As of August 2020, the S&P 500 index had lost 34 percent of its value due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the Great Crash, which began with Black Tuesday, remains the most significant loss in value in its history. That market crash lasted for 300 months and wiped 86 percent off the index value.

This paper utilizes data on subjective probabilities to study the impact of the stock market crash of 2008 on households' expectations about the returns on the stock market index. We use data from the Health and Retirement Study that was fielded in February 2008 through February 2009. The effect of the crash is identified from the date of the interview, which is shown to be exogenous to previous stock market expectations. We estimate the effect of the crash on the population average of expected returns, the population average of the uncertainty about returns (subjective standard deviation), and the cross-sectional heterogeneity in expected returns (disagreement). We show estimates from simple reduced-form regressions on probability answers as well as from a more structural model that focuses on the parameters of interest and separates survey noise from relevant heterogeneity. We find a temporary increase in the population average of expectations and uncertainty right after the crash. The effect on cross-sectional heterogeneity is more significant and longer lasting, which implies substantial long-term increase in disagreement. The increase in disagreement is larger among the stockholders, the more informed, and those with higher cognitive capacity, and disagreement co-moves with trading volume and volatility in the market.

Throughout the 1920s, prices on the U.S. stock exchange rose exponentially, however, by the end of the decade, uncontrolled growth and a stock market propped up by speculation and borrowed money proved unsustainable, resulting in the Wall Street Crash of October 1929. This set a chain of events in motion that led to economic collapse - banks demanded repayment of debts, the property market crashed, and people stopped spending as unemployment rose. Within a year the country was in the midst of an economic depression, and the economy continued on a downward trend until late-1932.

It was during this time where Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) was elected president, and he assumed office in March 1933 - through a series of economic reforms and New Deal policies, the economy began to recover. Stock prices fluctuated at more sustainable levels over the next decades, and developments were in line with overall economic development, rather than the uncontrolled growth seen in the 1920s. Overall, it took over 25 years for the Dow Jones value to reach its pre-Crash peak.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) index dropped around 8,000 points in the four weeks from February 12 to March 11, 2020, but has since recovered and peaked at 44,910.65 points as of November 24, 2024. In February 2020 - just prior to the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the DJIA index stood at a little over 29,000 points. U.S. markets suffer as virus spreads The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a turbulent period for stock markets – the S&P 500 and Nasdaq Composite also recorded dramatic drops. At the start of February, some analysts remained optimistic that the outbreak would ease. However, the increased spread of the virus started to hit investor confidence, prompting a record plunge in the stock markets. The Dow dropped by more than 3,500 points in the week from February 21 to February 28, which was a fall of 12.4 percent – its worst percentage loss in a week since October 2008. Stock markets offer valuable economic insights The Dow Jones Industrial Average is a stock market index that monitors the share prices of the 30 largest companies in the United States. By studying the performance of the listed companies, analysts can gauge the strength of the domestic economy. If investors are confident in a company’s future, they will buy its stocks. The uncertainty of the coronavirus sparked fears of an economic crisis, and many traders decided that investment during the pandemic was too risky.

In 2024, 62 percent of adults in the United States invested in the stock market. This figure has remained steady over the last few years, and is still below the levels before the Great Recession, when it peaked in 2007 at 65 percent. What is the stock market? The stock market can be defined as a group of stock exchanges, where investors can buy shares in a publicly traded company. In more recent years, it is estimated an increasing number of Americans are using neobrokers, making stock trading more accessible to investors. Other investments A significant number of people think stocks and bonds are the safest investments, while others point to real estate, gold, bonds, or a savings account. Since witnessing the significant one-day losses in the stock market during the Financial Crisis, many investors were turning towards these alternatives in hopes for more stability, particularly for investments with longer maturities. This could explain the decrease in this statistic since 2007. Nevertheless, some speculators enjoy chasing the short-run fluctuations, and others see value in choosing particular stocks.

The Long Depression was, by a large margin, the longest-lasting recession in U.S. history. It began in the U.S. with the Panic of 1873, and lasted for over five years. This depression was the largest in a series of recessions at the turn of the 20th century, which proved to be a period of overall stagnation as the U.S. financial markets failed to keep pace with industrialization and changes in monetary policy. Great Depression The Great Depression, however, is widely considered to have been the most severe recession in U.S. history. Following the Wall Street Crash in 1929, the country's economy collapsed, wages fell and a quarter of the workforce was unemployed. It would take almost four years for recovery to begin. Additionally, U.S. expansion and integration in international markets allowed the depression to become a global event, which became a major catalyst in the build up to the Second World War. Decreasing severity When comparing recessions before and after the Great Depression, they have generally become shorter and less frequent over time. Only three recessions in the latter period have lasted more than one year. Additionally, while there were 12 recessions between 1880 and 1920, there were only six recessions between 1980 and 2020. The most severe recession in recent years was the financial crisis of 2007 (known as the Great Recession), where irresponsible lending policies and lack of government regulation allowed for a property bubble to develop and become detached from the economy over time, this eventually became untenable and the bubble burst. Although the causes of both the Great Depression and Great Recession were similar in many aspects, economists have been able to use historical evidence to try and predict, prevent, or limit the impact of future recessions.

Long term historical dataset of the NASDAQ Composite stock market index since 1971. Historical data is inflation-adjusted using the headline CPI and each data point represents the month-end closing value. The current month is updated on an hourly basis with today's latest value.

The main stock market index in China (SHANGHAI) increased 22 points or 0.66% since the beginning of 2025, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from China. China Shanghai Composite Stock Market Index - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.

The Federal National Mortgage Association, commonly known as Fannie Mae, was created by the U.S. congress in 1938, in order to maintain liquidity and stability in the domestic mortgage market. The company is a government-sponsored enterprise (GSE), meaning that while it was a publicly traded company for most of its history, it was still supported by the federal government. While there is no legally binding guarantee of shares in GSEs or their securities, it is generally acknowledged that the U.S. government is highly unlikely to let these enterprises fail. Due to these implicit guarantees, GSEs are able to access financing at a reduced cost of interest. Fannie Mae's main activity is the purchasing of mortgage loans from their originators (banks, mortgage brokers etc.) and packaging them into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) in order to ease the access of U.S. homebuyers to housing credit. The early 2000s U.S. mortgage finance boom During the early 2000s, Fannie Mae was swept up in the U.S. housing boom which eventually led to the financial crisis of 2007-2008. The association's stated goal of increasing access of lower income families to housing finance coalesced with the interests of private mortgage lenders and Wall Street investment banks, who had become heavily reliant on the housing market to drive profits. Private lenders had begun to offer riskier mortgage loans in the early 2000s due to low interest rates in the wake of the "Dot Com" crash and their need to maintain profits through increasing the volume of loans on their books. The securitized products created by these private lenders did not maintain the standards which had traditionally been upheld by GSEs. Due to their market share being eaten into by private firms, however, the GSEs involved in the mortgage markets began to also lower their standards, resulting in a 'race to the bottom'. The fall of Fannie Mae The lowering of lending standards was a key factor in creating the housing bubble, as mortgages were now being offered to borrowers with little or no ability to repay the loans. Combined with fraudulent practices from credit ratings agencies, who rated the junk securities created from these mortgage loans as being of the highest standard, this led directly to the financial panic that erupted on Wall Street beginning in 2007. As the U.S. economy slowed down in 2006, mortgage delinquency rates began to spike. Fannie Mae's losses in the mortgage security market in 2006 and 2007, along with the losses of the related GSE 'Freddie Mac', had caused its share value to plummet, stoking fears that it may collapse. On September 7th 2008, Fannie Mae was taken into government conservatorship along with Freddie Mac, with their stocks being delisted from stock exchanges in 2010. This act was seen as an unprecedented direct intervention into the economy by the U.S. government, and a symbol of how far the U.S. housing market had fallen.

This study examines the market return spillovers from the US market to 10 Asia-Pacific stock markets, accounting for approximately 91 per cent of the region’s GDP from 1991 to 2022. Our findings indicate an increased return spillover from the US stock market to the Asia-Pacific stock market over time, particularly after major global events such as the 1997 Asian and the 2008 global financial crises, the 2015 China stock market crash, and the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2008 global financial crisis had the most substantial impact on these events. In addition, the findings also indicate that US economic policy uncertainty and US geopolitical risk significantly affect spillovers from the US to the Asia-Pacific markets. In contrast, the geopolitical risk of Asia-Pacific countries reduces these spillovers. The study also highlights the significant impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) on these spillovers. Given the increasing integration of global financial markets, the findings of this research are expected to provide valuable policy implications for investors and policymakers.

Total trades executed and mini flash crashes during Control Period 1.

In the first quarter of 2020, global stock indices posted substantial losses that were triggered by the outbreak of COVID-19. The period from March 6 to 18 was particularly dramatic, with several stock indices losing more than 20 percent of their value.

Worldwide panic hits markets From the United States to the United Kingdom, stock market indices suffered steep falls as the coronavirus pandemic created economic uncertainty. The Nasdaq 100 and S&P 500 are two indices that track company performance in the United States, and both lost value as lockdowns were introduced in the country. European markets also recorded significant slumps, which triggered panic selling among investors. The FTSE 100 – the leading share index of companies in the UK – plunged by as much as 21 percent in the opening weeks of March 2020.

Is it time to invest in tech stocks? The S&P 500 is regarded as the best representation of the U.S. economy because it includes more companies from the leading industries. However, helped in no small part by its focus on tech companies, the Nasdaq 100 has risen in popularity and seen remarkable growth in recent years. Global demand for digital technologies has increased further due to the coronavirus, with remote working and online shopping becoming part of the new normal. As a result, more investors are likely to switch to the tech stocks listed on the Nasdaq 100.

The report on North America Crash Carts covers a summarized study of several factors supporting market growth, such as market size, market type, major regions, and end-user applications. The report enables customers to recognize key drivers that influence and govern the market.

The main stock market index in Japan (JP225) decreased 2147 points or 5.38% since the beginning of 2025, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Japan. Japan Stock Market Index (JP225) - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.

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Automotive Crash Test Dummies Market Size 2025-2029

The automotive crash test dummies market size is forecast to increase by USD 17.2 million at a CAGR of 2.9% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing emphasis on vehicle safety and stringent regulations. One of the key trends driving market growth is the rising demand for moving dummies used in pedestrian protection systems. Additionally, the popularity of crash test simulators is increasing, allowing for more accurate and efficient testing. With the evolving designs of vehicles, including autonomous vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs), enhanced safety standards are becoming increasingly important to address the unique risks associated with these new technologies. 
These advancements enable automakers to develop safer vehicles, thereby catering to the evolving consumer preference for enhanced safety features. Furthermore, the need for crash and safety testing is becoming increasingly crucial, as governments and regulatory bodies continue to implement stricter safety standards. Overall, the market is poised for strong growth In the coming years.

What will be the Size of the Automotive Crash Test Dummies Market During the Forecast Period?

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The automotive industry's relentless pursuit of enhancing vehicle safety has led to the development and refinement of advanced safety systems. Central to this endeavor are human surrogate models, commonly known as crash test dummies. These life-sized figurines play a crucial role in assessing injury risk during vehicle impacts, ensuring the structural integrity of automobiles, and validating the effectiveness of safety features such as crumple zones, airbags, and seat belts. Crash test dummies also referred to as anthropomorphic models, are designed to replicate the human body's anatomy and physiology.
These models are meticulously engineered to simulate the biomechanical response of the human body during various crash scenarios. By subjecting these dummies to controlled vehicle impacts, engineers can evaluate the performance of vehicle safety systems under diverse conditions. The importance of crash test dummies extends beyond the automotive sector. Injury risk assessment in aerospace occupant protection and pedestrian safety testing also relies on these human surrogate models. The data obtained from crashworthiness testing provides invaluable insights into the effectiveness of safety features and helps manufacturers optimize their designs to minimize injury risk. Crash test dummies are integral components of safety testing procedures. They are equipped with sensors, including accelerometers, to measure the forces experienced during collisions.

How is this Automotive Crash Test Dummies Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Product

  Male crash test dummy
  Female crash test dummy
  Child crash test dummy


Application

  Passenger vehicle
  Commercial vehicle


Type

  Frontal Impact Testing
  Side Impact Testing
  Rear Impact Testing
  Pedestrian Impact Testing


End-user Industry

  Automotive Manufacturers
  Government & Regulatory Agencies and Research
  Testing Centers


Geography

  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    UK


  North America

    US
    Canada


  APAC

    China
    Hong Kong
    India
    Japan


  South America



  Middle East and Africa

By Product Insights

The male crash test dummy segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. Crash testing In the automotive industry has been influenced by military vehicle and aerospace occupant protection research. Initially, standard crash test dummies were modeled after male physiques. However, due to the rising average male weight globally, manufacturers like Humanetics have responded by creating diverse male crash test dummies with varying body structures. These dummies are essential for various crash tests, including frontal, side-impact, rear-impact, rollover, and pedestrian impact tests. Each dummy can be utilized in multiple crash tests. Given their frequent usage in various tests, the demand for replacing male crash test dummies is higher than other types.

Crumple zones, airbags, seat belts, and sensors are integral components of these dummies, ensuring structural integrity during testing. Pedestrian safety testing is another critical application of crash test dummies, which helps assess the safety of vehicles for vulnerable road users.

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The male crash test dummy segment was valued at USD 78.30 million in 2019 and

As of January 29, 2025, the FTSE index stood at 8,557.81 points - well above its average value of around 7,500 points in the past few years.On the 12th of March 2020, amid the escalating crisis surrounding the coronavirus and fears of a global recession, the FTSE 100 suffered the second largest one day crash in its history and the biggest since the 1987 market crash. On the 23rd of March, the FTSE index saw its lowest value this year to date at 4,993.89 but has since began a tentative recovery. With the continuation of the pandemic, the FTSE 100 index was making a tentative recovery between late March 2020 and early June 2020. Since then the FSTE 100 index had plateaued towards the end of July, before starting a tentative upward trend in November. FTSE 100 The Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index, otherwise known as the FTSE 100 Index is a share index of the 100 largest companies trading on the London Stock Exchange in terms of market capitalization. At the end of March 2024, the largest company trading on the LSE was Shell. The largest ever initial public offering (IPO) on the LSE was Glencore International plc. European stock exchanges While nearly every country in Europe has a stock exchange, only five are considered major, and have a market capital of over one trillion U.S dollars. European stock exchanges make up two of the top ten major stock markets in the world. Europe’s biggest stock exchange is the Euronext which combines seven markets based in Belgium, France, England, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal.

The global crashworthy seats market is projected to reach a value of XXX million by 2033, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the forecast period. The demand for crashworthy seats is being driven by the increasing number of vehicle accidents, government regulations, and consumer awareness. Crashworthy seats are designed to protect occupants in the event of a crash by absorbing impact energy and distributing it over a larger area of the body. They are typically made of high-strength materials and feature energy-absorbing cushioning and padding. The market is expected to grow in the coming years as the number of vehicles on the road continues to increase and governments around the world implement stricter safety regulations. North America and Europe are the largest markets for crashworthy seats, followed by Asia-Pacific. The United States is the largest market in North America, and China is the largest market in Asia-Pacific. The market is expected to grow in all regions over the forecast period, with the fastest growth expected in Asia-Pacific. This growth will be driven by the increasing demand for vehicles in developing countries in the region. Key players in the crashworthy seats market include ArmorWorks Enterprises, LLC (U.S.A.), BAE Systems Mobility & Protection Systems (U.S.A.), BAE Systems Security & Survivability Systems (U.S.A.), Fischer Seats (Rockwell Collins) (Germany), Martin-Baker Aircraft Co. Ltd. (U.K.), and OMA SUD Sky Technologies Spa (Italy).

The main stock market index in Russia (MOEX) increased 264 points or 9.16% since the beginning of 2025, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Russia. Russia Stock Market Index MOEX CFD - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.

Market Overview:

The United States road safety market size is projected to exhibit a growth rate (CAGR) of 3.33% during 2024-2032. The high traffic volume, rising concerns about distracted driving, rapid technological advancements, the increasing environmental concerns, and the implementation of road safety campaigns and public awareness initiatives represent some of the key factors driving the market.

Report Attribute	Key Statistics
Base Year	2023
Forecast Years	2024-2032
Historical Years	2018-2023
Market Growth Rate (2024-2032)	3.33%

Road safety refers to the measures and practices put in place to minimize the risk of accidents, injuries, and fatalities on our roadways. It encompasses a wide range of factors, including but not limited to, safe driving behaviors, vehicle maintenance, road infrastructure, and traffic regulations. The primary goal of road safety is to ensure that all road users, including pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, and drivers of various vehicles, can share the road safely. Key aspects of road safety include obeying speed limits, avoiding distractions while driving (such as texting or using a phone), wearing seatbelts, and adhering to traffic signals and signs. Vehicle safety features and regular maintenance checks are also crucial components. Moreover, road design and maintenance play a significant role in preventing accidents. This includes well-marked lanes, proper signage, and maintenance of road surfaces.

United States Road Safety Market Trends:

The United States has an extensive road network with a high volume of vehicles in operation. The sheer number of vehicles on the road increases the risk of accidents. This factor, coupled with the need to manage traffic efficiently and safely, drives the demand for advanced road safety technologies such as intelligent traffic management systems and automated enforcement systems. Additionally, with the proliferation of smartphones and in-car infotainment systems, distracted driving has become a significant concern. The need to curb distracted driving and promote safe driving behavior fuels the demand for solutions like hands-free communication systems, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), and driver monitoring technologies. Other than this, urbanization in the United States has led to increased congestion on city roads. To address this issue, cities are investing in smart city initiatives, which include intelligent traffic management systems, smart traffic lights, and integrated transportation solutions. These developments create opportunities for road safety technology providers. In line with this, the United States continually invests in road infrastructure development and maintenance. This includes building safer highways, bridges, and tunnels. Road safety measures, such as crash barriers and high-visibility markings, are an integral part of these projects. Furthermore, road safety campaigns and public awareness initiatives have played a critical role in reducing accidents. As society becomes more conscious of the importance of road safety, there is a greater willingness to invest in safety technologies and solutions. Moreover, the insurance industry has a vested interest in promoting road safety to reduce accident claims. Insurers often incentivize safe driving through programs like usage-based insurance (UBI), which relies on telematics data. This encourages drivers to adopt safer driving habits and invest in vehicles equipped with advanced safety features.

United States Road Safety Market Segmentation:

IMARC Group provides an analysis of the key trends in each segment of the market, along with forecasts at the country level for 2024-2032. Our report has categorized the market based on offering.

Offering Insights:

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• Solution
  • Enforcement Solution
  • ALPR or ANPR (Automatic License Plate Recognition/Automatic Number)
  • Incident Detection and Response
  • Others
• Services
  • System Integration and Deployment
  • Support and Maintenance
  • Consulting and Training
    

The report has provided a detailed breakup and analysis of the market based on the offering. This includes solution (enforcement solution, ALPR or ALPR (automatic license plate recognition/automatic number), incident detection and response, and others) and services (system integration and deployment, support and maintenance, and consulting and training).

Regional Insights:

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• Northeast
• Midwest
• South
• West
  

The report has also provided a comprehensive analysis of all the major regional markets, which include the Northeast, Midwest, South, and West.

Competitive Landscape:

The market research report has also provided a comprehensive analysis of the competitive landscape in the market. Competitive analysis such as market structure, key player positioning, top winning strategies, competitive dashboard, and company evaluation quadrant has been covered in the report. Also, detailed profiles of all major companies have been provided.

United States Road Safety Market Report Coverage:

Report Features	Details
Base Year of the Analysis	2023
Historical Period	2018-2023
Forecast Period	2024-2032
Units	US$ Million
Scope of the Report	Exploration of Historical Trends and Market Outlook, Industry Catalysts and Challenges, Segment-Wise Historical and Future Market Assessment: Offering Region
Offering Covered	Solution: Enforcement Solution, ALPR or ANPR (Automatic License Plate Recognition/Automatic Number), Incident Detection and Response, Others Services: System Integration and Deployment, Support and Maintenance, Consulting and Training
Regions Covered	Northeast, Midwest, South, West
Customization Scope	10% Free Customization
Report Price and Purchase Option	Single User License: US$ 3699 Five User License: US$ 4699 Corporate License: US$ 5699
Post-Sale Analyst Support	10-12 Weeks
Delivery Format	PDF and Excel through Email (We can also provide the editable version of the report in PPT/Word format on special request)

Key Questions Answered in This Report:

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The North America Airbag Systems Market is Segmented by Component Type (Airbag Module, Crash Sensors, Monitoring Unit, and Other Component Types), Airbag Type (Frontal Airbag, Knee Airbag, and Side & Curtain Airbag), Vehicle Type (Passenger Cars and Commercial Vehicles), Coating Type (Neoprene-Coated, Non-Coated, Silicon-Coated, and Other Coating Types), and Geography (United States, Canada, and the Rest of North America). The Report Offers the Market Size and Forecast in Value (USD) for all the Above Segments.