In a 2024 survey among U.S. companies operating in China, around ** percent of respondents stated that their businesses in China were severely impacted by the U.S.-China trade tensions. Lost sales and shifts in suppliers or sourcing due to uncertainty of continued supply were leading concerns facing such companies.

This data package includes the underlying data and files to replicate the calculations, charts, and tables presented in The 2018 US-China Trade Conflict after 40 Years of Special Protection, PIIE Working paper 19-7.

If you use the data, please cite as: Bown, Chad P. (2019). The 2018 US-China Trade Conflict after 40 Years of Special Protection. PIIE Working paper 19-7. Peterson Institute for International Economics.

According to a survey conducted among U.S. enterprises in China in November 2024, around ** percent of respondents reported that the U.S.-China trade tensions made them delay or cancel investment decisions in China. Around ** percent of companies stated that the trade tensions did not impact their business strategy.

U.S. soybean exports could fall by 20% amid ongoing trade tensions with China, affecting prices and market dynamics.

In a survey among U.S. companies operating in China conducted in 2023, about ** percent of respondents stated that their businesses in China were impacted by the US-China trade tensions. In response to the ongoing bilateral conflicts, ** percent of surveyed US companies altered their strategies by developing new supply chains for region-specific businesses.

Learn how rising US-China trade tariffs are affecting the apparel industry, with brands like Eastside Golf adjusting strategies to mitigate cost increases.

This data package includes the underlying data and files to replicate the calculations, charts, and tables presented in China and the United States: Trade Conflict and Systemic Competition, PIIE Policy Brief 18-21. If you use the data, please cite as: Bergsten, C. Fred. (2018). China and the United States: Trade Conflict and Systemic Competition. PIIE Policy Brief 18-21. Peterson Institute for International Economics.

In a 2024 survey among U.S. companies operating in China, around ** percent of respondents stated that their businesses in China were severely harmed by the U.S.-China trade tensions. Commencing in early 2018, the ongoing bilateral trade conflicts between the world's two largest economies have brought significant changes in both the domestic and global business environment.

In 2024, Chinese exports of trade goods to the United States amounted to about 438.95 billion U.S. dollars; a significant increase from 1985 levels, when imports from China amounted to about 3.86 billion U.S. dollars. U.S. exports to China Compared to U.S. imports from China, the value of U.S. exports to China in 2020 amounted to 427.23billion U.S. dollars. China is the United States’ largest trading partner, while China was the United States third largest goods export market. Some of the leading exports to China in the agricultural sector included soybeans, cotton, and pork products. Texas was the leading state that exported to China in 2020 based on total value of goods exports, at 16.9 billion U.S. dollars. U.S. - China trade war The trade war between the United States and China is an economic conflict between two of the world’s largest national economies. It started in 2018 when U.S. President Donald Trump started putting tariffs and trade barriers on China, with the intent to get China to conform to Trump’s wishes. President Trump claimed that China has unfair trade businesses. As a result of this trade war, it has caused a lot of tension between the U.S. and China. Nearly half of American companies impacted by the U.S.-China trade tariffs said that the trade war increased their cost of manufacturing. The healthcare product industry has suffered the most from the trade war in regards to reduced profits.

US agricultural exports are under pressure from global trade tensions, experiencing potential cancellations and volatility as major markets respond to geopolitical shifts.

Aerospace and defense, along with U.S.-based manufacturing, are expected to benefit most from rising global trade tensions, with over **** of private equity professionals anticipating a moderate or significant positive impact. Add-ons, take-privates, private credit, and infrastructure show more mixed sentiment, though most respondents lean toward moderate positive or neutral expectations. In contrast, large cross-border deals are seen as the most vulnerable, with ** percent predicting negative or no impact and ** percent expecting significant downside. Overall, capital appears likely to shift toward domestic and defense-oriented strategies, while global deal-making may face increasing headwinds.

The US decision to impose port fees on Chinese ships has intensified trade tensions, impacting stock markets and economic outlooks.

Introduction

The global semiconductor industry is currently facing significant challenges due to the imposition of tariffs, which have disrupted supply chains and increased production costs. These tariffs, particularly those introduced by the U.S. administration, have led to a reevaluation of manufacturing strategies across the sector. In 2025, the United States imposed tariffs of up to 145% on Chinese semiconductor imports, prompting retaliatory tariffs of 125% from China. These measures have significantly strained the global semiconductor supply chain, leading to increased costs and uncertainties for manufacturers and consumers alike.

For instance, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) has projected a revenue impact of $1.5 billion in 2025 due to new U.S. export restrictions on advanced AI chip shipments to China, a market that accounts for over 24% of AMD's revenue. Similarly, the German chip-equipment maker Suss MicroTec has warned that new U.S. tariffs could severely disrupt global semiconductor supply chains and potentially trigger a worldwide recession. These developments underscore the far-reaching implications of trade policies on the semiconductor industry, affecting not only corporate revenues but also the broader global economy.

Around 30% of businesses are currently adopting a wait-and-watch approach toward the ongoing uncertainty surrounding semiconductor tariffs. This cautious stance reflects growing concerns over supply chain unpredictability. In contrast, before the introduction of the Trump-era tariffs, nearly 61% of companies had already started reshaping their procurement strategies, actively exploring alternative suppliers. This shift was largely driven by heightened geopolitical tensions, evolving global trade policies, and new market barriers, all of which increased the complexity of international semiconductor trade. Businesses now demand greater transparency to make informed decisions in this rapidly changing environment.

This data package includes the underlying data and files to replicate the calculations, charts, and tables presented in US-China Economic Relations: From Conflict to Solutions – Part I, PIIE Briefing 18-1.

If you use the data, please cite as: Posen, Adam S., Jiming Ha, Chad P. Bown, Robert Z. Lawrence, Mary E. Lovely, Zixuan Huang, C. Fred Bergsten, Nicholas R. Lardy, Jacob Funk Kirkegaard, Martin Chorzempa, Nicolas Véron, and Joseph E. Gagnon. (2018). US-China Economic Relations: From Conflict to Solutions – Part I. PIIE Briefing 18-1. Peterson Institute for International Economics.

This statistic shows the results of a survey conducted among American companies in China on the perceived impact on their businesses of the U.S.-China trade tariffs as of September 2018. During the survey period, **** percent of the surveyed American companies in China said that due to the U.S.-China trade tensions and tariffs they delayed or canceled investment decisions.

How Tariffs are Impacting the Economy

Tariffs raise the cost of imported goods, putting pressure on companies relying on global supply chains for raw materials and finished products. As a result, businesses may face higher production costs, which could be passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices. This inflationary effect reduces consumer purchasing power, potentially lowering demand for non-essential products and services.

Moreover, tariffs create uncertainty in the market, which can deter investment, particularly in industries that rely heavily on international trade. For manufacturers, tariffs disrupt the flow of materials, causing delays in production schedules and increasing lead times.

In certain sectors, businesses may seek to localize production or adjust their sourcing strategies, but such shifts often require significant time and capital investments. Additionally, retaliatory tariffs from trading partners can escalate the economic impact, leading to a cycle of rising costs and trade tensions.

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Throughout the early 20th century, Germany and Japan were both among the largest trading partners of the United States. Although the United States would declare war on Germany twice and on Japan once during this time, at which points trade would virtually cease, trade ties were fairly strong in the years without war. Values were highest in the 1920s, before global trade fell in the 1930s due to the impact of the Great Depression. All three countries were severely hit by the Depression, however the decline in trade was compounded by rising tensions between the U.S. and the new far-right governments of both Germany and Japan. After the war, U.S. investment in both nations increased significantly, helping with their post-war recovery and giving the U.S. a strong level of influence over its former adversaries - West Germany and Japan would then emerge as the two largest economies in their respective regions during the post-World War II economic boom.

Gold prices soared over 3% amid escalating US-China trade tensions, driven by new tariffs and market volatility. The precious metal continues to be a top-performing investment, bolstered by strong safe-haven demand and central bank buying.

Discover the implications of new U.S. tariffs under Trump, affecting farmers and global trade dynamics.

How Tariffs are Impacting the Economy

Tariffs impose additional costs on imported goods, which directly affect production costs and consumer prices. For industries dependent on international supply chains, these rising costs can lead to higher prices for end consumers.

As tariffs increase, businesses may face a reduction in profit margins, forcing them to either absorb the costs or pass them on to consumers. Additionally, tariffs can result in supply chain shifts as companies seek out alternative suppliers or move production to countries with lower tariffs.

The impact extends beyond the immediate sectors affected, influencing overall economic growth by slowing down trade flows, leading to inflation, and potentially reducing consumer purchasing power. Retaliatory tariffs from other countries may also exacerbate these effects, creating a cycle of escalating trade tensions and uncertainty in the global market.

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