57 datasets found
  1. Jewish population by country 2022

    • statista.com
    Updated Oct 15, 2023
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    Statista (2023). Jewish population by country 2022 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1351079/jewish-pop-by-country/
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    Dataset updated
    Oct 15, 2023
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Time period covered
    2022
    Area covered
    Worldwide
    Description

    The two countries with the greatest shares of the world's Jewish population are the United States and Israel. The United States had been a hub of Jewish immigration since the nineteenth century, as Jewish people sought to escape persecution in Europe by emigrating across the Atlantic. The Jewish population in the U.S. is largely congregated in major urban areas, such as New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, with the New York metropolitan area being the city with the second largest Jewish population worldwide, after Tel Aviv, Israel. Israel is the world's only officially Jewish state, having been founded in 1948 following the first Arab-Israeli War. While Jews had been emigrating to the holy lands since the nineteenth century, when they were controlled by the Ottoman Empire, immigration increased rapidly following the establishment of the state of Israel. Jewish communities in Eastern Europe who had survived the Holocaust saw Israel as a haven from persecution, while the state encouraged immigration from Jewish communities in other regions, notably the Middle East & North Africa. Smaller Jewish communities remain in Europe in countries such as France, the UK, and Germany, and in other countries which were hotspots for Jewish migration in the twentieth century, such as Canada and Argentina.

  2. Countries with the largest Jewish population in 2010

    • statista.com
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    Statista, Countries with the largest Jewish population in 2010 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/374669/countries-with-the-largest-jewish-population/
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    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Time period covered
    2010
    Area covered
    Worldwide
    Description

    This statistic shows the top 25 countries in the world with the largest number of Jewish population in 2010. In 2010, there were living about 5.7 million Jews in the United States.

  3. Historical Jewish population by region 1170-1995

    • statista.com
    Updated Jan 1, 2001
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    Statista (2001). Historical Jewish population by region 1170-1995 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1357607/historical-jewish-population/
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    Dataset updated
    Jan 1, 2001
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Area covered
    Worldwide
    Description

    The world's Jewish population has had a complex and tumultuous history over the past millennia, regularly dealing with persecution, pogroms, and even genocide. The legacy of expulsion and persecution of Jews, including bans on land ownership, meant that Jewish communities disproportionately lived in urban areas, working as artisans or traders, and often lived in their own settlements separate to the rest of the urban population. This separation contributed to the impression that events such as pandemics, famines, or economic shocks did not affect Jews as much as other populations, and such factors came to form the basis of the mistrust and stereotypes of wealth (characterized as greed) that have made up anti-Semitic rhetoric for centuries. Development since the Middle Ages The concentration of Jewish populations across the world has shifted across different centuries. In the Middle Ages, the largest Jewish populations were found in Palestine and the wider Levant region, with other sizeable populations in present-day France, Italy, and Spain. Later, however, the Jewish disapora became increasingly concentrated in Eastern Europe after waves of pogroms in the west saw Jewish communities move eastward. Poland in particular was often considered a refuge for Jews from the late-Middle Ages until the 18th century, when it was then partitioned between Austria, Prussia, and Russia, and persecution increased. Push factors such as major pogroms in the Russian Empire in the 19th century and growing oppression in the west during the interwar period then saw many Jews migrate to the United States in search of opportunity.

  4. Pew Survey of U.S. Jews 2013 - Respondent Component

    • thearda.com
    Updated 2013
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    Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (2013). Pew Survey of U.S. Jews 2013 - Respondent Component [Dataset]. http://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/3QYE6
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    Dataset updated
    2013
    Dataset provided by
    Association of Religion Data Archives
    Authors
    Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life
    Dataset funded by
    Pew Research Centerhttp://pewresearch.org/
    The Pew Charitable Trusts
    The Neubauer Family Foundation
    Description

    The Pew Research Center Survey of U.S. Jews 2013, is a comprehensive national survey of the Jewish population. The survey explores attitudes, beliefs, practices and experiences of Jews living in the United States. There are two datasets, a respondent dataset (where there is one row per respondent) and a household dataset (where there is one row per person in the sampled households). The respondent dataset includes all of the information collected as part of the survey. The household dataset is a reshaped version of the respondent dataset that includes a limited number of variables describing the demographic characteristics and Jewish status of all of the people in the surveyed households.

  5. Annual Survey of American Jewish Opinion, 2001

    • archive.ciser.cornell.edu
    Updated Feb 3, 2020
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    American Jewish Committee (2020). Annual Survey of American Jewish Opinion, 2001 [Dataset]. http://doi.org/10.6077/hm50-3k56
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    Dataset updated
    Feb 3, 2020
    Dataset authored and provided by
    American Jewish Committeehttp://ajc.org/
    Variables measured
    Individual
    Description

    Among the topics covered in the present survey are the consequences of the September 11 terrorist attack on the United States, the Israel-Arab peace process, the attachment of American Jews to Israel, political and social issues in the United States, Jewish perceptions of anti-Semitism, Jewish opinion about various countries, and Jewish identity concerns. Some of the questions appearing in the survey are new; others are drawn from previous American Jewish Committee surveys, including the Annual Surveys of American Jewish Opinion carried out in 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000. The 2001 survey was conducted for the American Jewish Committee by Market Facts, Inc., a leading survey-research organization. Respondents were interviewed by telephone during November 19 - December 4, 2001; no interviewing took place on the Sabbath. The sample consisted of 1,015 self-identified Jewish respondents selected from the Market Facts consumer mail panel. The respondents are demographically representative of the United States adult Jewish population on a variety of measures. (AJC 3/4/2015)

    Please Note: This dataset is part of the historical CISER Data Archive Collection and is also available at the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research at https://doi.org/10.25940/ROPER-31094162. We highly recommend using the Roper Center version as they may make this dataset available in multiple data formats in the future.

  6. Annual Survey of American Jewish Opinion, 2000

    • archive.ciser.cornell.edu
    Updated Jan 7, 2020
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    American Jewish Committee (2020). Annual Survey of American Jewish Opinion, 2000 [Dataset]. http://doi.org/10.6077/pvr8-tw74
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    Dataset updated
    Jan 7, 2020
    Dataset authored and provided by
    American Jewish Committeehttp://ajc.org/
    Variables measured
    Individual
    Description

    The data reported here are from the 2000 Annual Survey of American Jewish Opinion, sponsored by the American Jewish Committee, detailing the views of American Jews about a broad range of subjects. Among the topics covered in the present survey are the Israel-Arab peace process, the attachment of American Jews to Israel, political and social issues in the United States, Jewish perceptions of anti-Semitism, Jewish opinion about various countries, and Jewish identity concerns. Some of the questions appearing in the survey are new; others are drawn from previous American Jewish Committee surveys, including the 1997, 1998, and 1999 Annual Surveys of American Jewish Opinion. The 2000 survey was conducted for the American Jewish Committee by Market Facts, Inc., a leading survey-research organization. Respondents were interviewed by telephone during September 14-28, 2000; no interviewing took place on the Sabbath. The sample consisted of 1,010 self-identified Jewish respondents selected from the Market Facts consumer mail panel. The respondents are demographically representative of the United States adult Jewish population on a variety of measures. (AJC 3/4/2015).

    Please Note: This dataset is part of the historical CISER Data Archive Collection and is also available at the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research at https://doi.org/10.25940/ROPER-31094161. We highly recommend using the Roper Center version as they may make this dataset available in multiple data formats in the future.

  7. Pew Survey of U.S. Jews 2013 - Household Component

    • thearda.com
    Updated 2013
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    Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (2013). Pew Survey of U.S. Jews 2013 - Household Component [Dataset]. http://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/8VDFU
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    Dataset updated
    2013
    Dataset provided by
    Association of Religion Data Archives
    Authors
    Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life
    Dataset funded by
    The Neubauer Family Foundation
    The Pew Charitable Trusts
    Pew Research Centerhttp://pewresearch.org/
    Description

    The Pew Research Center Survey of U.S. Jews 2013 is a comprehensive national survey of the Jewish population. The survey explores attitudes, beliefs, practices and experiences of Jews living in the United States. There are two datasets, a respondent dataset (where there is one row per respondent) and a household dataset (where there is one row per person in the sampled households). The respondent dataset includes all of the information collected as part of the survey. The household dataset is a reshaped version of the respondent dataset that includes a limited number of variables describing the demographic characteristics and Jewish status of all of the people in the surveyed households.

  8. Annual Survey of American Jewish Opinion, 2003

    • archive.ciser.cornell.edu
    Updated Jan 9, 2020
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    American Jewish Committee (2020). Annual Survey of American Jewish Opinion, 2003 [Dataset]. http://doi.org/10.6077/6e8r-ed87
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    Dataset updated
    Jan 9, 2020
    Dataset authored and provided by
    American Jewish Committeehttp://ajc.org/
    Variables measured
    Individual
    Description

    Among the topics covered are the war against terrorism and Iraq; the Israel-Arab conflict; the attachment of American Jews to Israel; transatlantic relations; political and social issues in the United States; Jewish perceptions of anti-Semitism; and Jewish identity concerns. Some of the questions appearing in the survey are new, others are drawn from previous AJC surveys conducted annually since 1997. The 2003 survey was conducted for AJC by Market Facts, a leading survey-research organization. Respondents were interviewed by telephone between November 25 and December 11. The sample consisted of 1,000 self-identifying Jewish respondents selected from the Market Facts consumer mail panel. The respondents are demographically representative of the U.S. adult Jewish population on a variety of measures. (AJC 3/4/2015)

    Please Note: This dataset is part of the historical CISER Data Archive Collection and is also available at the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research at https://doi.org/10.25940/ROPER-31094163. We highly recommend using the Roper Center version as they may make this dataset available in multiple data formats in the future.

  9. Denominational affiliation of Jews in the U.S. in January 2017

    • statista.com
    Updated Sep 15, 2017
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    Statista (2017). Denominational affiliation of Jews in the U.S. in January 2017 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/225909/denominational-affiliation-of-jews-in-the-united-states/
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    Dataset updated
    Sep 15, 2017
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Time period covered
    Jan 6, 2016 - Jan 10, 2017
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    This statistic shows the denominational affiliation of Jewish community members in the United States, as of January 2017. 28 percent of Jews identified with the Reform movement while 29 percent considered themselves to be "just Jewish"

  10. Share of world's Jewish population in Europe 1170-1995

    • statista.com
    Updated Jan 1, 2001
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    Statista (2001). Share of world's Jewish population in Europe 1170-1995 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1396700/share-world-jewish-pop-europe-eastern-europe-historical/
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    Dataset updated
    Jan 1, 2001
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Area covered
    World
    Description

    Throughout history, the displacement and migration of Jewish populations has been a repeating theme. In ancient times, the worlds Jewish population was concentrated in the Middle East, especially around Judaism's spiritual homeland in present-day Israel. However, the population distribution of the world's Jewry began to shift in the Middle Ages, with an increasing share living in Europe. Initially, Western Europe (particularly France, Italy, and Spain) had the largest Jewish populations, before they then migrated eastward in later centuries. Between the 18th and mid-20th centuries, over half of the worl'd Jews lived in Europe, with over 80 percent of these living in Eastern Europe.

    Poland had become a refuge for Jews fleeing persecution in the Middle Ages, although shifting borders and foreign influence meant that long-term security was never fully attained, and a series of pogroms in the Russian Empire in the 1800s, and rising anti-Semitism in Central Europe in the early-1900s contributred to waves of migration to the United States and Israel during this time. After the Holocaust saw the genocide of up to six million Jews (over one third of the world's Jewish population), the share of Jews living in Europe dropped drastically, and emmigration outside of Europe increased. Today, the United States has the world's largest Jewish population in the world at around 7.3 million people, just ahead of Israel with 7.1 million.

  11. i

    Grant Giving Statistics for Jewish Community Centers Assoc Of North America

    • instrumentl.com
    Updated Mar 27, 2021
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    (2021). Grant Giving Statistics for Jewish Community Centers Assoc Of North America [Dataset]. https://www.instrumentl.com/990-report/jewish-community-centers-association-on-north-america
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    Dataset updated
    Mar 27, 2021
    Area covered
    North America
    Variables measured
    Total Assets, Total Giving, Average Grant Amount
    Description

    Financial overview and grant giving statistics of Jewish Community Centers Assoc Of North America

  12. Share of Americans who say that certain anti-Jewish stereotypes are true...

    • statista.com
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    Statista, Share of Americans who say that certain anti-Jewish stereotypes are true U.S. 2022 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1396577/us-belief-in-anti-jewish-stereotypes/
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    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Time period covered
    Sep 2022 - Oct 2022
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    According to a survey conducted in 2022, ** percent of Americans said that it was mostly or somewhat true that Jews stick together more than other Americans in the United States. ** percent also agreed that it was mostly or somewhat true that Jews in business go out of their way to hire other Jews.

  13. N

    Israeli Population Distribution Data - Walton County, FL Cities (2019-2023)

    • neilsberg.com
    csv, json
    Updated Oct 1, 2025
    + more versions
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    Neilsberg Research (2025). Israeli Population Distribution Data - Walton County, FL Cities (2019-2023) [Dataset]. https://www.neilsberg.com/insights/lists/israeli-population-in-walton-county-fl-by-city/
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    csv, jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Oct 1, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Neilsberg Research
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Area covered
    Walton County, Florida
    Variables measured
    Israeli Population Count, Israeli Population Percentage, Israeli Population Share of Walton County
    Measurement technique
    To measure the rank and respective trends, we initially gathered data from the five most recent American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates. We then analyzed and categorized the data for each of the origins / ancestries identified by the U.S. Census Bureau. It is possible that a small population exists but was not reported or captured due to limitations or variations in Census data collection and reporting. We ensured that the population estimates used in this dataset pertain exclusively to the identified origins / ancestries and do not rely on any ethnicity classification, unless explicitly required. For further information regarding these estimates, please feel free to reach out to us via email at research@neilsberg.com.
    Dataset funded by
    Neilsberg Research
    Description
    About this dataset

    Context

    This list ranks the 3 cities in the Walton County, FL by Israeli population, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau. It also highlights population changes in each city over the past five years.

    Content

    When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 5-Year Estimates, including:

    • 2019-2023 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
    • 2014-2018 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
    • 2009-2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

    Variables / Data Columns

    • Rank by Israeli Population: This column displays the rank of city in the Walton County, FL by their Israeli population, using the most recent ACS data available.
    • City: The City for which the rank is shown in the previous column.
    • Israeli Population: The Israeli population of the city is shown in this column.
    • % of Total City Population: This shows what percentage of the total city population identifies as Israeli. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
    • % of Total Walton County Israeli Population: This tells us how much of the entire Walton County, FL Israeli population lives in that city. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.
    • 5 Year Rank Trend: This column displays the rank trend across the last 5 years.

    Good to know

    Margin of Error

    Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

    Custom data

    If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

    Inspiration

    Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

  14. i

    Grant Giving Statistics for Society of American Friends of the Jewish...

    • instrumentl.com
    Updated Jul 10, 2021
    + more versions
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    (2021). Grant Giving Statistics for Society of American Friends of the Jewish Community Vienna [Dataset]. https://www.instrumentl.com/990-report/society-of-american-friends-of-thejewish-community-vienna
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    Dataset updated
    Jul 10, 2021
    Variables measured
    Total Assets, Total Giving, Average Grant Amount
    Description

    Financial overview and grant giving statistics of Society of American Friends of the Jewish Community Vienna

  15. Israel's Jewish population by country of origin 1995

    • statista.com
    Updated Jul 23, 2023
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    Statista (2023). Israel's Jewish population by country of origin 1995 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1396717/israel-jewish-pop-country-origin-historical/
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    Dataset updated
    Jul 23, 2023
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Area covered
    Israel
    Description

    In 1995, Israel had a Jewish population of approximately 4.5 million people, of whom approximately 1.75 million were born abroad. Over one million of these immigrants were born in Europe, with over 650,000 of these born in the former Soviet Union. Despite Poland having the largest Jewish population in the world in the pre-WWII years, the number of Polish Jewish migrants and descendents in Israel was relatively small in 1995 when compared to the USSR due to the impact of the Holocaust.

    Outside of Europe, Morocco had the largest number of Jewish immigrants and descendents in Israel by 1995. Morocco had the largest Jewish population in the Muslim world when Israel was founded in 1948, with over 250,000 people. Many Moroccan Jews sought to emigrate to Israel at this time, but often faced resistance from authorities and local populations who believed the Jews would join in the fight against the Arab forces seeking to establish a Muslim state in Palestine. The government of Morocco then officially prohibited emigration to Israel after gaining independence from France in 1956, however this policy was reversed in 1961 whereby the Moroccan government began facilitating Jewish emigration to Israel in return for payments from Jewish organizations in the U.S. and Israel. By the 1970s, Morocco's Jewish population had fallen to less than 15 percent of its size in 1948.

  16. t

    The 2000 American Rabbi Study

    • thearda.com
    Updated May 17, 2010
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    Paul A. Djupe (2010). The 2000 American Rabbi Study [Dataset]. http://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/48PQV
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    Dataset updated
    May 17, 2010
    Dataset provided by
    The Association of Religion Data Archives
    Authors
    Paul A. Djupe
    Dataset funded by
    Denison University Research Foundation
    Association for the Sociology of Religion
    Description

    The data result from a mail survey of rabbis conducted in the fall and winter of 2000 in the four major movements of American Judaism- Conservative, Orthodox, Reconstructionist, and Reform. The first wave was sent two days before the presidential election. The data collection effort loosely paralleled the 2000 Cooperative Clergy Study format but differed in several important respects to capture concerns important to the Jewish community. The survey effort collected data on rabbi political activism, public political speech, political attitudes and electoral choices, thoughts on the role of religion in society, attitudes on issues related to Jewish unity and Jewish law, ratings of and membership in Jewish and secular political organizations, attitudes about Joseph Lieberman, and personal attributes, as well as aspects of congregations.

  17. t

    ISPU American Muslim Poll, 2020

    • thearda.com
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    The Association of Religion Data Archives, ISPU American Muslim Poll, 2020 [Dataset]. http://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VW874
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    Dataset provided by
    The Association of Religion Data Archives
    Area covered
    United States
    Dataset funded by
    Institute for Social Policy and Understandinghttps://www.ispu.org/
    Description

    SSRS conducted a survey of Muslims, Jews, and the general population for the "https://www.ispu.org/" Target="_blank">Institute for Social Policy and Understanding from March 17 through April 22, 2020. The study investigated the opinions of Muslims, Jews, and the general population regarding politics, important issues facing the country, faith customs, and religious discrimination.

    For the survey, SSRS interviewed 801 Muslim respondents, 351 Jewish respondents, and 1,015 general population adult respondents. A total of 2,167 respondents were surveyed.

  18. i

    Grant Giving Statistics for American Friends of the Kiev Jewish Community

    • instrumentl.com
    Updated Mar 27, 2021
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    (2021). Grant Giving Statistics for American Friends of the Kiev Jewish Community [Dataset]. https://www.instrumentl.com/990-report/american-friends-of-the-kiev-jewish-community
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    Dataset updated
    Mar 27, 2021
    Area covered
    United States, Kyiv
    Variables measured
    Total Assets, Total Giving, Average Grant Amount
    Description

    Financial overview and grant giving statistics of American Friends of the Kiev Jewish Community

  19. i

    Grant Giving Statistics for American Friends of the Jewish Community of...

    • instrumentl.com
    Updated Aug 12, 2021
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    (2021). Grant Giving Statistics for American Friends of the Jewish Community of Beijing Inc. [Dataset]. https://www.instrumentl.com/990-report/american-friends-of-the-jewish-community
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    Dataset updated
    Aug 12, 2021
    Area covered
    Beijing, United States
    Variables measured
    Total Assets, Total Giving
    Description

    Financial overview and grant giving statistics of American Friends of the Jewish Community of Beijing Inc.

  20. Data from: Updating the debate on the Jewish populations in North Africa

    • scielo.figshare.com
    jpeg
    Updated May 30, 2023
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    Marcio Teixeira-Bastos (2023). Updating the debate on the Jewish populations in North Africa [Dataset]. http://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.9697334.v1
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    jpegAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    May 30, 2023
    Dataset provided by
    SciELOhttp://www.scielo.org/
    Authors
    Marcio Teixeira-Bastos
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Area covered
    Africa, North Africa
    Description

    ABSTRACT This paper analyses the debate on North African Jews and seeks to articulate the discussions and critiques with the model of cultural assimilation and ancient Roman historiographical understanding, reproduced by classical and post-classical humanist thought. It claims that focus on regional context reveals ambiguities and uncertainties inherent to the processes of domination and enables a variety of associations for cultural identities formation. After the Phoenician and Roman colonization periods, hypogea and catacombs became equally conventional methods for burial of the dead in specific areas of North Africa. Knowledge on funerary practices and ideas of death rituals allow us to address cultural dynamics in the Roman world and to interpret artefacts within a structure through which individuals relate to each other, acquire their understandings, establish their associations and their differences as well. Roman religion was based in correct practice and execution of rites, orthopraxy, and North African Jews have marked their own tombs in a way that would simultaneously index resemblances with neighbour social groups as well as onomastic or symbolic differences.

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Statista (2023). Jewish population by country 2022 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1351079/jewish-pop-by-country/
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Jewish population by country 2022

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4 scholarly articles cite this dataset (View in Google Scholar)
Dataset updated
Oct 15, 2023
Dataset authored and provided by
Statistahttp://statista.com/
Time period covered
2022
Area covered
Worldwide
Description

The two countries with the greatest shares of the world's Jewish population are the United States and Israel. The United States had been a hub of Jewish immigration since the nineteenth century, as Jewish people sought to escape persecution in Europe by emigrating across the Atlantic. The Jewish population in the U.S. is largely congregated in major urban areas, such as New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, with the New York metropolitan area being the city with the second largest Jewish population worldwide, after Tel Aviv, Israel. Israel is the world's only officially Jewish state, having been founded in 1948 following the first Arab-Israeli War. While Jews had been emigrating to the holy lands since the nineteenth century, when they were controlled by the Ottoman Empire, immigration increased rapidly following the establishment of the state of Israel. Jewish communities in Eastern Europe who had survived the Holocaust saw Israel as a haven from persecution, while the state encouraged immigration from Jewish communities in other regions, notably the Middle East & North Africa. Smaller Jewish communities remain in Europe in countries such as France, the UK, and Germany, and in other countries which were hotspots for Jewish migration in the twentieth century, such as Canada and Argentina.

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