United States US: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data was reported at 82.776 % in 2015. This records a decrease from the previous number of 82.935 % for 2014. United States US: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 87.236 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2015, with 56 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 95.982 % in 1967 and a record low of 82.776 % in 2015. United States US: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.World Bank.WDI: Energy Production and Consumption. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.; ; IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/; Weighted average; Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

Scientists believe significant climate change is unavoidable without a drastic reduction in the emissions of greenhouse gases from the combustion of fossil fuels. However, few countries have implemented comprehensive policies that price this externality or devote serious resources to developing low-carbon energy sources. In many respects, the world is betting that we will greatly reduce the use of fossil fuels because we will run out of inexpensive fossil fuels (there will be decreases in supply) and/or technological advances will lead to the discovery of less-expensive low-carbon technologies (there will be decreases in demand). The historical record indicates that the supply of fossil fuels has consistently increased over time and that their relative price advantage over low-carbon energy sources has not declined substantially over time. Without robust efforts to correct the market failures around greenhouse gases, relying on supply and/or demand forces to limit greenhouse gas emissions is relying heavily on hope.

Nigeria NG: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data was reported at 19.036 % in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 18.625 % for 2013. Nigeria NG: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 18.952 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2014, with 44 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.845 % in 1992 and a record low of 5.968 % in 1971. Nigeria NG: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Nigeria – Table NG.World Bank: Energy Production and Consumption. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.; ; IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/; Weighted average; Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

Vietnam VN: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data was reported at 69.822 % in 2013. This records an increase from the previous number of 66.978 % for 2012. Vietnam VN: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 36.384 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2013, with 43 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 70.328 % in 2010 and a record low of 25.241 % in 1976. Vietnam VN: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Vietnam – Table VN.World Bank: Energy Production and Consumption. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.; ; IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/; Weighted average; Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

Bangladesh BD: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data was reported at 73.769 % in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 72.862 % for 2013. Bangladesh BD: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 48.092 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2014, with 44 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 73.769 % in 2014 and a record low of 20.706 % in 1972. Bangladesh BD: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Bangladesh – Table BD.World Bank.WDI: Environmental: Energy Production and Consumption. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.;IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics), subject to https://www.iea.org/terms/;Weighted average;Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

This table contains figures on the supply and consumption of energy broken down by sector and by energy commodity. The energy supply is equal to the indigenous production of energy plus the receipts minus the deliveries of energy plus the stock changes. Consumption of energy is equal to the sum of own use, distribution losses, final energy consumption, non-energy use and the total net energy transformation. For each sector, the supply of energy is equal to the consumption of energy.

For some energy commodities, the total of the observed domestic deliveries is not exactly equal to the sum of the observed domestic receipts. For these energy commodities, a statistical difference arises that can not be attributed to a sector.

The breakdown into sectors follows mainly the classification as is customary in international energy statistics. This classification is based on functions of various sectors in the energy system and for several break downs on the international Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). There are two main sectors: the energy sector (companies with main activity indigenous production or transformation of energy) and energy consumers (other companies, vehicles and dwellings). In addition to a breakdown by sector, there is also a breakdown by energy commodity, such as coal, various petroleum products, natural gas, renewable energy, electricity and heat and other energy commodities like non renewable waste.

The definitions used in this table are exactly in line with the definitions in the Energy Balance table; supply, transformation and consumption. That table does not contain a breakdown by sector (excluding final energy consumption), but it does provide information about imports, exports and bunkering and also provides more detail about the energy commodities.

Data available: From: 1990.

Status of the figures: Figures up to and including 2022 are definite. Figures for 2023 and 2024 are revised provisional.

Changes as of July 2025: Compiling figures on solar electricity took more time than scheduled. Consequently, not all StatLine tables on energy contain the most recent 2024 data on production for solar electricity. This table contains the outdated data from June 2025. The most recent figures are 5 percent higher for 2024 solar electricity production. These figures are in these two tables (in Dutch): - StatLine - Zonnestroom; vermogen en vermogensklasse, bedrijven en woningen, regio - StatLine - Hernieuwbare energie; zonnestroom, windenergie, RES-regio Next update is scheduled in November 2025. From that moment all figures will be fully consistent again. We apologize for the inconvenience.

Changes as of June 2025: Figures for 2024 have been updated.

Changes as of March 17th 2025: For all reporting years the underlying code for 'Total crudes, fossil fraction' and 'Total kerosene, fossiel fraction' is adjusted. Figures have not been changed.

Changes as of November 15th 2024: The structure of the table has been adjusted. The adjustment concerns the division into sectors, with the aluminum industry now being distinguished separately within the non-ferrous metal sector. This table has also been revised for 2015 to 2021 as a result of new methods that have also been applied for 2022 and 2023. This concerns the following components: final energy consumption of LPG, distribution of final energy consumption of motor gasoline, sector classification of gas oil/diesel within the services and transfer of energy consumption of the nuclear industry from industry to the energy sector. The natural gas consumption of the wood and wood products industry has also been improved so that it is more comparable over time. This concerns changes of a maximum of a few PJ.

Changes as of June 7th 2024: Revised provisional figures of 2023 have been added.

Changes as of April 26th of 2024 The energy balance has been revised for 2015 and later on a limited number of points. The most important is the following: 1. For solid biomass and municipal waste, the most recent data have been included. Furthermore data were affected by integration with figures for a new, yet to be published StatLine table on the supply of solid biomass. As a result, there are some changes in receipts of energy, deliveries of energy and indigenous production of biomass of a maximum of a few PJ. 2. In the case of natural gas, an improvement has been made in the processing of data for stored LNG, which causes a shift between stock changes, receipts of energy and deliveries of energy of a maximum of a few PJ.

Changes as of March 25th of 2024: The energy balance has been revised and restructured. This concerns mainly the following: 1. Different way of dealing with biofuels that have been mixed with fossil fuels 2. A breakdown of the natural gas balance of agriculture into greenhouse horticulture and other agriculture. 3. Final consumption of electricity in services

1. Blended biofuels Previously, biofuels mixed with fossil fuels were counted as petroleum crude and products. In the new energy balance, blended biofuels count for renewable energy and petroleum crude and products and the underlying products (such as gasoline, diesel and kerosene) only count the fossil part of mixtures of fossil and biogenic fuels. To make this clear, the names of the energy commodities have been changed. The consequence of this adjustment is that part of the energy has been moved from petroleum to renewable. The energy balance remains the same for total energy commodities. The aim of this adjustment is to make the increasing role of blended biofuels in the Energy Balance visible and to better align with the Energy Balances published by Eurostat and the International Energy Agency. Within renewable energy, biomass, liquid biomass is now a separate energy commodity. This concerns both pure and blended biofuels.

2. Greenhouse horticulture separately The energy consumption of agriculture in the Netherlands largely takes place in greenhouse horticulture. There is therefore a lot of attention for this sector and the need for separate data on energy consumption in greenhouse horticulture. To meet this need, the agriculture sector has been divided into two subsectors: Greenhouse horticulture and other agriculture. For the time being, we only publish separate natural gas figures for greenhouse horticulture.

3. Higher final consumption of electricity in services in 2021 and 2022. The way in which electric road transport is treated has improved, resulting in an increase in the supply and final consumption of electricity in services by more than 2 PJ in 2021 and 2022. This also works through the supply of electricity in sector H (Transport and storage).

Changes as of November 14th 2023: Figures for 2021 and 2022 haven been adjusted. Figures for the Energy Balance for 2015 to 2020 have been revised regarding the following items: - For 2109 and 2020 final consumption of heat in agriculture is a few PJ lower and for services a few PJ higher. This is the result of improved interpretation of available data in supply of heat to agriculture. - During the production of geothermal heat by agriculture natural gas is produced as by-product. Now this is included in the energy balance. The amount increased from 0,2 PJ in 2015 to 0,7 PJ in 2020. - There are some improvements in the data for heat in industry with a magnitude of about 1 PJ or smaller. - There some other improvements, also about 1 PJ or smaller.

Changes as of June 15th 2023: Revised provisional figures of 2022 have been added.

Changes as of December 15th 2022: Figures for 1990 up to and including 2019 have been revised. The revision mainly concerns the consumption of gas- and diesel oil and energy commodities higher in the classification (total petroleum products, total crude and petroleum produtcs and total energy commodities). The revision is twofold: - New data for the consumption of diesel oil in mobile machine have been incorporated. Consequently, the final energy consumption of gas- and diesel oil in construction, services and agriculture increases. The biggest change is in construction (+10 PJ from 1990-2015, decreasing to 1 PJ in 2019. In agriculture the change is about 0.5-1.5 PJ from 2010 onwards and for services the change is between 0 and 3 PJ for the whole period. - The method for dealing with the statistical difference has been adapted. Earlier from 2013 onwards a difference of about 3 percent was assumed, matching old data (up to and including 2012) on final consumption of diesel for road transport based on the dedicated tax specifically for road that existed until 2012. In the new method the statistical difference is eliminated from 2015 onwards. Final consumption of road transport is calculated as the remainder of total supply to the market of diesel minus deliveries to users other than road transport. The first and second item affect both final consumption of road transport that decreases consequently about 5 percent from 2015 onwards. Before the adaption of the tax system for gas- and diesel oil in 2013 the statistical difference was positive (more supply than consumption). With the new data for mobile machines total consumption has been increased and the statistical difference has been reduced and is even negative for a few years.

Changes as of 1 March 2022: Figures for 1990 up to and including 2020 have been revised. The most important change is a different way of presenting own use of electricity of power-generating installations. Previously, this was regarded as electricity and CHP transformation input. From now on, this is seen as own use, as is customary in international energy statistics. As a result, the input and net energy transformation decrease and own use increases, on average about 15 PJ per year. Final consumers also have power generating installations. That's why final consumers now also have own use, previously this was not so. In the previous revision of 2021, the new sector blast

Emissions by Country

Quantifying Sources and Emission Levels

By [source]

About this dataset

This dataset provides an in-depth look into the global CO2 emissions at the country-level, allowing for a better understanding of how much each country contributes to the global cumulative human impact on climate. It contains information on total emissions as well as from coal, oil, gas, cement production and flaring, and other sources. The data also provides a breakdown of per capita CO2 emission per country - showing which countries are leading in pollution levels and identifying potential areas where reduction efforts should be concentrated. This dataset is essential for anyone who wants to get informed about their own environmental footprint or conduct research on international development trends

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How to use the dataset

This dataset provides a country-level survey of global fossil CO2 emissions, including total emissions, emissions from coal, oil, gas, cement, flaring and other sources as well as per capita emissions.

For researchers looking to quantify global CO2 emission levels by country over time and understand the sources of these emissions this dataset can be a valuable resource.

The data is organized using the following columns: Country (the name of the country), ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 (the three letter code for the country), Year (the year of survey data), Total (the total amount of CO2 emitted by the country in that year), Coal (amount of CO2 emitted by coal in that year), Oil (amount emitted by oil) , Gas (amount emitted by gas) , Cement( amount emitted by cement) , Flaring(flaring emission levels ) and Other( other forms such as industrial processes ). In addition there is also one extra column Per Capita which provides an insight into how much personal carbon dioxide emission is present in each Country per individual .

To make use of these columns you can aggregate sum up Total column for a specific region or help define how much each source contributes to Total column such as how many percent it accounts for out of 100 or construct dashboard visualizations to explore what sources are responsible for higher level emission across different countries similar clusters or examine whether individual countries Focusing on Flaring — emissions associated with burning off natural gas while drilling—can improve overall Fossil Fuel Carbon Emission profiles better understanding of certain types nuclear power plants etc.

The main purpose behind this dataset was to facilitate government bodies private organizations universities NGO's research agencies alike applying analytical techniques tracking environment changes linked with influence cross regions providing resources needed analyze process monitor developing directed ways managing efficient ways get detailed comprehensive verified information

With insights gleaned from this dataset one can begin identify strategies efforts pollutant mitigation climate change combat etc while making decisions centered around sustainable developments with continent wide unified plans policy implementations keep an eye out evidences regional discrepancies being displayed improving quality life might certainly seem likely assure task easy quickly done “Global Fossil Carbon Dioxide Emissions:Country Level Survey 2002 2022 could exactly what us

Research Ideas

• Using the per capita emissions data, develop a reporting system to track countries' progress in meeting carbon emission targets and give policy recommendations for how countries can reach those targets more quickly.
• Analyze the correlation between different fossil fuel sources and CO2 emissions to understand how best to reduce CO2 emissions at a country-level.
• Create an interactive map showing global CO2 levels over time that allows users to visualize trends by country or region across all fossil fuel sources

Acknowledgements

If you use this dataset in your research, please credit the original authors. Data Source

License

License: CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) - Public Domain Dedication No Copyright - You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. See Other Information.

Columns

File: GCB2022v27_MtCO2_flat.csv | Column name | Description ...

We collected data in five East African countries (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia and Rwanda) on public opinions about different policy instruments to reduce the use of fossil fuels in the transport sector. The questionnaire also included questions on the dependency on fossil fuels, the level of concern about different environmental challenges, trust in others and in government institutions and socio-demographic characteristics. The survey was performed under informed consent. A survey company based in Kenya was recruited to collect the data. The questionnaire was composed in English and then translated into the following languages: Kenya—Swahili and Somali; Tanzania—Swahili; Uganda—Luganda and Runyanoke; Rwanda—Kinyarwanda and French; and Ethiopia—Amharic, Tigrinya, Oromo and Somali. These translations were performed by native-speaking translators recruited by the company. The interviews were conducted by 26 experienced enumerators and 5 supervisors using Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATI), and all responses were recorded with Kobo Toolbox software. Before conducting the interviews, the enumerators completed a two-day training session on the topics in the questionnaire and various techniques for collecting data using the CATI method. A pilot study was conducted in January 2022 with 200 respondents in each of the five focal countries to test the reliability and content validity of the questionnaire. Additionally, the pilot study enabled refining the questionnaire with feedback from both the enumerators and respondents. The company used its existing national databases of respondents involved in earlier investigations to recruit survey respondents in each of the five countries. Screening questions were used to recruit samples that were representative of the adult population in terms of age, gender and area of residence in the five countries. In total, 7,622 respondents were contacted. Following three reminders, a total of 4,766 responses with complete answers (63% response rate) were collected during March 17–28, 2022, in the five countries as follows: Ethiopia, 950; Kenya, 959; Rwanda, 991; Tanzania, 981; and Uganda, 885. Since questions regarding trust in institutions can be sensitive, we allowed respondents to opt out by answering "don't know". In the data, these responses are treated as missing values. As a result, we currently have 312 missing values for the question regarding trust in institutions. Respondents took between 10 and 23 minutes to complete the survey, with a mean completion time of 16 minutes. Research approval was received from the National Commission of Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI) in Kenya, and the survey company possess national research permits for each of the five focal countries. The present data description is related to data descriptions "Public acceptance of policy instruments to reduce plastic pollution in East Africa" and " Public acceptance of policy instruments to reduce forest loss: Exploring cross-national variation in East Africa ". The three data descriptions are subsets of the same main data collection, and are part of the Environment for Development (EfD) catalog in the Swedish National Data Service. Each data description with its corresponding dataset contains only the relevant dependent variables for a particular research study. In particular, this dataset does not have questions q1, q2, q3 and q7, q8, q9, q10. Dependent variables for this study are q4, q5, q6. Missing data points are marked with the value 98.

The Hestia NE corridor version 1.0 Beta FFCO2 emissions data product represents emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels and cement production in 12 counties in the state of Maryland (6 counties), Virginia (5 counties), and District of Columbia from 2010 to 2015. The emissions are generated using a bottom-up/engineering approach and use the results generated by the Vulcan Project (version 3), an effort to quantify space/time-resolved FFCO2 emissions for the entire United States landscape, as the starting point for the more detailed Hestia analysis. A large number of local data sources are combined to best estimate FFCO2 emissions at fine scales such as air quality emissions data, traffic flow data, building information, sociodemographic information, and fuel statistics. The native spatial resolution of the Hestia data product is a combination of points, lines, and polygons dictated primarily by the underlying data sources and the Vulcan FFCO2 emissions outputs. The output made available here places this information into a regularized grid (0.01 degrees latitude x 0.01 degrees longitude) at hourly and annual temporal resolutions. The files below are NetCDF format files that are compressed with tar and gzip (*.tgz). Each contains Hestia for all sectors for one calendar year indicated in the filename. Annual files contain annual means, while hourly files contain hourly emissions for that calendar year.

This table shows the supply, transformation and the consumption of energy in a balance sheet. Energy is released - among other things - during the combustion of for example natural gas, petroleum, hard coal and biofuels. Energy can also be obtained from electricity or heat, or extracted from natural resources, e.g. wind or solar energy. In energy statistics all these sources of energy are known as energy commodities.

The supply side of the balance sheet includes indigenous production of energy, net imports and exports and net stock changes. This is mentioned primary energy supply, because this is the amount of energy available for transformation or consumption in the country.

For energy transformation, the table gives figures on the transformation input (amount of energy used to make other energy commodities), the transformation output (amount of energy made from other energy commodities) and net energy transformation. The latter is the amount of energy lost during the transformation of energy commodities.

Then the energy balance sheet shows the final consumption of energy. First, it refers to the own use and distribution losses. After deduction of these amounts remains the final consumption of energy customers. This comprises the final energy consumption and non-energy use. The final energy consumption is the energy consumers utilize for energy purposes. It is specified for successively industry, transport and other customers, broken down into various sub-sectors. The last form of energy is the non-energy use. This is the use of an energy commodity for a product that is not energy.

Data available: From 1946.

Status of the figures: All figures up to and including 2022 are definite. Figures for 2023 and 2024 are revised provisional.

Changes as of July 2025: Compiling figures on solar electricity took more time than scheduled. Consequently, not all StatLine tables on energy contain the most recent 2024 data on production for solar electricity. This table contains the outdated data from June 2025. The most recent figures are 5 percent higher for 2024 solar electricity production. These figures are in these two tables (in Dutch): - StatLine - Zonnestroom; vermogen en vermogensklasse, bedrijven en woningen, regio - StatLine - Hernieuwbare energie; zonnestroom, windenergie, RES-regio Next update is scheduled in November 2025. From that moment all figures will be fully consistent again. We apologize for the inconvenience.

Changes as of June 2025: Figures for 2024 have been updated.

Changes as of March 19th 2025: For all reporting years the underlying code for 'Total crudes, fossil fraction' is adjusted. Figures have not been changed.

Changes as of March 17th 2025: Provisional figures of 2024 have been added.

Changes as of November 15th 2024: The structure of the table has been adjusted. This concerns the classification into energy commodities, section 'other energy commodities'. The new classification ensures that it is now exactly in line with the classification used by Eurostat when publishing the Energy Balance Sheet. This table has also been revised for 2015 to 2021 as a result of new methods that have also been applied for 2022 and 2023. This concerns the following components: final energy consumption of LPG, distribution of final energy consumption of motor gasoline and transfer of energy consumption of the nuclear industry from industry to the energy sector. The natural gas consumption of the wood and wood products industry has also been improved so that it is more comparable over time. This concerns changes of a maximum of a few PJ.

Changes as of June 7th 2024: Revised provisional figures of 2023 have been added.

Changes as of April 26th 2024:

• Provisional figures of 2023 have been added.

The energy balance has been revised for 2015 and later on a limited number of points. The most important is the following: 1. For solid biomass and municipal waste, the most recent data have been included. Furthermore data were affected by integration with figures for a new, yet to be published StatLine table on the supply of solid biomass. As a result, there are some changes in imports, exports and indigenous production of biomass of a maximum of a few PJ. 2. In the case of natural gas, an improvement has been made in the processing of data for stored LNG, which causes a shift between stock changes, imports and exports of a maximum of a few PJ. 3. Data for final energy consumption of blended biofuels per subsector in transport were incorrectly excluded. These have now been made visible.

Changes as of March 25th 2024: The energy balance has been revised and restructured. It concerns mainly a different way of dealing with biofuels that are mixed with fossil fuels.

Previously, biofuels mixed with fossil fuels were counted as petroleum crude and products. In the new energy balance, blended biofuels count for renewable energy and petroleum crude and products and the underlying products (such as gasoline, diesel and kerosene) only count the fossil part of mixtures of fossil and biogenic fuels. To make this clear, the names of the energy commodities have been adjusted. The consequence of this adjustment is that part of the energy has been moved from petroleum to renewable. The energy balance remains the same for total energy commodities. The aim of this adjustment is to make the increasing role of blended biofuels in the Energy Balance visible and to better align with the Energy Balances published by Eurostat and the International Energy Agency. Within renewable energy and biomass, pure and blended biofuels are now visible as separate energy commodities.

In addition, the way in which electric road transport is treated has been improved, resulting in an increase in the supply and final consumption of electricity in services by more than 2 PJ in 2021 and 2022.

Changes as of November 14th 2023: Figures for 2021 and 2022 haven been adjusted. Figures for the Energy Balance for 2015 to 2020 have been revised regarding the following items: - For 2109 and 2020 final consumption of heat in agriculture is a few PJ lower and for services a few PJ higher. This is the result of improved interpretation of available data in supply of heat to agriculture. - During the production of geothermal heat by agriculture natural gas is produced as by-product. Now this is included in the energy balance. The amount increased from 0,2 PJ in 2015 to 0,7 PJ in 2020. - There are some improvements in the data for heat in industry with a magnitude of about 1 PJ or smaller. - There some other improvements, also about 1 PJ or smaller.

Changes as of October 10th 2023: Energy commodity gas works cokes has been added. Revised figures for period 1946-1989 have been added.

Changes as of June 15th 2023: Revised provisional figures of 2022 have been added.

When will new figures be published? Provisional figures: April of the following year. Revised provisional figures: June/July of the following year. Definite figures: December of the second following year.

Data Access Notice

Please note that, at present, the data for a sample of years are provided in this data record due to Zenodo's 50GB data limit. Data for all years 1959-2021 can be accessed via the following link:

http://opendap.uea.ac.uk:8080/opendap/hyrax/greenocean/GridFED/GridFEDv2022.2/contents.html

Product Description

See Jones et al. (2021) for a detailed description of this dataset and the core methods used to produce it. Key details are provided below.

GCP-GridFED (version 2022.2) is a gridded fossil emissions dataset that is consistent with the national CO₂ emissions reported by the Global Carbon Project (GCP; https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/) in the annual editions of its Global Carbon Budget (Friedlingstein et al., 2022).

GCP-GridFEDv2022.2 provides monthly fossil CO₂ emissions for the period 1959-2021 at a spatial resolution of 0.1° × 0.1°. The gridded emissions estimates are provided separately for fossil CO₂ emitted by the oxidation of oil, coal and natural gas, international bunkers, and the calcination of limestone during cement production. The dataset also includes the cement carbonation sink of CO₂. Note that positive values in GridFED signify a surface-to-atmosphere CO₂ flux (emissions). Negative values signify an atmosphere-to-surface flux and apply only to the cement carbonation sink.

GCP-GridFED also includes gridded uncertainties in CO₂ emission, incorporating differences in uncertainty across emissions sectors and countries, and gridded estimates of corresponding O₂ uptake based on oxidative ratios for oil, coal and natural gas (see Jones et al., 2021).

Core Methodology in Brief

GCP-GridFEDv2022.2 was produced by scaling monthly gridded emissions for the year 2010, from the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR v4.3.2; Janssens-Maenhout et al., 2019), to the national annual emissions estimates compiled as part of the 2022 global carbon budget (GCP-NAE) for the years 1959-2021 (Friedlingstein et al., in preparation [Earth System Science Data]), an update from the 2021 edition of the Global Carbon Budget (Friedlingstein et al., 2022).

GCP-GridFEDv2022.2 uses a preliminary release of GCP-NAE covering the years 1959-2021 (timestamp 18th July 2021; and update from Andrew and Peters [2021]). The GCP-NAE estimates for year 2021 are based on data available at the timestamp and the estimates are thus expected to differ somewhat from those that will be presented by Friedlingstein et al. (in preparation [Earth System Science Data]), which will adopt updates to GCP-NAE since the timestamp.

For full details of the core methodology, see Jones et al. (2021).

Changes to the Seasonality of Emissions in GCP-GridFEDv2022.2

The seasonality of emissions (monthly distribution of annual emissions) for the following countries/sources is now based on the seasonality observed in the Carbon Monitor dataset (Liu et al., 2020; Dou et al., 2022):

• Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States.
• State or province-level data is used for Brazil, China, Russia, and the United States.
• This also applies for the Bunker Aviation and Bunker Shipping sectors.

Seasonality is determined in the following ways for those countries/sources:

• The seasonality of emissions in 2019-2021 is taken from Carbon Monitor.
• The seasonality of emissions in all years prior to 2019 is assigned as the average of the seasonality from Carbon Monitor in all years excluding 2020 (due to the impact of COVID-19 on the seasonality of emissions in 2020).

For all countries not listed above and all years 1959-2021, GCP-GridFED adopts the seasonality from EDGAR v4.3.2 (year 2010; Janssens-Maenhout et al., 2019) and applies a small correction based on heating/cooling degree days to account for inter-annual climate variability which effects emissions in some sectors (see Jones et al., 2021).

Other New Features of GCP-GridFEDv2022.2

• Emissions of CO₂ from international shipping and bunker sources are now provided separately.
• The sink of CO₂ arising from the carbonation of cement is also included. Values are negative as this is an atmosphere-to-surface flux.
• A total surface flux of fossil CO₂ is now provided.

The Vulcan version 3.0 hourly dataset quantifies hourly emissions at a 1-km resolution for the 2010-2015 time period. Estimates are provided of hourly carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels (FF) and CO2 emissions from cement production for the conterminous United States and the state of Alaska. Referred to as FFCO2, the emissions from Vulcan are categorized into 10 source sectors including; residential, commercial, industrial, electricity production, onroad, nonroad, commercial marine vessel, airport, rail, and cement. Files for hourly total emissions are also available. Data are represented in space on a 1 km x 1 km grid as hourly totals for 2010-2015. This dataset provides the first bottom-up U.S.-wide FFCO2 emissions data product at 1 km2/hourly for multiple years and is designed to be used as emission estimates in atmospheric transport modeling, policy, mapping, and other data analyses and applications.

Sweden SE: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data was reported at 26.842 % in 2015. This records a decrease from the previous number of 29.732 % for 2014. Sweden SE: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 40.025 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2015, with 56 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 81.830 % in 1970 and a record low of 26.842 % in 2015. Sweden SE: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.World Bank: Energy Production and Consumption. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.; ; IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/; Weighted average; Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

Egypt EG: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data was reported at 95.970 % in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 96.152 % for 2013. Egypt EG: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 93.893 % from Dec 1971 (Median) to 2014, with 44 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 96.416 % in 2011 and a record low of 85.961 % in 1973. Egypt EG: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Egypt – Table EG.World Bank: Energy Production and Consumption. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.; ; IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/; Weighted average; Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

This data set contains decadal (1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 1995) estimates of gridded fossil-fuel emissions, expressed in 1,000 metric tons C per year per one degree latitude by one degree longitude. The CO2 emissions are the summed emissions from fossil-fuel burning, hydraulic cement production and gas flaring. The years 1950 to 1990 were developed and compiled using somewhat different procedures and information than the 1995 data. The national annual estimates (Boden et al., 1996) from 1950 to 1990 were allocated to one degree grid cells based on gridded information on national boundaries and political units, and a 1984 gridded human population map (Andres et al., 1996). For the 1995 data, the population data base developed by Li (1996a) and documented by CDIAC (DB1016: Li, 1996b) was used as proxy to grid the 1995 emission estimates. There is one *.zip data file with this data set at 1.0 degree spatial resolution.

These are fossil CO2 fluxes updated through August 2024 for atmospheric CO2 modeling. They were constructed primarily to be used for the OCO2 Model Intercomparison Project (MIP).

For 2000-2022, they're based on ODIAC 2023, which in turn uses BP's energy use statistics for 2021 and 2022.

ODIAC monthly emissions have been disaggregated to hourly using the TIMES emission factors for day of week and time of day (https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2012JD018196).

For 2023 onwards, ODIAC's 2022 emissions have been scaled by the ratio of that month to 2022 emissions reported by Carbon Monitor, downloaded on October 15, 2024 from https://carbonmonitor.org/.

ODIAC does not have sectoral decomposition to the degree provided by Carbon Monitor, so total ODIAC emissions for each region have been scaled by the total emission change between 2022 and each extended year reported by Carbon Monitor, i.e., power, ground transport, etc. have not been separately scaled.

Carbon Monitor data are daily, but ODIAC emissions are monthly. So Carbon Monitor data have been aggregated to monthly totals before deriving scaling factors between 2022 and the extended years.

Carbon Monitor reports international aviation emissions by country of origin, while ODIAC reports aviation emissions on a grid. Since there is no way to derive the points of emission for Carbon Monitor aviation emissions , all Carbon Monitor international aviation was aggregated to create a single number for each month, then that number was used to scale ODIAC's bunker fuel for each month in 2023-2024.

CarbonMonitor data used for deriving 2023 and later emissions are now included in this dataset for convenience as netcdf files (converted from original CSV files).

Hourly global totals are given in the files as a check, in case you want to verify your units and file reading.

These files can be downloaded from the browser, or from the command line following guides such as this.

France FR: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data was reported at 46.629 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 46.209 % for 2014. France FR: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 59.909 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2015, with 56 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 96.694 % in 1964 and a record low of 46.209 % in 2014. France FR: Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.World Bank: Energy Production and Consumption. Fossil fuel comprises coal, oil, petroleum, and natural gas products.; ; IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/; Weighted average; Restricted use: Please contact the International Energy Agency for third-party use of these data.

This is an update of the scientific dataset on process CO₂ emissions from cement production documented in:

Andrew, R.M., 2019. Global CO₂ emissions from cement production, 1928–2018. Earth System Science Data 11, 1675–1710. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1675-2019.

Data in this release cover the period 1880–2019.

Note that emissions from use of fossil fuels in cement production are not included in this dataset since they are usually included elsewhere in global datasets of fossil CO₂ emissions. The process emissions in this dataset, which result from the decomposition of carbonates in the production of cement clinker, amounted to ~1.6 Gt CO₂ in 2019, while emissions from combustion of fossil fuels to produce the heat required amounted to an additional ~0.9 Gt CO₂ in 2019.

May 2021 release (210505): Major changes

• Updated to latest data from USGS.
• Included all new Biennial Update Reports (BURs) and National Communications (NCs) from UNFCCC non-Annex I countries.
• All UNFCCC Annex I countries updated to 2021 submissions of national inventory reports (NIRs) (1990-2019).
• US now includes Puerto Rico to align with its NIR, and is extended back to 1880 using cement production data from USGS publications.
• Viet Nam now follows the method in its NIR, using cement production from Statistical Yearbooks and USGS with clinker ratio from NIR2016, adjusted for clinker trade from COMTRADE.
• Egyptian cement production data obtained from cementdivision.com.
• Iranian cement production obtained from www.mimt.gov.ir.
• Taiwan's emissions taken from its 2020 NIR (https://unfccc.saveoursky.org.tw/nir/tw_nir_2020.php).
• Consolidated most primary data into combined_cement_data.xlsx.

The Cement Production dataset

Cement production data by country are primarily derived from USGS statistics. The construction of this dataset begins with production back-calculated from CDIAC's 2019 edition cement emissions data, which are a direct function of cement production (from the 2020 edition CDIAC has changed its methodology). Then using available data for some former Soviet states before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Soviet states are disaggregated for all years before dissolution. Data obtained directly from USGS are used to overwrite from 1990 onwards, with a small number of additional corrections. Countries for which cement production is not available in the most recent years are extrapolated simply. Finally, country-specific cement production data are overwritten for the following countries: USA, China, India, Norway, Sweden, Iran, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Jamaica, Moldova, Mexico, Namibia, Afghanistan, Argentina, Egypt. Note that many zeros in the cement production dataset are propagated from CDIAC and should probably be NODATA. The approach used for each country is summarised in the file "6. cement_production_method.csv".

Emissions calculation

• Emissions for all UNFCCC Annex I countries ("developed" countries) are derived from their official submissions to the UNFCCC in Common Reporting Format (structured Excel files), for which data are available from 1990 (slightly earlier for some Economies in Transition).
• For non-Annex I countries clinker ratios derived from the Getting the Numbers Right (GNR) cement sustainability initiative are applied to the cement production dataset to derive approximate clinker production by country, from which emissions are calculated using IPCC default factors.
• Country-specific methods are used for China, India, Japan, Turkey, USA.
• The combined_cement_data.xlsx file is used to overwrite emissions with superior data, in most cases as reported in official reporting to the UNFCCC, e.g. Biennial Update Reports, National Communications, and National Inventory Reports.
• Some countries do not report time-series of emissions, but do supply some isolated estimates in their official reporting to the UNFCCC, and these are used in some cases to constrain estimates.
• A number of countries state in their official reporting to the UNFCCC that they have never produced clinker, so emissions are set to zero for all years for these countries. In other cases, statements are made that no clinker was produced before a certain year, and this information is also incorporated.
• The information available usually covers a number of years, up to 3 decades. These are then extrapolated by combining available data and assumptions about historical developments in clinker ratios to produce longer time series of emissions based on the longer cement production dataset. More detail on this method are given in the accompanying journal paper.

Hestia Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide Emissions Inventory for Urban Regions (Hestia FFCO2) provides data products for Los Angeles Basin, Northeast corridor, Indianapolis, and other U.S. Cities. Hestia FFCO2 datasets quantify greenhouse gases (GHG), such as carbon dioxide, emitted by urban regions, since cities are major contributors of anthropogenic GHG emissions. The Hestia FFCO2 datasets provide high spatial and temporal resolution CO2 concentrations at sub-county resolutions and annual/hourly time scales, specific to the region. This data product builds upon the Vulcan Project, which grids U.S. national emissions. Hestia FFCO2 datasets are currently available from 2010 for Los Angeles, Indianapolis, Salt Lake City, the city of Baltimore, and the Baltimore/Washington Region (Northeast Corridor).

This is the data repository to reproduce the analysis of the manuscript "From net-zero to zero-fossil in transforming the EU energy system", which is currently under review for publication in a scientific journal.

The source code for the REMIND version used in this study is available at https://github.com/fschreyer/remind/tree/FossilFree_master. The scenario config file that was used to start the specific model runs of the analysis including all scenario-specific model settings can be found in the repository under ./config/scenario_config_fossilfree.csv. The repository is a fork with slight changes relative to the main release version available at https://github.com/remindmodel/remind/tree/v3.3.1 and https://zenodo.org/records/12104410. A general model documentation can be found at https://rse.pik-potsdam.de/doc/remind/3.2.0.

The data repository contains the following files:

• FossilFree_Plot.Rmd - R markdown file used for the analysis.
• AllScenarioData.mif - Data file containing REMIND scenario output data used for the analysis.
• MainFigures.xlsx - Data file containing all data plotted in main figures of the text.
• SIFigures.xlsx - Data file containing all data plotted in supplementary figures of the text.
• ecemf_snapshot_1727420973.csv - Data file containing ECEMF scenario data.
• sankeyColors_FosREBio.csv and sankeyFlows_FosREBio.csv - mapping files needed in analysis script

Note that we cannot provide the AR6 scenario data here. Please refer to https://zenodo.org/records/7197970.

Disclaimer: We here publish a comprehensive dataset of our model output which includes more data than what is needed to reproduce the figures of the paper. Those data can be helpful to compare and contextualize our scenarios or use them for further analyses. However, due to the scope and complexity of our modeling framework, these data need to be used with care. The data used for the analysis of this study have been thoroughly validated. However, we cannot always perform such validation for the whole dataset and data need to treated with caution in particular at high regional or sectoral resolution and with respect to aspects that were not in the focus of the study as there maybe artefacts or limitations of our modeling approach. Please contact us in case you would like to use our scenarios for further analyses. We welcome open and constructive exchange on our data.

Contact:
Felix Schreyer
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
felix.schreyer@pik-potsdam.de