In the past four centuries, the population of the United States has grown from a recorded 350 people around the Jamestown colony of Virginia in 1610, to an estimated 331 million people in 2020. The pre-colonization populations of the indigenous peoples of the Americas have proven difficult for historians to estimate, as their numbers decreased rapidly following the introduction of European diseases (namely smallpox, plague and influenza). Native Americans were also omitted from most censuses conducted before the twentieth century, therefore the actual population of what we now know as the United States would have been much higher than the official census data from before 1800, but it is unclear by how much. Population growth in the colonies throughout the eighteenth century has primarily been attributed to migration from the British Isles and the Transatlantic slave trade; however it is also difficult to assert the ethnic-makeup of the population in these years as accurate migration records were not kept until after the 1820s, at which point the importation of slaves had also been illegalized. Nineteenth century In the year 1800, it is estimated that the population across the present-day United States was around six million people, with the population in the 16 admitted states numbering at 5.3 million. Migration to the United States began to happen on a large scale in the mid-nineteenth century, with the first major waves coming from Ireland, Britain and Germany. In some aspects, this wave of mass migration balanced out the demographic impacts of the American Civil War, which was the deadliest war in U.S. history with approximately 620 thousand fatalities between 1861 and 1865. The civil war also resulted in the emancipation of around four million slaves across the south; many of whose ancestors would take part in the Great Northern Migration in the early 1900s, which saw around six million black Americans migrate away from the south in one of the largest demographic shifts in U.S. history. By the end of the nineteenth century, improvements in transport technology and increasing economic opportunities saw migration to the United States increase further, particularly from southern and Eastern Europe, and in the first decade of the 1900s the number of migrants to the U.S. exceeded one million people in some years. Twentieth and twenty-first century The U.S. population has grown steadily throughout the past 120 years, reaching one hundred million in the 1910s, two hundred million in the 1960s, and three hundred million in 2007. In the past century, the U.S. established itself as a global superpower, with the world's largest economy (by nominal GDP) and most powerful military. Involvement in foreign wars has resulted in over 620,000 further U.S. fatalities since the Civil War, and migration fell drastically during the World Wars and Great Depression; however the population continuously grew in these years as the total fertility rate remained above two births per woman, and life expectancy increased (except during the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918).

Since the Second World War, Latin America has replaced Europe as the most common point of origin for migrants, with Hispanic populations growing rapidly across the south and border states. Because of this, the proportion of non-Hispanic whites, which has been the most dominant ethnicity in the U.S. since records began, has dropped more rapidly in recent decades. Ethnic minorities also have a much higher birth rate than non-Hispanic whites, further contributing to this decline, and the share of non-Hispanic whites is expected to fall below fifty percent of the U.S. population by the mid-2000s. In 2020, the United States has the third-largest population in the world (after China and India), and the population is expected to reach four hundred million in the 2050s.

Documentation

The Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Complete Count Data include more than 650 million individual-level and 7.5 million household-level records. The microdata are the result of collaboration between IPUMS and the nation’s two largest genealogical organizations—Ancestry.com and FamilySearch—and provides the largest and richest source of individual level and household data.

Historic data are scarce and often only exists in aggregate tables. The key advantage of the IPUMS data is the availability of individual and household level characteristics that researchers can tabulate in ways that benefits their specific research questions. The data contain demographic variables, economic variables, migration variables and family variables. Within households, it is possible to create relational data as all relations between household members are known. For example, having data on the mother and her children in a household enables researchers to calculate the mother’s age at birth. Another advantage of the Complete Count data is the possibility to follow individuals over time using a historical identifier.

In sum: the IPUMS data are a unique source for research on social and economic change and can provide population health researchers with information about social and economic determinants.

The IPUMS 1900 census data was collected in June 1900. Enumerators collected data traveling to households and counting the residents who regularly slept at the household. Individuals lacking permanent housing were counted as residents of the place where they were when the data was collected. Household members absent on the day of data collected were either listed to the household with the help of other household members or were scheduled for the last census subdivision.

Section 2

This dataset was created on 2020-01-10 22:51:40.810 by merging multiple datasets together. The source datasets for this version were:

IPUMS 1900 households: This dataset includes all households from the 1900 US census.

IPUMS 1900 persons: This dataset includes all individuals from the 1910 US census.

IPUMS 1900 Lookup: This dataset includes variable names, variable labels, variable values, and corresponding variable value labels for the IPUMS 1900 datasets.

Section 3

The Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) Complete Count Data include more than 650 million individual-level and 7.5 million household-level records. The microdata are the result of collaboration between IPUMS and the nation’s two largest genealogical organizations—Ancestry.com and FamilySearch—and provides the largest and richest source of individual level and household data.

Historic data are scarce and often only exists in aggregate tables. The key advantage of the IPUMS data is the availability of individual and household level characteristics that researchers can tabulate in ways that benefits their specific research questions. The data contain demographic variables, economic variables, migration variables and family variables. Within households, it is possible to create relational data as all relations between household members are known. For example, having data on the mother and her children in a household enables researchers to calculate the mother’s age at birth. Another advantage of the Complete Count data is the possibility to follow individuals over time using a historical identifier.

In sum: the IPUMS data are a unique source for research on social and economic change and can provide population health researchers with information about social and economic determinants.

The IPUMS 1900 census data was collected in June 1900. Enumerators collected data traveling to households and counting the residents who regularly slept at the household. Individuals lacking permanent housing were counted as residents of the place where they were when the data was collected. Household members absent on the day of data collected were either listed to the household with the help of other household members or were scheduled for the last census subdivision.

This nationally representative sample of the United States population in 1910 was drawn from manuscript census schedules. The file contains a record for each household selected in the sample, and supplies variables describing the location, type, and composition of the households. Each household record is followed by a record for each individual residing in the household. Information on individuals includes demographic characteristics, occupation, literacy, nativity, ethnicity, and fertility. (Source: downloaded from ICPSR 7/13/10)

Please Note: This dataset is part of the historical CISER Data Archive Collection and is also available at ICPSR at https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR09166.v1. We highly recommend using the ICPSR version as they may make this dataset available in multiple data formats in the future.

Designed to facilitate analysis of the status of Blacks around the turn of the century, this oversample of Black-headed households in the United States was drawn from the 1910 manuscript census schedules. The sample complements the 1/250 Public Use Sample of the 1910 census manuscripts collected by Samuel H. Preston at the University of Pennsylvania: CENSUS OF POPULATION, 1910 [UNITED STATES]: PUBLIC USE SAMPLE (ICPSR 9166). Part 1, Household Records, contains a record for each household selected in the sample and supplies variables describing the location, type, and composition of the households. Part 2, Individual Records, contains a record for each individual residing in the sampled households and includes information on demographic characteristics, occupation, literacy, nativity, ethnicity, and fertility. Manuscript census records for 1910 from counties with at least 10 percent of the population African-American (Negro, Black, or Mulatto) located in nine states where a large number of counties had at least this same proportion of African-Americans (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas). The four states with the largest population of Blacks (South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, and Georgia) were excluded from the oversample because the 1/250 Public Use Sample (referred to above) provided sufficient cases for most analyses. Sampling was carried out using computer software that randomly selected households based on the manuscript census microfilm reel number, sequence, and page and line number, with two different sampling fractions. Counties in Maryland, Kentucky, and Texas were sampled using a 0.01 sampling fraction, while a 0.005 sampling fraction was employed in Virginia, North Carolina, Florida, Tennessee, and Arkansas. In Louisiana, both fractions were utilized to test optimum sampling fractions. ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: Created variable labels and/or value labels.. The data contain blanks and alphabetic characters. This oversample can be combined with the 1/250 Public Use Sample by differential weighting of households (or individuals) by county of enumeration as described in the User's Guide. Datasets: DS0: Study-Level Files DS1: Household Records DS2: Individual Records

Content

Population density is a measure of average population per square mile. Density levels have been higher across the Eastern seaboard and the Pacific coastline and lower in much of the West.

Acknowledgements

Data was taken from the USA Government 2010 Census.

In 2020, about 82.66 percent of the total population in the United States lived in cities and urban areas. As the United States was one of the earliest nations to industrialize, it has had a comparatively high rate of urbanization over the past two centuries. The urban population became larger than the rural population during the 1910s, and by the middle of the century it is expected that almost 90 percent of the population will live in an urban setting. Regional development of urbanization in the U.S. The United States began to urbanize on a larger scale in the 1830s, as technological advancements reduced the labor demand in agriculture, and as European migration began to rise. One major difference between early urbanization in the U.S. and other industrializing economies, such as the UK or Germany, was population distribution. Throughout the 1800s, the Northeastern U.S. became the most industrious and urban region of the country, as this was the main point of arrival for migrants. Disparities in industrialization and urbanization was a key contributor to the Union's victory in the Civil War, not only due to population sizes, but also through production capabilities and transport infrastructure. The Northeast's population reached an urban majority in the 1870s, whereas this did not occur in the South until the 1950s. As more people moved westward in the late 1800s, not only did their population growth increase, but the share of the urban population also rose, with an urban majority established in both the West and Midwest regions in the 1910s. The West would eventually become the most urbanized region in the 1960s, and over 90 percent of the West's population is urbanized today. Urbanization today New York City is the most populous city in the United States, with a population of 8.3 million, while California has the largest urban population of any state. California also has the highest urbanization rate, although the District of Columbia is considered 100 percent urban. Only four U.S. states still have a rural majority, these are Maine, Mississippi, Montana, and West Virginia.

Designed to facilitate analysis of the status of Blacks around the turn of the century, this oversample of Black-headed households in the United States was drawn from the 1910 manuscript census schedules. The sample complements the 1/250 Public Use Sample of the 1910 census manuscripts collected by Samuel H. Preston at the University of Pennsylvania: CENSUS OF POPULATION, 1910 UNITED STATES: PUBLIC USE SAMPLE (ICPSR 9166). Part 1, Household Records, contains a record for each household selected in the sample and supplies variables describing the location, type, and composition of the households. Part 2, Individual Records, contains a record for each individual residing in the sampled households and includes information on demographic characteristics, occupation, literacy, nativity, ethnicity, and fertility. (Source: downloaded from ICPSR 7/13/10)

Please Note: This dataset is part of the historical CISER Data Archive Collection and is also available at ICPSR -- https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR09453.v2. We highly recommend using the ICPSR version as they made this dataset available in multiple data formats.

In 1800, the present-day region of Mexico had a population of just over six million people. Mexico gained its independence from the Spanish crown in 1821, and population growth remained steady for the next 85 years. Growth then halted with with the Panic of 1907, an American financial crisis whose ripple effects in Mexico would set the stage for the Mexican Revolution in 1910. This revolution would see population flatline at just over fifteen million between 1910 and 1920, as widespread conflict and result in the death of between 1.7 to 2.7 million over the decade, and the coinciding 1918 Spanish Flu epidemic would see the loss of another 300,000 in this time period. Following the end of both the Mexican Revolution and the Spanish Flu epidemic in 1920, the population of Mexico would begin to increase rapidly as modernization would see mortality rates fall and standards of living rise throughout the country. This growth has continued steadily into the 21st century, and in 2020, Mexico is estimated to have a population of just under 129 million.

The world's population first reached one billion people in 1803, and reach eight billion in 2023, and will peak at almost 11 billion by the end of the century. Although it took thousands of years to reach one billion people, it did so at the beginning of a phenomenon known as the demographic transition; from this point onwards, population growth has skyrocketed, and since the 1960s the population has increased by one billion people every 12 to 15 years. The demographic transition sees a sharp drop in mortality due to factors such as vaccination, sanitation, and improved food supply; the population boom that follows is due to increased survival rates among children and higher life expectancy among the general population; and fertility then drops in response to this population growth. Regional differences The demographic transition is a global phenomenon, but it has taken place at different times across the world. The industrialized countries of Europe and North America were the first to go through this process, followed by some states in the Western Pacific. Latin America's population then began growing at the turn of the 20th century, but the most significant period of global population growth occurred as Asia progressed in the late-1900s. As of the early 21st century, almost two thirds of the world's population live in Asia, although this is set to change significantly in the coming decades. Future growth The growth of Africa's population, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, will have the largest impact on global demographics in this century. From 2000 to 2100, it is expected that Africa's population will have increased by a factor of almost five. It overtook Europe in size in the late 1990s, and overtook the Americas a decade later. In contrast to Africa, Europe's population is now in decline, as birth rates are consistently below death rates in many countries, especially in the south and east, resulting in natural population decline. Similarly, the population of the Americas and Asia are expected to go into decline in the second half of this century, and only Oceania's population will still be growing alongside Africa. By 2100, the world's population will have over three billion more than today, with the vast majority of this concentrated in Africa. Demographers predict that climate change is exacerbating many of the challenges that currently hinder progress in Africa, such as political and food instability; if Africa's transition is prolonged, then it may result in further population growth that would place a strain on the region's resources, however, curbing this growth earlier would alleviate some of the pressure created by climate change.

This map depicts US Census data from the 1910 decennial census for total population and race

The Census Tree is the largest-ever database of record links among the historical U.S. censuses, with over 700 million links for people living in the United States between 1850 and 1940. These links allow researchers to construct a longitudinal dataset that is highly representative of the population, and that includes women, Black Americans, and other under-represented populations at unprecedented rates. This project contains the files necessary to closely replicate the links between the 1900 and 1910 censuses. For more information, consult the included Read Me file, and visit https://censustree.org.

Chart and table of population level and growth rate for the state of California from 1900 to 2024.

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau; 2020 Census (P.L. 94-171) Redistricting Data Summary Files; (17 August 2021). U.S. Census Bureau; Census 2000, Summary File 1, Table DP-1; generated by CCRPC staff; using American FactFinder; http://factfinder2.census.gov; (30 December 2015). U.S. Census Bureau; Census 2010, Summary File 1, Table P1; generated by CCRPC staff; using American FactFinder; http://factfinder2.census.gov; (30 December 2015). U.S. Census Bureau; 1980 Census of Population, Volume 1: Characteristics of the Population, Chapter A: Number of Inhabitants, Part 15: Illinois, PC80-1-A15, Table 4, Population of County Subdivisions: 1960-1980. Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of the Census; Thirteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1910, Statistics for Illinois, Table 1. - Population of Minor Civil Divisions: 1910, 1900, and 1890.; https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade/decennial-publications.1910.html; (23 August 2018). Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census; Fourteenth Census of the United States, State Compendium Illinois, Table 3. - Population of Incorporated Places: 1920, 1910, and 1900. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1924/dec/state-compendium.html; (23 August 2018). U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census; Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930, Population: Volume III, Reports by States, Illinois and Idaho, Tables 12, 22; https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1932/dec/1930a-vol-03-population.html; (23 August 2018). United States Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940, Population: Volume 1, Number of Inhabitants, Total Population for States, Counties, and Minor Civil Divisions; for Urban and Rural Areas; for Incorporated Places; for Metropolitan Districts; and for Census Tracts; Tables 2, 5; https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1942/dec/population-vol-1.html.; (23 August 2018), U.S Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census; Census of Population: 1950, Volume I Number of Inhabitants, Table 7; https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1952/dec/population-vol-01.html; (23 August 2018).

About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the Navarre population over the last 20 plus years. It lists the population for each year, along with the year on year change in population, as well as the change in percentage terms for each year. The dataset can be utilized to understand the population change of Navarre across the last two decades. For example, using this dataset, we can identify if the population is declining or increasing. If there is a change, when the population peaked, or if it is still growing and has not reached its peak. We can also compare the trend with the overall trend of United States population over the same period of time.

Key observations

In 2023, the population of Navarre was 1,805, a 0.44% decrease year-by-year from 2022. Previously, in 2022, Navarre population was 1,813, a decline of 0.93% compared to a population of 1,830 in 2021. Over the last 20 plus years, between 2000 and 2023, population of Navarre decreased by 105. In this period, the peak population was 1,910 in the year 2000. The numbers suggest that the population has already reached its peak and is showing a trend of decline. Source: U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program (PEP).

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program (PEP).

Data Coverage:

• From 2000 to 2023

Variables / Data Columns

• Year: This column displays the data year (Measured annually and for years 2000 to 2023)
• Population: The population for the specific year for the Navarre is shown in this column.
• Year on Year Change: This column displays the change in Navarre population for each year compared to the previous year.
• Change in Percent: This column displays the year on year change as a percentage. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Navarre Population by Year. You can refer the same here

About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the Minonk population over the last 20 plus years. It lists the population for each year, along with the year on year change in population, as well as the change in percentage terms for each year. The dataset can be utilized to understand the population change of Minonk across the last two decades. For example, using this dataset, we can identify if the population is declining or increasing. If there is a change, when the population peaked, or if it is still growing and has not reached its peak. We can also compare the trend with the overall trend of United States population over the same period of time.

Key observations

In 2022, the population of Minonk was 1,899, a 0.58% decrease year-by-year from 2021. Previously, in 2021, Minonk population was 1,910, a decline of 0.78% compared to a population of 1,925 in 2020. Over the last 20 plus years, between 2000 and 2022, population of Minonk decreased by 285. In this period, the peak population was 2,184 in the year 2000. The numbers suggest that the population has already reached its peak and is showing a trend of decline. Source: U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program (PEP).

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program (PEP).

Data Coverage:

• From 2000 to 2022

Variables / Data Columns

• Year: This column displays the data year (Measured annually and for years 2000 to 2022)
• Population: The population for the specific year for the Minonk is shown in this column.
• Year on Year Change: This column displays the change in Minonk population for each year compared to the previous year.
• Change in Percent: This column displays the year on year change as a percentage. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Minonk Population by Year. You can refer the same here

In 1800, the population of Japan was just over 30 million, a figure which would grow by just two million in the first half of the 19th century. However, with the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of the emperor in the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan would begin transforming from an isolated feudal island, to a modernized empire built on Western models. The Meiji period would see a rapid rise in the population of Japan, as industrialization and advancements in healthcare lead to a significant reduction in child mortality rates, while the creation overseas colonies would lead to a strong economic boom. However, this growth would slow beginning in 1937, as Japan entered a prolonged war with the Republic of China, which later grew into a major theater of the Second World War. The war was eventually brought to Japan's home front, with the escalation of Allied air raids on Japanese urban centers from 1944 onwards (Tokyo was the most-bombed city of the Second World War). By the war's end in 1945 and the subsequent occupation of the island by the Allied military, Japan had suffered over two and a half million military fatalities, and over one million civilian deaths.

The population figures of Japan were quick to recover, as the post-war “economic miracle” would see an unprecedented expansion of the Japanese economy, and would lead to the country becoming one of the first fully industrialized nations in East Asia. As living standards rose, the population of Japan would increase from 77 million in 1945, to over 127 million by the end of the century. However, growth would begin to slow in the late 1980s, as birth rates and migration rates fell, and Japan eventually grew to have one of the oldest populations in the world. The population would peak in 2008 at just over 128 million, but has consistently fallen each year since then, as the fertility rate of the country remains below replacement level (despite government initiatives to counter this) and the country's immigrant population remains relatively stable. The population of Japan is expected to continue its decline in the coming years, and in 2020, it is estimated that approximately 126 million people inhabit the island country.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the Bannockburn population over the last 20 plus years. It lists the population for each year, along with the year on year change in population, as well as the change in percentage terms for each year. The dataset can be utilized to understand the population change of Bannockburn across the last two decades. For example, using this dataset, we can identify if the population is declining or increasing. If there is a change, when the population peaked, or if it is still growing and has not reached its peak. We can also compare the trend with the overall trend of United States population over the same period of time.

Key observations

In 2023, the population of Bannockburn was 1,005, a 0.40% decrease year-by-year from 2022. Previously, in 2022, Bannockburn population was 1,009, a decline of 0.49% compared to a population of 1,014 in 2021. Over the last 20 plus years, between 2000 and 2023, population of Bannockburn decreased by 437. In this period, the peak population was 1,910 in the year 2009. The numbers suggest that the population has already reached its peak and is showing a trend of decline. Source: U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program (PEP).

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program (PEP).

Data Coverage:

• From 2000 to 2023

Variables / Data Columns

• Year: This column displays the data year (Measured annually and for years 2000 to 2023)
• Population: The population for the specific year for the Bannockburn is shown in this column.
• Year on Year Change: This column displays the change in Bannockburn population for each year compared to the previous year.
• Change in Percent: This column displays the year on year change as a percentage. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Bannockburn Population by Year. You can refer the same here

In 1910, modern-day Hungary was a part of the much larger Austro-Hungarian Empire, however this information relates only to the Trianon area, which is what we call Hungary today. In 1910 the population of men and women was very similar, with both figures around 3.8 million people, however the impact of WWI means that the number of women is 330 thousand greater than the number of men in 1920. Although the graph does not show us the total number of Hungarian people who fell in WWI, it does show us the long-term effect that the war had on the population.

This trend is repeated in the Second World War, however to a larger extent. From the graph we can see that both populations grew gradually in the inter-war years, however the growth rate of both genders falls greatly, and the total number of men falls from by 70 thousand people in the 1940s. Again, the graph does not show us the total number who fell during the war, as the interval between the figures is too large, however it does show the long term impacts of the war.

After WWII we can see that the difference between men and women is now 335 thousand in 1950, and the difference remains around this number until 1980 when both populations begin to decline. The number of men drops continuously from 5.2 million in 1980 to 4.7 million in 2015, and the number of women drops from 5.6 to 5.1 million during this time, although it does grow between 1990 and 1995 before falling again. The difference in populations also grows throughout this time from 340 thousand people to 520 thousand people. This decline in population is due to a number of factors, most notably the decreasing birthrate, economic emigration and strict anti-immigration policies against non-EU citizens. The number of men is also decreasing at a faster rate than the number of women, as men are statistically more likely to migrate in search of work.

This dataset was produced in the 1990s by Myron Gutmann and others at the University of Texas to assess demographic change in European- and Mexican-origin populations in Texas from the mid-nineteenth to early-twentieth centuries. Most of the data come from manuscript records for six rural Texas counties - Angelina, DeWitt, Gillespie, Jack, Red River, and Webb - for the U.S. Censuses of 1850-1880 and 1900-1910, and tax records where available. Together, the populations of these counties reflect the cultural, ethnic, economic, and ecological diversity of rural Texas. Red River and Angelina Counties, in Eastern Texas, had largely native-born white and black populations and cotton economies. DeWitt County in Southeast Texas had the most diverse population, including European and Mexican immigrants as well as native-born white and black Americans, and its economy was divided between cotton and cattle. The population of Webb County, on the Mexican border, was almost entirely of Mexican origin, and economic activities included transportation services as well as cattle ranching. Gillespie County in Central Texas had a mostly European immigrant population and an economy devoted to cropping and livestock. Jack County in North-Central Texas was sparsely populated, mainly by native-born white cattle ranchers. These counties were selected to over-represent the European and Mexican immigrant populations. Slave schedules were not included, so there are no African Americans in the samples for 1850 or 1860. In some years and counties, the Census records were sub-sampled, using a letter-based sample with the family as the primary sampling unit (families were chosen if the surname of the head began with one of the sample letters for the county). In other counties and years, complete populations were transcribed from the Census microfilms. For details and sample sizes by county, see the County table in the Original P.I. Documentation section of the ICPSR Codebook, or see Gutmann, Myron P. and Kenneth H. Fliess, How to Study Southern Demography in the Nineteenth Century: Early Lessons of the Texas Demography Project (Austin: Texas Population Research Center Papers, no. 11.11, 1989).

In 1800, the population of Indonesia was estimated to be approximately 16 million. The population of the island nation would grow steadily over the course of the 19th century, as the Dutch colonial administration launched several initiatives to modernize the region. After reaching 38 million people in 1900, the population of Indonesia would continue to grow until the 1940’s, when the Japanese occupation of the country would see between four to ten million Indonesians moved away from the island nation to be made to work on Japanese military projects, and in combination with wartime famine, this would result in the death or displacement of up to four million Indonesians by the end of the Japanese occupation in 1945. Despite this, Indonesia's population continued to grow throughout these years.

Following the Second World War, Indonesia claimed its independence from the Netherlands, and achieved this in 1949. In the second half of the 20thcentury, the population would continue to grow exponentially in size through the remainder of the 20th century, although the growth rate would slow somewhat in the 1980s, the result of a decline in fertility rate throughout the country which some studies suggest may be attributed to improved access to birth control and improved mass education. In 2020, Indonesia is estimated to have just over 273.5 million people living within its borders, making it the fourth most populous country in the world (behind the U.S. and above Pakistan).