Russian estimates suggest that the total population of the Soviet Union in 1941 was 195.4 million people, before it fell to 170.5 million in 1946 due to the devastation of the Second World War. Not only did the USSR's population fall as a consequence of the war, but fertility and birth rates also dropped due to the disruption. Hypothetical estimates suggest that, had the war not happened and had fertility rates remained on their pre-war trajectory, then the USSR's population in 1946 would have been 39 million higher than in reality. Gender differences When it comes to gender differences, the Soviet male population fell from 94 million in 1941, to 74 million in 1946, and the female population fell from 102 to 96 million. While the male and female population fell by 19 and 5.5 million respectively, hypothetical estimates suggest that both populations would have grown by seven million each had there been no war. In actual figures, adult males saw the largest change in population due to the war, as a drop of 18 to 21 percent was observed across the three age groups. In contrast, the adult female population actually grew between 1941 and 1946, although the population under 16 years fell by a number similar to that observed in the male population due to the war's impact on fertility.

Throughout the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union had relatively similar total populations. The U.S.' population grew from around 205 million to almost 250 million people between 1970 and 1990, while the USSR's population grew from around 240 to 290 million in this time. In these years, the Soviet Union had the third largest population in the world, and the U.S. had the fourth largest (behind China and India respectively). Despite their similar sizes, these populations differed in terms of distribution as the U.S.' population was approximately three quarters urban in this period, whereas the Soviet Union's urban population was just 56 percent in 1970 and 66 percent in 1989. Additionally, the Soviet Union's population was much younger than that of the U.S. due to a higher birth rate and lower life expectancy.

Due to the devastating impact of the Second World War on the Soviet population, the total population in 1950 was almost 15.5 million fewer than in 1940, which is a decrease of eight percent. In Russia (RSFSR), the largest of the Soviet states, the population difference was almost nine million people; also eight percent. It would take until 1955 for the populations of either the USSR or Russia to reach their pre-war levels, which was a decade after the conflict had ended. Urbanization Despite this drop in total population, industrialization and urbanization saw a significant change in the USSR's population distribution between the given years. The Soviet urban population increased by 6.3 million, or ten percent, between 1940 and 1950; 5.8 million of this was in Russia, which was a 15 percent increase. In contrast, the Soviet Union's rural population dropped by 21.8 million (a 17 percent change), 14.5 million of which in Russia (a decrease of 20 percent). In terms of overall population, the urban population of the USSR rose from 33 to 39 percent between 1940 and 1950, and from 34 to 43 percent in Russia. By 1955, 44 percent of the Soviet population, and 49 percent of the Russian population, lived in an urban setting.

Throughout the history of the Soviet Union, Russians were consistently the largest ethnic group in the USSR. Of a total population of 262 million people in 1979, the share who were Russian was over 137 million, which is equal to roughly 52 percent. In 1989, the total population of the Soviet Union was almost 286 million, with the ethnic Russian population at 145 million, or 51 percent. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Tatars were the only of the ten largest ethnic groups not to be given their own independent country, with Tatarstan instead becoming one of Russia's federal republics.

In Soviet Russia (RSFSR) in 1939 and 1959, ethnic Russians made up the largest share of the total population, with a share of approximately 83 percent. Tatars were the second largest ethnic group, followed by Ukrainians. Russians were consistently the largest ethnic group in the Soviet Union as a whole, with an overall share of 53 percent in 1979.

Die Sowjet – Zählung von 1989 (Erhebung: 12. - 19. Januar 1989) war die letzte und auch kompletteste Zählung in der früheren UDSSR. Die folgende Version der Ergebnisse ist eine Zusammenfassung der Daten in Form von Excel – Tabellen, geordnet nach den zwölf Themenschwerpunkten der Originalversion, die als publizierte Original - Edition seit 1992 vorliegt. “The present publication is the CD-ROM version of the results of the 1989 USSR Population Census. As such, it contains the entire contents of the printed (microfiche) edition of this publication, which was first published in the latter half of 1992. The major change has been to transform all the data in the printed (microfiche) edition into a set of tables, or files.The CD-ROM edition presents the data in twelve subject areas, corresponding to each of the twelve original volumes in the printed (microfiche) edition. Each of the general subject areas is subdivided into a number of specific subjects, which in turn correspond to a unique table in the printed (microfiche) edition.Statistical and demographic data on general subject areas: Vol. 1 Statistical and demographic data on; Vol. 2 Population Size and Distribution; Vol. 3 Age and Marital Status; Vol. 4 Family/Household Size and Structure; Vol. 5 Number of Children born; Vol. 6 Housing Conditions; Vol. 7 Education Level; Vol. 8 Nationality Composition; Vol. 8 Means of Livelihood; Vol. 9 Social Composition; Vol. 10 Employment by Economic Sector; Vol. 11 Occupations; Vol. 12 Migration.The data may also be approached from the point of view of geographic unit. Geographic units are: Russia; Ukraine; Belarus; Moldova; Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Takikistan; Turkmenistan; Georgia; Azerbaijan; Armenia; Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania.Finally, the 1989 USSR Population Census data may also be approached from the point of view of nationality. Nationalities: approximately 130 nationalities” (East View (ed.), 1996: The 1989 USSR CENSUS. Minneapolis).

In 1989, ethnic Russians made up slightly more than half of the Soviet Union's total population, at around 51 percent overall. When compared with 1979, there was a slight decrease in the share of ethnicities in European and western regions, whereas there was a slight increase in the share of ethnicities concentrated in the Caucuses and Central Asia.

Throughout the later decades of the Soviet Union, there was a consistent imbalance in the ratio of men to women. This was not only due to the legacy of the Second World War (during which time the Soviet Union lost up to 27 million people, the majority of which were men), but also due to a much lower life expectancy among men in the Soviet Union in later years. This disparity has been attributed to high rates of alcoholism and accidental deaths, which was exacerbated by economic difficulties in the final decades of the 20th century. In 1970, there were almost 20 million more women in the USSR than men, with each gender making up 54 and 46 percent of the population respectively. Natural births gradually offset the population imbalance created by the war (as the natural gender ratio at birth is generally 105 boys for every 100 girls born), and men made up over 47 percent of the population in 1989, however the gender imbalance and lower life expectancy among males remains a persistent problem across Russia and other former-Soviet states to this day.

Project developed by Giovanni Federico (New York University Abu Dhabi) and Antonio Tena Junguito (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid). Dataset: Russian Empire/USSR

In 1979, over 52 percent of the Soviet Union's total population was comprised of ethnic Russians. Ukrainians made up the second largest ethnic group, at 16 percent. No other ethnic group or nationality made up more than five percent of the USSR's total population.

The geographic information system (GIS) is based on the first and only Russian Imperial Census of 1897 and the First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union of 1926. The GIS features vector data (shapefiles) of allprovinces of the two states. For the 1897 census, there is information about linguistic, religious, and social estate groups. The part based on the 1926 census features nationality. Both shapefiles include information on gender, rural and urban population. The GIS allows for producing any necessary maps for individual studies of the period which require the administrative boundaries and demographic information.

"Opinions and Views of the Population of Ukraine" is a regular omnibus survey, conducted by Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) among Ukraine's adult population and covering a wide range of topics. The data presented here is a subset of the survey conducted in May 2024 and include KIIS's own research questions. Questions included are: readiness for concessions for peace, views on Ukraine's relationship with Russia, perceptions of the war between Russia and Ukraine, views on security agreements, perceptions of Ukrainian society's unity, attitudes toward criticism of the government, attitudes toward the legalization of medical cannabis, and perceptions of Ukraine's statehood during the Soviet era. Data collection took place from May 16 to 22, 2024, with 1,067 respondents interviewed. The data is available in an SAV format (Ukrainian, English) and a converted CSV format (with a codebook). The Data Documentation (pdf file) also includes a short overview and discussion of survey results as well as the relevant parts of the original questionnaire.

In 1970, over 29 percent of the Soviet population were under the age of 15, however this figure fell below 25 percent in the subsequent decade. This was offset by the 15-24 age group making up a larger share of the population in 1980, due to the cyclical nature of baby booms and higher birth rates when certain generations reach childbearing age.

The Soviet population structure was also greatly affected by the Second World War. The long-term impact meant that the age groups between 35 and 54 in 1970, i.e. those who were teens and young adults in the 1940s, made up a lower proportion of the population compared to traditional age distribution models. This was due to the heavy death toll experienced during the war, particularly among males.

1199 persons were interviewed in the FRG, 1228 in France, 1178 in Great Britain, 1164 in Italy and 500 in Greece. The study has the USIA-designation XX-17. The USIA-Studies of the XX-Series (international relations) from XX-2 to XX-18 are archived under ZA Study Nos. 1969-1976 as well as 2069-2074 and 2124-2127.

The Soviet Union was one of the most powerful nations of the 20th century. They were a communist nation that challenged the US. The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics, the republics include Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. These republics would later become their own seperate countries at the fall of the Soviet Union. HistoryThe full name of the Soviet Union is the Union of the Soviet Social Republics (U.S.S.R.). It was a country in Northeastern Eurasia. It's borders expanded from the Baltic to Black Seas and expanded to the Pacific Ocean (Britannica). It was the world's largest country by area, it had an area of 8.65 million square miles, it had owned one-sixth of the world's land (Britannica). It had one of the most diversity, it had over 100 distinct nationalities, however the majority of the population was made up of East Slavs, which included Russians, Ukrainians, and Belorussians (Britannica).

Representative samples of populations in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. This is our follow-up survey (from 2014) in the three Baltic countries but without additional sampling of their respective Russian speaking minorities. Special focus is on the handling of the covid pandemic in the Baltic countries, but the survey also covers attitudes towards the EU, migration, democracy, and Russia against the backdrop of its aggression in Ukraine.

This dataset is intended for researchers, students, and policy makers for reference and mapping purposes, and may be used for basic applications such as viewing, querying, and map output production, or to provide a basemap to support graphical overlays and analysis with other spatial data.

Using representative surveys of the entire population, this research project analysed the similarities and differences between Soviet and Russian household behaviour in the informal economy during 1996-1999. The research was based primarily on unpublished archive material - Soviet family budget surveys - for the Soviet period, and regular Russian household/ adult surveys for the post-Soviet period. In particular, the project estimated and compared the size, dynamics and determinants of household behaviour in the informal economy in the two periods, and also assessed the impact of household informal economy activities on the Soviet or current Russian economy.
The continuous Soviet annual family budget survey (FBS), covering the entire population of the USSR was conducted from the early 1950s onwards under the auspices of the Soviet Central Statistical Administration. Comprehensive and detailed summary results of annual data from the family budget surveys of Soviet households aggregated by types of heads of households such as workers and state employees and collective farm workers are kept in three Russian archives. This dataset was created using some of the results from the FBS.

This point shapefile contains the cities and towns boundaries in the Kurgan-Tyube oblast of the Tajik Soviet republic. Populations from the 1989 soviet census are included for each city. In 1992 it was merged with the Kulob Oblast to create Khatlon Province.

The article discusses the assistance of the Russian Orthodox Church to the population of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. Modern Russian reality allows us to rethink many aspects of our entire complex history, helps to understand the drama and dialectic of public life, to abandon many historical dogmas and stereotypes. In modern conditions, there is a formation and formation of a new attitude to the study of such a complex problem as state-church relations during the Soviet system, especially during the Great Patriotic War. This is largely facilitated by the ongoing process of restructuring in the sphere of public consciousness, which finds expression in the expansion of pluralism of opinions on the most acute problems of our past, including the relationship between the Soviet state and the Russian Orthodox Church during the Great Patriotic War. The importance of this article is determined primarily by the need for a comprehensive assessment of the entire complex of state-church relations during the war, the use of this experience to solve new problems, to extract from history the lessons necessary to understand the present and foresee the future.