. Using the new growth theory and the cointegration analysis both national (eg social market economy and Planification (i.e. macroeconomic framework development planning)) and international explanations (eg the Marshall Plan) of the so called ‘golden age’ are examined. It turns out that the impact of economic policies on economic growth must be put into perspective. In contrast, the importance of the different economic conditions of the countries for the explication of their growth process is underlined.

Variables, inter alia: - Investment behavior of industry - Production and Export industry - Exchange Rates - Structure of the economies

Data focus: Foreign trade structure, external value (foreign wholesale prices), export volume, industrial production, capital stock, long-term development (income, investment rates, openness, exchange rates), patents (patent applications in Germany, France).

List of tables in the database HISTAT ZA: - Investment rates in four European countries (1880-1995) - Net fixed assets of the industry in Germany (1950-1968) - Sectoral Gross capital expenditures in Germany (1960-1976) - Sectoral Gross investment in France (1949-1965) - Export volume index of France and the Federal Republic of Germany (1950-1973) - Export volume in millions of current U.S. dollars (1951-1990) - Weighted exchange rate index in indirect rate (1950-1973) - Index of industrial production in Europe and North America (1950-1973) - Construction and equipment investment in Germany (1950-1968) - Investment rates in four European countries (1880-1995) - Sectoral gross and net capital stock in France (1950-1970) - Sectoral gross and net capital stock, investment in France (1950-1969) - Percentage of the French colonies in the French total exports (1950-1973) - Openness of four European economies (1880-1994) - Annual patent applications in the United States (1963-1995) - Real per capita income in Europe and the United States (1870-1992) - Regional structure of the French export value (1896-1973) - French sector gross investment (1960-1976) - Exchange rates in four European countries (1891-1995)

Territory of investigation: Germany, France, further OECD-states.

Sources: Publications of the official French and German statistics, publications of the OECD, USA and further states; scientific journals.

Key information about Japan Exchange Rate against USD

• Japan Exchange Rate against USD averaged 137.053 (USD/JPY) in May 2023, compared with 133.475 USD/JPY in the previous month.
• Japan Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to May 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 360.000 in Dec 1970 and a record low of 76.643 in Oct 2011.

CEIC extends history for monthly average Exchange Rate against USD. Federal Reserve Board provides average Exchange Rate against USD. Exchange Rate against USD prior to January 1971 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.


Key information about Japan Exchange Rate against USD

• In the latest reports, Japan Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: TIBOR: Japanese Yen: 3 Months was reported at 0.075 % pa in May 2023.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Bonds Yield: Government Bonds: Newly Issued: 10 Years: Month End) was reported at 0.390 % pa in Apr 2023.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Japan: Complementary Deposit Facility Interest Rate) was set at -0.100 % pa in May 2023.

Key information about Thailand Exchange Rate against USD

• Thailand Exchange Rate against USD averaged 34.199 (USD/THB) in May 2023, compared with 34.233 USD/THB in the previous month.
• Thailand Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to May 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 52.983 in Jan 1998 and a record low of 20.200 in Oct 1978.

CEIC extends history for monthly average Exchange Rate against USD. Federal Reserve Board provides average Exchange Rate against USD. Exchange Rate against USD prior to January 1981 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.


Key information about Thailand Exchange Rate against USD

• In the latest reports, Thailand Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: BIBOR 3 Months was reported at 2.113 % pa in May 2023.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Long Term Interest Rate: Month End: Thailand: Government Bond Yield: 10 Years) was reported at 2.502 % pa in May 2023.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End) was set at 1.750 % pa in May 2023.

Key information about Nepal Exchange Rate against USD

• Nepal Exchange Rate against USD averaged 131.101 (USD/NPR) in May 2023, compared with 131.701 USD/NPR in the previous month.
• Nepal Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to May 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 132.169 in Jan 2023 and a record low of 6.214 in Jul 1958.

CEIC calculates monthly average Exchange Rate against USD as the average of Buy and Sell rates for the period. Nepal Rastra Bank provides Buy and Sell of Exchange Rate against USD. Exchange Rate against USD prior to January 2001 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.


Key information about Nepal Exchange Rate against USD

• In the latest reports, Nepal Discount Rate: Treasury Bill: 91 Days was reported at 9.658 % pa in May 2023.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Long Term Interest Rate: Month End: Nepal: Government Bond Yield: 5 Years) was reported at 8.500 % pa in Apr 2023.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Bank Rate) was set at 8.500 % pa in May 2023.

The United States recorded a Government Debt to GDP of 124.30 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product in 2024. This dataset provides - United States Government Debt To GDP - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Key information about Mexico Exchange Rate against USD

• Mexico Exchange Rate against USD averaged 17.749 (USD/MXN) in May 2023, compared with 18.095 USD/MXN in the previous month.
• Mexico Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1957 to May 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 24.180 in Apr 2020 and a record low of 0.012 in Jun 1974.

CEIC extends history for monthly average Exchange Rate against USD. Federal Reserve Board provides average Exchange Rate against USD. Exchange Rate against USD prior to November 1993 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.


Key information about Mexico Exchange Rate against USD

• In the latest reports, Mexico Interbank Equilibrium Interest Rate: 91 Days TIIE: Month End was reported at 11.520 % pa in May 2023.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (UDIBONOS Average Yield: 10 Years) was reported at 4.500 % pa in May 2023.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Overnight Target Rate) was set at 11.250 % pa in May 2023.

Key information about Turkey Exchange Rate against USD

• Turkey Exchange Rate against USD averaged 23.085 (USD/TRY) in Jun 2023, compared with 19.702 USD/TRY in the previous month.
• Turkey Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Feb 1957 to Jun 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 23.085 in Jun 2023 and a record low of 0.000 in Jul 1958.

CEIC calculates monthly average Exchange Rate against USD from monthly Buy and Sell Rate. Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey provides average Buy and Sell Exchange Rate against USD. Exchange Rate against USD prior to January 1985 is sourced from the International Monetary Fund.