Solar irradiance is one of the most important factors influencing coral reefs. As a majority of their nutrients are obtained from symbiotic photosynthesizing organisms, reef-building corals need sunlight as a fundamental source of energy. Seasonally low irradiance at high latitudes may be linked to reduced growth rates in corals and may limit reef calcification to shallower depths than that observed at lower latitudes. However, high levels of irradiance can lead to light-induced damage, production of free radicals, and in combination with increased temperatures, can exacerbate coral bleaching. Irradiance is here represented by PAR (photosynthetically active radiation), which is the spectrum of light that is important for photosynthesis. This layer represents the mean of 8-day time series of PAR (mol/m2/day) from 2003-2018.
Data for PAR for the time period 2003-2018 were obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua satellite instrument from the NASA OceanColor website as 8-day 4-km composites.
The PAR long-term mean was calculated by taking the average of all 8-day data from 2003-2018 for each pixel. A quality control mask was applied to remove spurious data associated with shallow water, following Gove et al., 2013. Nearshore map pixels with no data were filled with values from the nearest neighboring valid offshore pixel by using a grid of points and the Near Analysis tool in ArcGIS then converting points to raster.
Data source: https://oceanwatch.pifsc.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/aqua_par_8d_2018_0.graph
The dataset contains satellite-derived sea-surface Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR) measurements collected by means of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor onboard the NASA Aqua satellite. The data is available at monthly (2002 - present) intervals at a spatial resolution of 0.05 degrees. The geographic coverage is global.
Solar irradiance is one of the most important factors influencing coral reefs. As a majority of their nutrients are obtained from symbiotic photosynthesizing organisms, reef-building corals need sunlight as a fundamental source of energy. Seasonally low irradiance at high latitudes may be linked to reduced growth rates in corals and may limit reef calcification to shallower depths than that observed at lower latitudes. However, high levels of irradiance can lead to light-induced damage, production of free radicals, and in combination with increased temperatures, can exacerbate coral bleaching. Irradiance is here represented by PAR (photosynthetically active radiation), which is the spectrum of light that is important for photosynthesis. This layer represents the standard deviation of the 8-day time series of PAR (mol/m2/day) from 2003-2018.
Data for PAR for the time period 2003-2018 were obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua satellite instrument from the NASA OceanColor website as 8-day 4-km composites.
The standard deviation of the long-term mean of PAR was calculated by taking the standard deviation over all 8-day data from 2003-2018 for each pixel. A quality control mask was applied to remove spurious data associated with shallow water, following Gove et al., 2013. Nearshore map pixels with no data were filled with values from the nearest neighboring valid offshore pixel by using a grid of points and the Near Analysis tool in ArcGIS then converting points to raster.
Data source: https://oceanwatch.pifsc.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/aqua_par_8d_2018_0.graph
https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-public-domainhttps://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-public-domain
Graph and download economic data for 10-Year High Quality Market (HQM) Corporate Bond Par Yield (HQMCB10YRP) from Jan 1984 to May 2025 about 10-year, bonds, yield, corporate, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.
Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) data have been collected at multiple sites in Dead Run watershed (near Woodlawn, MD) over variable periods of time since June 2012. The deployed device is a Photosynthetic Light (PAR) Smart Sensor S-LIA-M003 by Onset. The sensor measures light intensity for frequencies relevant to photosynthesis in units of µmol/m2/sec. Sensor specifications are posted at http://www.onsetcomp.com/products/sensors/s-lia-m003. Sensors are configured to collect data at a 5-minute interval. Data are stored in an Onset Microstation Data Logger H21-002 or H21-USB and downloaded manually every 60 days.
Solar irradiance is one of the most important factors influencing coral reefs. As a majority of their nutrients are obtained from symbiotic photosynthesizing organisms, reef-building corals need sunlight as a fundamental source of energy. Seasonally low irradiance at high latitudes may be linked to reduced growth rates in corals and may limit reef calcification to shallower depths than that observed at lower latitudes. However, high levels of irradiance can lead to light-induced damage, production of free radicals, and in combination with increased temperatures, can exacerbate coral bleaching. Irradiance is here represented by PAR (photosynthetically active radiation), which is the spectrum of light that is important for photosynthesis. This layer represents the maximum monthly climatological mean of PAR (mol/m2/day) from 2003-2018. Data for PAR for the time period 2003-2018 were obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua satellite instrument from the NASA OceanColor website as 8-day 4-km composites. A quality control mask was applied to remove spurious data associated with shallow water, following Gove et al., 2013. Monthly climatologies were calculated from monthly time series averaging for all same-months (e.g., January). Nearshore map pixels with no data were filled with values from the nearest neighboring valid offshore pixel by using a grid of points and the Near Analysis tool in ArcGIS then converting points to raster. Data source: https://oceanwatch.pifsc.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/aqua_par_8d_2018_0.graph
Measurements of light intensity (PAR) underwater (19 m depth) in St. John, US Virgin Islands from 2014-2017.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Par Technology reported $-21632000 in EBIT for its fiscal quarter ending in March of 2025. Data for Par Technology | PAR - Ebit including historical, tables and charts were last updated by Trading Economics this last June in 2025.
https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-public-domainhttps://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-public-domain
Graph and download economic data for 5-Year High Quality Market (HQM) Corporate Bond Par Yield (HQMCB5YRP) from Jan 1984 to May 2025 about bonds, yield, corporate, interest rate, interest, 5-year, rate, and USA.
https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/2476/licensehttps://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/2476/license
Photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) from R/V Endeavor cruises in the Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank in 1995 as part of the U.S. GLOBEC program access_formats=.htmlTable,.csv,.json,.mat,.nc,.tsv,.esriCsv,.geoJson acquisition_description=Photosynthetically Available Radiation. All profiles were taken with the same two (Biospherical Instruments, Inc. San Diego, CA) instruments: underwater unit (PUV-500) and matched deck unit (PUV-510). Last Calibration of Sensors: 15 DEC 95. awards_0_award_nid=54610 awards_0_award_number=unknown GB NSF awards_0_funder_name=National Science Foundation awards_0_funding_acronym=NSF awards_0_funding_source_nid=350 awards_0_program_manager=David L. Garrison awards_0_program_manager_nid=50534 awards_1_award_nid=54626 awards_1_award_number=unknown GB NOAA awards_1_funder_name=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration awards_1_funding_acronym=NOAA awards_1_funding_source_nid=352 cdm_data_type=Other comment=Displayed by /data5/jvankeuren/scripts/par_level1.pl, v1.00/31Mar1998 For cruise=EN259 Displayed by /data5/jvankeuren/scripts/par_level2.pl, v1.01/15May2000 File=/data5/jvankeuren/par/P1125AF.TXT Sensor Surface Response (both): Cosine inst: Biospherical Inst. PUV-500, PUV-510 Last Calibration of Sensors: 15 DEC 95 NOTES: Upcast and downcast profiles sorted separately by depth, then time. Downcast listed first. Raw values listed - no averaging. Conventions=COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3 data_source=extract_data_as_tsv version 2.3 19 Dec 2019 defaultDataQuery=&time<now doi=10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.2476.1 Easternmost_Easting=-66.287 geospatial_lat_max=42.327 geospatial_lat_min=40.52 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-66.287 geospatial_lon_min=-69.02 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east geospatial_vertical_max=64.76 geospatial_vertical_min=0.01 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=m infoUrl=https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/2476 institution=BCO-DMO instruments_0_acronym=PAR sensor instruments_0_dataset_instrument_description=Photosynthetically Available Radiation Sensors. Biospherical Inst. PUV-500, PUV-510. Last Calibration of Sensors instruments_0_dataset_instrument_nid=4195 instruments_0_description=A PAR sensor measures photosynthetically available (or active) radiation. The sensor measures photon flux density (photons per second per square meter) within the visible wavelength range (typically 400 to 700 nanometers). PAR gives an indication of the total energy available to plants for photosynthesis. This instrument name is used when specific type, make and model are not known. instruments_0_instrument_external_identifier=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/122/ instruments_0_instrument_name=Photosynthetically Available Radiation Sensor instruments_0_instrument_nid=439 instruments_0_supplied_name=Photosynthetically Available Radiation Sensors instruments_1_acronym=Radiometer instruments_1_dataset_instrument_description=underwater unit (PUV-500) and matched deck unit (PUV-510).Last Calibration of Sensors instruments_1_dataset_instrument_nid=4148 instruments_1_description=Radiometer is a generic term for a range of instruments used to measure electromagnetic radiation (radiance and irradiance) in the atmosphere or the water column. For example, this instrument category includes free-fall spectral radiometer (SPMR/SMSR System, Satlantic, Inc), profiling or deck cosine PAR units (PUV-500 and 510, Biospherical Instruments, Inc). This is a generic term used when specific type, make and model were not specified. instruments_1_instrument_external_identifier=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L05/current/122/ instruments_1_instrument_name=Radiometer instruments_1_instrument_nid=442 instruments_1_supplied_name=Radiometer metadata_source=https://www.bco-dmo.org/api/dataset/2476 Northernmost_Northing=42.327 param_mapping={'2476': {'lat': 'flag - latitude', 'depth': 'flag - depth', 'lon': 'flag - longitude'}} parameter_source=https://www.bco-dmo.org/mapserver/dataset/2476/parameters people_0_affiliation=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution people_0_affiliation_acronym=WHOI people_0_person_name=Jeff Van Keuren people_0_person_nid=50493 people_0_role=Principal Investigator people_0_role_type=originator people_1_affiliation=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution people_1_affiliation_acronym=WHOI people_1_person_name=Ms Dicky Allison people_1_person_nid=50382 people_1_role=BCO-DMO Data Manager people_1_role_type=related project=GB projects_0_acronym=GB projects_0_description=The U.S. GLOBEC Georges Bank Program is a large multi- disciplinary multi-year oceanographic effort. The proximate goal is to understand the population dynamics of key species on the Bank - Cod, Haddock, and two species of zooplankton (Calanus finmarchicus and Pseudocalanus) - in terms of their coupling to the physical environment and in terms of their predators and prey. The ultimate goal is to be able to predict changes in the distribution and abundance of these species as a result of changes in their physical and biotic environment as well as to anticipate how their populations might respond to climate change. The effort is substantial, requiring broad-scale surveys of the entire Bank, and process studies which focus both on the links between the target species and their physical environment, and the determination of fundamental aspects of these species' life history (birth rates, growth rates, death rates, etc). Equally important are the modelling efforts that are ongoing which seek to provide realistic predictions of the flow field and which utilize the life history information to produce an integrated view of the dynamics of the populations. The U.S. GLOBEC Georges Bank Executive Committee (EXCO) provides program leadership and effective communication with the funding agencies. projects_0_geolocation=Georges Bank, Gulf of Maine, Northwest Atlantic Ocean projects_0_name=U.S. GLOBEC Georges Bank projects_0_project_nid=2037 projects_0_project_website=http://globec.whoi.edu/globec_program.html projects_0_start_date=1991-01 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=40.52 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v55 subsetVariables=platform,region,year_local version=1 Westernmost_Easting=-69.02 xml_source=osprey2erddap.update_xml() v1.3
This dataset provides estimated solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) of specific vegetation types and total SIF under clear-sky and real/cloudy conditions at a resolution of 4 km for the Midwest USA. The estimates are 8-day averaged daily means over the 2018 crop growing season for the time period 2018-05-01 to 2018-09-29. SIF of a specific vegetation type (i.e., corn, soybean, grass/pasture, forest) was expressed as the product of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy (fPAR), and canopy SIF yield (SIFyield) for each vegetation type. Uncertainty of each variable was also calculated and is provided. These components of the SIF model were derived using a TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) dataset, the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service Cropland Data Layer, and the MODIS MCD15A2H 8-day 500 m fPAR product. These data could be used to improve estimates of vegetation productivity and vegetation stress.
Subscribers can find out export and import data of 23 countries by HS code or product’s name. This demo is helpful for market analysis.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Par Technology - 현재 값, 이력 데이터, 예측, 통계, 차트 및 경제 달력 - Jun 2025.Data for Par Technology including historical, tables and charts were last updated by Trading Economics this last June in 2025.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Par Technology - ارزش های فعلی، داده های تاریخی، پیش بینی، آمار، نمودار و تقویم اقتصادی - Jun 2025.Data for Par Technology including historical, tables and charts were last updated by Trading Economics this last June in 2025.
https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.htmlhttps://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html
Wildfire smoke is frequently present over the U.S. during the agricultural growing season and will likely increase with climate change. Studies of smoke impacts have largely focused on air quality and human health; however, understanding smoke’s impact on photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is essential for predicting how smoke affects plant growth. We compare surface shortwave irradiance and diffuse fraction (DF) on smoke-impacted and smoke-free days from 2006-2020 using data from multifilter rotating shadowband radiometers at ten U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) UV-B Monitoring and Research Program stations and smoke plume locations from operational satellite products. On average, 20% of growing season days are smoke-impacted, but smoke prevalence increases over time (r = 0.60, p < 0.05). Smoke presence peaks in the mid- to late growing season (i.e., July, August), particularly over the northern Rocky Mountains, Great Plains, and Midwest. We find an increase in the distribution of PAR DF on smoke-impacted days, with larger increases at lower cloud fractions. On clear-sky days, daily average PAR DF increases by 10 percentage points when smoke is present. Spectral analysis of clear-sky days shows smoke increases DF (average: +45%) and decreases total irradiance (average: -6%) across all six wavelengths measured from 368-870 nm. Optical depth measurements from ground and satellite observations both indicate that spectral DF increases and total spectral irradiance decreases with increasing smoke plume optical depth. Our analysis provides a foundation for understanding smoke’s impact on PAR, which carries implications for agricultural crop productivity under a changing climate. Methods This dataset contains information on surface-level photosynthetically active radiation, smoke plume location, aerosol optical depth, and cloud fraction from four publicly available sources:
U.S. Department of Agriculture's UV-B Monitoring and Research Program (UVMRP) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Enviromental Satellite, Data, and Information Service's Hazard Mapping System (HMS) Smoke Product National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) Land Aerosol Optical Depth Product (MCD19A2) National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Atmosphere L3 Daily Product (MOD08_D3, MYD08_D3)
The dataset covers 10 UVMRP stations located across the contiguous U.S.:
Davis, California Pullman, Washington Pawnee, Nunn, Colorado Poplar, Montana Fargo, North Dakota Billings, Oklahoma Grand Rapids, Minnesota Bondville, Illinois Starkville, Mississippi Geneva, New York
These sites were selected to provide broad spatial coverage of the regions analyzed in the Brey et al. (2018) smoke climatology, capture much of the smoke variability across the U.S., align with agricultural areas, and reduce the impact of metropolitan air pollution. The UVMRP staff were instrumental in providing the underlying UVMRP data and advise on working with the data. Extensive cleaning was conducted to remove data anomalies, quality control issues, and high solar zenith angles (> 75 degrees). Additional processing of underlying records created additional factors, such as average diffuse fraction, used for analysis. We also averaged values to a daily resolution. A detailed description of the site selection, data cleaning, and data processing methods used to produce this final merged dataset are available in the article by Corwin et al. entitled "Smoke-driven changes in photosynthetically active radiation during the U.S. agricultural growing season."
Subscribers can find out export and import data of 23 countries by HS code or product’s name. This demo is helpful for market analysis.
https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-public-domainhttps://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-public-domain
Graph and download economic data for 30-Year High Quality Market (HQM) Corporate Bond Par Yield (HQMCB30YRP) from Jan 1984 to May 2025 about 30-year, bonds, yield, corporate, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.
The total assets of Par Technology with headquarters in the United States amounted to 1.4 billion U.S. dollars in 2024. The reported fiscal year ends on December 31.Compared to the earliest depicted value from 2020 this is a total increase by approximately 1 billion U.S. dollars. The trend from 2020 to 2024 shows, however, that this increase did not happen continuously.
U.S. Government Workshttps://www.usa.gov/government-works
License information was derived automatically
This data release contains products from Savoy & Harvey (2021) which modeled photosynthetically active radiation and gross primary productivity (GPP) for 173 streams and rivers across the continental United States. Estimates of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were generated using a model that considers the contribution of light attenuation from riparian zones as well as within the water column. PAR estimates at the stream surface and within the water are both provided and each of these two estimates were converted to GPP estimates using a fixed light use efficiency. Items in this data release consist of: site information and parameters.txt : Information on site identifiers, location information, and model parameters. The format is a tab-delimted file with 1 row per site. model inputs and outputs.zip: Timeseries of the necessary input data used to estimate photosynthetically active radiation as well as the resulting modeled estimates. The format is a tab-delimited fi ...
Contributor: Dr Jeff Van Keuren Wood Hole Oceanographic Inst. MS#35 Woods Hole, MA 02543-1521 Updated: August 31, 2004; G.Heimerdinger
Solar irradiance is one of the most important factors influencing coral reefs. As a majority of their nutrients are obtained from symbiotic photosynthesizing organisms, reef-building corals need sunlight as a fundamental source of energy. Seasonally low irradiance at high latitudes may be linked to reduced growth rates in corals and may limit reef calcification to shallower depths than that observed at lower latitudes. However, high levels of irradiance can lead to light-induced damage, production of free radicals, and in combination with increased temperatures, can exacerbate coral bleaching. Irradiance is here represented by PAR (photosynthetically active radiation), which is the spectrum of light that is important for photosynthesis. This layer represents the mean of 8-day time series of PAR (mol/m2/day) from 2003-2018.
Data for PAR for the time period 2003-2018 were obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua satellite instrument from the NASA OceanColor website as 8-day 4-km composites.
The PAR long-term mean was calculated by taking the average of all 8-day data from 2003-2018 for each pixel. A quality control mask was applied to remove spurious data associated with shallow water, following Gove et al., 2013. Nearshore map pixels with no data were filled with values from the nearest neighboring valid offshore pixel by using a grid of points and the Near Analysis tool in ArcGIS then converting points to raster.
Data source: https://oceanwatch.pifsc.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/aqua_par_8d_2018_0.graph