Background This bibliometric analysis examines the top 50 most-cited articles on COVID-19 complications, offering insights into the multifaceted impact of the virus. Since its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019, COVID-19 has evolved into a global health crisis, with over 770 million confirmed cases and 6.9 million deaths as of September 2023. Initially recognized as a respiratory illness causing pneumonia and ARDS, its diverse complications extend to cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal, hematological, neurological, endocrinological, ophthalmological, hepatobiliary, and dermatological systems. Methods Identifying the top 50 articles from a pool of 5940 in Scopus, the analysis spans November 2019 to July 2021, employing terms related to COVID-19 and complications. Rigorous review criteria excluded non-relevant studies, basic science research, and animal models. The authors independently reviewed articles, considering factors like title, citations, publication year, journal, impact factor, authors, study details, and patient demographics. Results The focus is primarily on 2020 publications (96%), with all articles being open-access. Leading journals include The Lancet, NEJM, and JAMA, with prominent contributions from Internal Medicine (46.9%) and Pulmonary Medicine (14.5%). China played a major role (34.9%), followed by France and Belgium. Clinical features were the primary study topic (68%), often utilizing retrospective designs (24%). Among 22,477 patients analyzed, 54.8% were male, with the most common age group being 26–65 years (63.2%). Complications affected 13.9% of patients, with a recovery rate of 57.8%. Conclusion Analyzing these top-cited articles offers clinicians and researchers a comprehensive, timely understanding of influential COVID-19 literature. This approach uncovers attributes contributing to high citations and provides authors with valuable insights for crafting impactful research. As a strategic tool, this analysis facilitates staying updated and making meaningful contributions to the dynamic field of COVID-19 research. Methods A bibliometric analysis of the most cited articles about COVID-19 complications was conducted in July 2021 using all journals indexed in Elsevier’s Scopus and Thomas Reuter’s Web of Science from November 1, 2019 to July 1, 2021. All journals were selected for inclusion regardless of country of origin, language, medical speciality, or electronic availability of articles or abstracts. The terms were combined as follows: (“COVID-19” OR “COVID19” OR “SARS-COV-2” OR “SARSCOV2” OR “SARS 2” OR “Novel coronavirus” OR “2019-nCov” OR “Coronavirus”) AND (“Complication” OR “Long Term Complication” OR “Post-Intensive Care Syndrome” OR “Venous Thromboembolism” OR “Acute Kidney Injury” OR “Acute Liver Injury” OR “Post COVID-19 Syndrome” OR “Acute Cardiac Injury” OR “Cardiac Arrest” OR “Stroke” OR “Embolism” OR “Septic Shock” OR “Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation” OR “Secondary Infection” OR “Blood Clots” OR “Cytokine Release Syndrome” OR “Paediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome” OR “Vaccine Induced Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome” OR “Aspergillosis” OR “Mucormycosis” OR “Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia Anaemia” OR “Immune Thrombocytopenia” OR “Subacute Thyroiditis” OR “Acute Respiratory Failure” OR “Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome” OR “Pneumonia” OR “Subcutaneous Emphysema” OR “Pneumothorax” OR “Pneumomediastinum” OR “Encephalopathy” OR “Pancreatitis” OR “Chronic Fatigue” OR “Rhabdomyolysis” OR “Neurologic Complication” OR “Cardiovascular Complications” OR “Psychiatric Complication” OR “Respiratory Complication” OR “Cardiac Complication” OR “Vascular Complication” OR “Renal Complication” OR “Gastrointestinal Complication” OR “Haematological Complication” OR “Hepatobiliary Complication” OR “Musculoskeletal Complication” OR “Genitourinary Complication” OR “Otorhinolaryngology Complication” OR “Dermatological Complication” OR “Paediatric Complication” OR “Geriatric Complication” OR “Pregnancy Complication”) in the Title, Abstract or Keyword. A total of 5940 articles were accessed, of which the top 50 most cited articles about COVID-19 and Complications of COVID-19 were selected through Scopus. Each article was reviewed for its appropriateness for inclusion. The articles were independently reviewed by three researchers (JRP, MAM and TS) (Table 1). Differences in opinion with regard to article inclusion were resolved by consensus. The inclusion criteria specified articles that were focused on COVID-19 and Complications of COVID-19. Articles were excluded if they did not relate to COVID-19 and or complications of COVID-19, Basic Science Research and studies using animal models or phantoms. Review articles, Viewpoints, Guidelines, Perspectives and Meta-analysis were also excluded from the top 50 most-cited articles (Table 1). The top 50 most-cited articles were compiled in a single database and the relevant data was extracted. The database included: Article Title, Scopus Citations, Year of Publication, Journal, Journal Impact Factor, Authors, Number of Authors, Department Affiliation, Number of Institutions, Country of Origin, Study Topic, Study Design, Sample Size, Open Access, Non-Original Articles, Patient/Participants Age, Gender, Symptoms, Signs, Co-morbidities, Complications, Imaging Modalities Used and outcome.

IntroductionSocial media, an essential source of public access to information regarding the COVID-19 vaccines, has a significant effect on the transmission of information regarding the COVID-19 vaccines and helps the public gain correct insights into the effectiveness and safety of the COVID-19 vaccines. The forwarding behavior of social media users on posts concerned with COVID-19 vaccine topics can rapidly disseminate vaccine information in a short period, which has a significant effect on transmission and helps the public access relevant information. However, the factors of social media users' forwarding posts are still uncertain thus far. In this paper, we investigated the factors of the forwarding COVID-19 vaccines Weibo posts on Chinese social media and verified the correlation between social network characteristics, Weibo textual sentiment characteristics, and post forwarding.MethodsThis paper used data mining, machine learning, sentiment analysis, social network analysis, and regression analysis. Using “新冠疫苗 (COVID-19 vaccine)” as the keyword, we used data mining to crawl 121,834 Weibo posts on Sina Weibo from 1 January 2021 to 31 May 2021. Weibo posts not closely correlated with the topic of the COVID-19 vaccines were filtered out using machine learning. In the end, 3,158 posts were used for data analysis. The proportions of positive sentiment and negative sentiment in the textual of Weibo posts were calculated through sentiment analysis. On that basis, the sentiment characteristics of Weibo posts were determined. The social network characteristics of information transmission on the COVID-19 vaccine topic were determined through social network analysis. The correlation between social network characteristics, sentiment characteristics of the text, and the forwarding volume of posts was verified through regression analysis.ResultsThe results suggest that there was a significant positive correlation between the degree of posting users in the social network structure and the amount of forwarding. The relationship between the closeness centrality and the forwarding volume was significantly positive. The betweenness centrality was significantly positively correlated with the forwarding volume. There was no significant relationship between the number of posts containing more positive sentiments and the forwarding volume of posts. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of Weibo posts containing more negative sentiments and the forwarding volume.ConclusionAccording to the characteristics of users, COVID-19 vaccine posts from opinion leaders, “gatekeepers,” and users with high-closeness centrality are more likely to be reposted. Users with these characteristics should be valued for their important role in disseminating information about COVID-19 vaccines. In addition, the sentiment contained in the Weibo post is an important factor influencing the public to forward vaccine posts. Special attention should be paid to the negative sentimental tendency contained in this post on Weibo to mitigate the negative impact of the information epidemic and improve the transmission effect of COVID-19 vaccine information.

Note: In these datasets, a person is defined as up to date if they have received at least one dose of an updated COVID-19 vaccine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that certain groups, including adults ages 65 years and older, receive additional doses.

Starting on July 13, 2022, the denominator for calculating vaccine coverage has been changed from age 5+ to all ages to reflect new vaccine eligibility criteria. Previously the denominator was changed from age 16+ to age 12+ on May 18, 2021, then changed from age 12+ to age 5+ on November 10, 2021, to reflect previous changes in vaccine eligibility criteria. The previous datasets based on age 12+ and age 5+ denominators have been uploaded as archived tables.

Starting June 30, 2021, the dataset has been reconfigured so that all updates are appended to one dataset to make it easier for API and other interfaces. In addition, historical data has been extended back to January 5, 2021.

This dataset shows full, partial, and at least 1 dose coverage rates by zip code tabulation area (ZCTA) for the state of California. Data sources include the California Immunization Registry and the American Community Survey’s 2015-2019 5-Year data.

This is the data table for the LHJ Vaccine Equity Performance dashboard. However, this data table also includes ZTCAs that do not have a VEM score.

This dataset also includes Vaccine Equity Metric score quartiles (when applicable), which combine the Public Health Alliance of Southern California’s Healthy Places Index (HPI) measure with CDPH-derived scores to estimate factors that impact health, like income, education, and access to health care. ZTCAs range from less healthy community conditions in Quartile 1 to more healthy community conditions in Quartile 4.

The Vaccine Equity Metric is for weekly vaccination allocation and reporting purposes only. CDPH-derived quartiles should not be considered as indicative of the HPI score for these zip codes. CDPH-derived quartiles were assigned to zip codes excluded from the HPI score produced by the Public Health Alliance of Southern California due to concerns with statistical reliability and validity in populations smaller than 1,500 or where more than 50% of the population resides in a group setting.

These data do not include doses administered by the following federal agencies who received vaccine allocated directly from CDC: Indian Health Service, Veterans Health Administration, Department of Defense, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons.

For some ZTCAs, vaccination coverage may exceed 100%. This may be a result of many people from outside the county coming to that ZTCA to get their vaccine and providers reporting the county of administration as the county of residence, and/or the DOF estimates of the population in that ZTCA are too low. Please note that population numbers provided by DOF are projections and so may not be accurate, especially given unprecedented shifts in population as a result of the pandemic.

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Vaccines Market Size 2025-2029

The vaccines market size is forecast to increase by USD 160.22 billion at a CAGR of 23.1% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by increased funding for research and development, leading to the launch of new vaccines. One of the most promising trends in this market is the development of nanoparticle vaccines, which offer enhanced immunogenicity and improved delivery systems. This trend is particularly evident in the development of nanoparticle vaccines, which offer enhanced efficacy and safety. However, the high cost of research, development, and manufacturing poses a significant challenge for market players. Examples include the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and influenza vaccine. These costs can be attributed to the complex production processes involved in vaccine creation, as well as the need for rigorous clinical trials to ensure safety and efficacy. 
However, the high cost of vaccine research, development, and manufacturing remains a significant challenge for market participants. Despite this, the market presents numerous opportunities for companies seeking to capitalize on the growing demand for vaccines, particularly in emerging economies with rising healthcare expenditures. Strategic partnerships, collaborations, and acquisitions are key strategies for companies looking to navigate the competitive landscape and stay ahead of the curve.
Overall, the market is poised for continued growth, with significant opportunities for innovation and investment in the coming years. Companies that can effectively address the challenges of cost and regulatory compliance while delivering high-quality, effective vaccines will be well-positioned to succeed.

What will be the Size of the Vaccines Market during the forecast period?

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The market driven by the continuous development of immunization programs and the pursuit of vaccine equity. Immunological memory, antibody response, and cost-effectiveness analysis are key factors influencing market growth. Vaccine supply chain, efficacy testing, preservation, patent, and licensing are essential aspects of the market. Nanotechnology and universal vaccines are emerging trends, aiming to improve vaccine accessibility and quality control. Vaccine manufacturing, regulatory approval, and economic impact are crucial elements in the market, with intellectual property, vaccine shelf life, and vaccine development pipeline being significant factors.
Vaccine innovation and vaccine safety monitoring are essential for addressing disease burden and ensuring potency, stability, and sterility. Vaccine logistics and vaccine stability are critical for successful distribution and administration, while vaccine safety monitoring emphasizes the importance of ongoing surveillance and immune response assessment. 

How is this Vaccines Industry segmented?

The vaccines industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  Subunit vaccines
  Live attenuated vaccines
  Inactivated vaccines
  Toxoid vaccines
  Others


End-user

  Hospitals
  Clinics


Technology

  mRNA vaccines
  Viral vector vaccines
  Protein based vaccines
  DNA vaccines
  Others


Route Of Administration

  Intramuscular
  Subcutaneous
  Oral
  Intranasal
  Others


Disease Type

  Influenza
  Human papillomavirus
  Hepatitis
  Measles
  mumps
  rubella
  Others


Age Group

  Pediatric
  Adult
  Adolescent
  Geriatric


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The subunit vaccines segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Subunit vaccines, integral components of the healthcare system's disease prevention strategy, employ specific antigenic pieces of a pathogen, such as proteins, sugars, or capsids, to induce a robust immune response. These vaccines, including the mRNA vaccines, are designed to target specific components of the pathogen, making them highly effective in preventing infections. The development process involves identifying and isolating these antigenic components, followed by formulation and rigorous testing to ensure safety and efficacy. For instance, in the realm of disease outbreak prevention, a phase 3 trial for the subunit TB vaccine candidate M72/AS01E was initiated in March 2024 in South Africa.

This trial aims to evaluate the vaccine's efficacy in preventing the progression from latent TB to active pulmonary TB, contributing to herd immunity and ultimately, disease surveillance and vaccine distribution within the healthcare s

Analysis of ‘COVID-19 Vaccine Progress Dashboard Data’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/b35f49ea-75f8-43e3-9b99-fd4f5890be97 on 27 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Note: Starting on November 10, 2021, columns have been added for age 5+ denominator for calculating vaccine coverage to reflect new vaccine eligibility criteria.

In May 18, 2021, the denominator for calculating vaccine coverage has been changed from age 16+ to age 12+ to reflect new vaccine eligibility criteria. The previous dataset based on age 16+ denominators has been uploaded as an archived table.

Starting on May 29, 2021 the methodology for calculating on-hand inventory in the shipped/delivered/on-hand dataset has changed. Please see the accompanying data dictionary for details. In addition, this dataset is now down to the ZIP code level.

This data is from the same source as the Vaccine Progress Dashboard at https://covid19.ca.gov/vaccines/ which summarizes vaccination data at the county level by county of residence. Where county of residence was not reported in a vaccination record, the county of provider that vaccinated the resident is included. This applies to less than 1% of vaccination records. The sum of county-level vaccinations does not equal statewide total vaccinations due to out-of-state residents vaccinated in California.

This dataset also includes Vaccine Equity Metric score quartiles, which combine the Public Health Alliance of Southern California’s Healthy Places Index (HPI) measure with CDPH-derived scores to estimate factors that impact health, like income, education, and access to health care. Zip codes range from less healthy community conditions in Quartile 1 to more healthy community conditions in Quartile 4.

The Vaccine Equity Metric is for weekly vaccination allocation and reporting purposes only. CDPH-derived quartiles should not be considered as indicative of the HPI score for these zip codes. CDPH-derived quartiles were assigned to zip codes excluded from the HPI score produced by the Public Health Alliance of Southern California due to concerns with statistical reliability and validity in populations smaller than 1,500 or where more than 50% of the population resides in a group setting.

These data do not include doses administered by the following federal agencies who received vaccine allocated directly from CDC: Indian Health Service, Veterans Health Administration, Department of Defense, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons.

Note: Totals for the Vaccine Progress Dashboard and this dataset may not match, as the Dashboard totals doses by Report Date and this dataset totals doses by Administration Date. Dose numbers may also change for a particular Administration Date as data is updated.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Note: Starting on July 13, 2022, the denominator for calculating vaccine coverage has been changed from age 5+ to all ages to reflect new vaccine eligibility criteria. Previously the denominator was changed from age 16+ to age 12+ on May 18, 2021, then changed from age 12+ to age 5+ on November 10, 2021, to reflect previous changes in vaccine eligibility criteria. The previous datasets based on age 16+ and age 5+ denominators have been uploaded as archived tables.

Note: Starting on May 29, 2021 the methodology for calculating on-hand inventory in the shipped/delivered/on-hand dataset has changed. Please see the accompanying data dictionary for details. In addition, this dataset is now down to the ZIP code level.

This data is from the same source as the Vaccine Progress Dashboard at https://covid19.ca.gov/vaccination-progress-data/ which summarizes vaccination data at the county level by county of residence. Where county of residence was not reported in a vaccination record, the county of provider that vaccinated the resident is included. This applies to less than 1% of vaccination records. The sum of county-level vaccinations does not equal statewide total vaccinations due to out-of-state residents vaccinated in California.

This dataset also includes Vaccine Equity Metric score quartiles, which combine the Public Health Alliance of Southern California’s Healthy Places Index (HPI) measure with CDPH-derived scores to estimate factors that impact health, like income, education, and access to health care. Zip codes range from less healthy community conditions in Quartile 1 to more healthy community conditions in Quartile 4.

The Vaccine Equity Metric is for weekly vaccination allocation and reporting purposes only. CDPH-derived quartiles should not be considered as indicative of the HPI score for these zip codes. CDPH-derived quartiles were assigned to zip codes excluded from the HPI score produced by the Public Health Alliance of Southern California due to concerns with statistical reliability and validity in populations smaller than 1,500 or where more than 50% of the population resides in a group setting.

These data do not include doses administered by the following federal agencies who received vaccine allocated directly from CDC: Indian Health Service, Veterans Health Administration, Department of Defense, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons.

Note: Totals for the Vaccine Progress Dashboard and this dataset may not match, as the Dashboard totals doses by Report Date and this dataset totals doses by Administration Date. Dose numbers may also change for a particular Administration Date as data is updated.

In the United States, influenza vaccination rates differ greatly by age. For example, during the 2022-2023 flu season, around ** percent of those aged 65 years and older received an influenza vaccination, compared to just ** percent of those aged 18 to 49 years. The CDC recommends that everyone six months and older in the United States should get vaccinated against influenza every year, with a few exceptions. Although influenza is mild for most people it can lead to hospitalization and even death, especially among the young, the old, and those with certain preexisting conditions. The impact of flu vaccinations Flu vaccinations are safe and effective, preventing thousands of illnesses, medical visits, and deaths every year. However, the effectiveness of flu vaccines varies each year depending on what flu viruses are circulating that season and the age and health status of the person receiving the vaccination. During the 2022-2023 flu season it was estimated that influenza vaccination prevented almost *********** hospitalizations among those aged 65 years and older. In addition, flu vaccinations prevented ***** deaths among those aged 65 years and older as well as ** deaths among children six months to four years. The burden of influenza The impact of influenza is different from season to season. However, during the 2022-2023 flu season there were around ** million cases of influenza in the United States. Furthermore, there were around ****** deaths due to influenza, an increase from the previous year but significantly fewer than in ********* when influenza contributed to ****** deaths. Most of these deaths are among the elderly. In ********* the death rate due to influenza among those aged 65 years and older was around **** per 100,000 population. In comparison, those aged 18 to 49 years had an influenza death rate of just ** per 100,000 population.

Vaccine Technologies Market Outlook

The global vaccine technologies market size was valued at approximately $45 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around $95 billion by 2032, exhibiting a robust CAGR of 8.5% during the forecast period. This remarkable growth can be attributed to several factors, including advancements in biotechnological research, increased funding for vaccine development, and a heightened focus on public health initiatives globally.

One of the primary growth drivers in the vaccine technologies market is the increasing prevalence of infectious diseases. The world has witnessed several outbreaks and pandemics, such as COVID-19, which have underscored the critical need for rapid vaccine development and deployment. Governments and healthcare organizations are investing heavily in vaccine research and infrastructure to prevent future outbreaks, significantly boosting market growth. Furthermore, the development of next-generation vaccine technologies, such as mRNA and viral vector vaccines, has revolutionized the field, providing more effective and faster-to-develop alternatives to traditional vaccines.

Another crucial factor propelling the market is technological advancements. Innovations in genomics and biotechnology have enabled the development of more precise and personalized vaccines. For instance, mRNA vaccine technology, which has gained prominence due to its success in preventing COVID-19, opens new avenues for treating various diseases, including cancers and genetic disorders. These technologies not only enhance efficacy but also reduce the time required for vaccine development, making them highly attractive in the current fast-paced healthcare environment.

In addition to infectious diseases and technological advancements, increasing government and private sector investments are fueling market growth. Governments across the globe are offering grants, subsidies, and other financial incentives to encourage vaccine research and development. Private companies and non-profit organizations are also playing a pivotal role by funding innovative projects and collaborating with research institutes. This surge in funding is accelerating the pace of vaccine development and commercialization, thereby expanding the market.

Preventive Vaccines play a crucial role in the global health landscape by proactively addressing potential outbreaks before they occur. These vaccines are designed to protect individuals from contracting diseases by inducing immunity, thereby reducing the incidence of infections and the burden on healthcare systems. The development and deployment of preventive vaccines have been instrumental in controlling diseases such as measles, polio, and influenza. With ongoing research and advancements in vaccine technology, there is a continuous effort to expand the range of preventive vaccines available, targeting both well-known and emerging infectious diseases. This proactive approach not only saves lives but also contributes to economic stability by minimizing the impact of disease outbreaks on societies.

Regionally, North America dominates the vaccine technologies market due to its robust healthcare infrastructure, high healthcare expenditure, and substantial investments in research and development. Europe follows closely, driven by strong government support and well-established pharmaceutical industries. The Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period, attributed to increasing healthcare awareness, rising investments in healthcare infrastructure, and a significant patient pool. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also showing promising growth, backed by improved healthcare policies and rising demand for immunization programs.

Technology Analysis

mRNA Vaccines Analysis

mRNA vaccines have revolutionized the vaccine technology landscape, particularly highlighted by their success during the COVID-19 pandemic. These vaccines use messenger RNA to instruct cells to produce proteins that trigger an immune response, offering a faster and more precise method than traditional vaccines. The flexibility and speed of mRNA vaccine development make it an attractive option for combating various diseases, not just infectious diseases but also cancers and genetic disorders. The significant investments by pharmaceutical giants like Pfizer and Moderna are further accelerating the growth of this segment. With ongoing research and imp

BackgroundVaccine hesitancy is a global public health threat. Understanding the role of psychological factors in vaccine hesitancy is often neglected and relatively less explored.Aim and ObjectivesTo analyze the relationship between mental health and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy before and after the advent of COVID-19 vaccines (AC19V) in the general population of India and Saudi Arabia (KSA) which vary in severity of the pandemic and vaccine mandates.Materials and MethodsA total of 677 adult participants from India and KSA participated in this cross-sectional online web-based survey. Sociodemographic details and current COVID-19 status pertaining to infection and vaccination were collected. Depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and perceptive need for mental health support (MHS) were assessed before and after AC19V. A newly constructed and validated COVID19 vaccine hesitancy scale-12 (COVID19-VHS12) scale was used to evaluate the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.ResultsPrevalence and levels of depression and anxiety symptoms decreased significantly in Saudis but not in Indians after AC19V. PTSD symptoms showed a significant reduction in both India and KSA. Anxiety symptoms were higher in KSA than India before AC19V while PTSD was higher in India before and after AC19V. Except for the place of residence and employment status, the subgroups of sociodemographic variables which were at higher risk of negative mental health before AC19V showed improvement in their mental health after AC19V. The prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in India and KSA was 50.8% (95% CI 45.73–55.89%) and 55.7% (95% CI 50.16–61.31%), respectively. A bidirectional association between vaccine hesitancy and mental health was observed in KSA but not in India. Higher vaccine hesitancy favored higher levels of depression, anxiety, and perceptive need for MHS and vice versa in KSA. None of the mental health parameters predicted vaccine hesitancy in India, while higher vaccine hesitancy increased the risk of anxiety.ConclusionVaccine hesitancy has a negative impact on mental health and vice versa over and above the impact of sociodemographic factors and COVID-19 vaccination and infection status which shows variations between India and KSA.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global pandemic that has affected millions of people worldwide. This study aims to bridge the knowledge gap between acute and chronic symptoms, vaccination impact, and associated factors in patients across different low-income countries.Methods: The study included 2,445 participants aged 18 years and older, testing positive for COVID-19. Data collection involved screening for medical histories, testing records, symptomatology, and persistent symptoms. Validated instruments, including the DePaul Symptom Questionnaire (DSQ-2) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), were used. We applied a self-supervised and unsupervised deep neural network to extract features from the questionnaire. Gradient boosted machines (GMB) model was used to build a risk calculator for chronic fatigue, depression, and prolonged COVID-19 symptoms. The best-performing models were implemented in a shiny app and deployed online at: [https//ahmedshaheen.shinyapps.io/shaheen-covid-19/]. Also, there is an offline version of the application that can be downloaded: [link].Findings: Out of the study cohort, 69.5% of the patients had symptoms lasting longer than 2 weeks. The most frequent symptoms were loss of smell 46.8%, dry cough (40.1%), loss of taste (37.8%), headaches (37.2%), and sore throat (28.9%). The patients also reported high rates of depression (47.7%), chronic fatigue (6.5%), and infection after vaccination (24.2%). Factors associated with chronic fatigue syndrome included sex, age, and smoking. Vaccinated individuals demonstrated lower odds of experiencing prolonged COVID-19 symptoms, chronic fatigue syndrome, and depression. The predictive models achieved a high area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) scores of 0.87, 0.82, and 0.74, respectively.Interpretation: The results provide insights into the consequences of COVID-19 and a predictive tool to understand factors influencing depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, and prolonged COVID-19 symptoms. The study reveals variables affecting these outcomes and the interplay between pre-existing conditions, treatments, and the duration of symptoms post-recovery.

As of March 15, 2023, Seychelles was the African country with the highest coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination rate, with around 205 doses administered per 100 individuals. Mauritius and Rwanda followed with 201 and 190 doses per 100 people, respectively. Ranking fourth, Morocco had a vaccination rate of approximately 148 doses per 100 people, registering the third-highest number of inoculations after Egypt and Nigeria. In South Africa, the most affected country on the continent, the vaccination rate instead reached around 64 per 100 population.

How did Africa obtain the vaccines?

Vaccines in Africa were obtained in different ways. African nations both purchased new doses and received them from other countries. At the beginning of the vaccination campaigns, donations came from all over the world, such as China, the United Arab Emirates, India, and Russia. The United Nations-led COVAX initiative provided Oxford/AstraZeneca and Pfizer/BioNTech doses to several African countries. Within this program, the continent received nearly 270 million doses as of January 2022. Moreover, the vaccination campaign has also been an occasion for intra-African solidarity. Senegal has, for instance, donated vaccines to the Gambia, while in January 2021, Algeria announced that it would have shared its supply with Tunisia.

COVID-19 impact on the African economy

The spread of COVID-19 negatively affected socio-economic growth in Africa, with the continent’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contracting significantly in 2020. Specifically, Southern Africa experienced the sharpest decline, at minus six percent, followed by North Africa at minus 1.7 percent. Most of Africa’s key economic sectors were hit by the pandemic. The drop in global oil prices led to a crisis in the oil and gas sector. Nigeria, the continent’s leading oil-exporting country, witnessed a considerable decrease in crude oil trade in 2020. Moreover, the shrinking number of international tourist arrivals determined a loss of over 12 million jobs in Africa’s travel and tourism sector. Society has also been substantially affected by COVID-19 on the poorest continent in the world, and the number of people living in extreme poverty was estimated to increase by around 30 million in 2020.

The combination vaccine market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing disease prevalence, rising vaccination awareness, and government initiatives promoting immunization programs globally. The market's value, while not explicitly stated, can be reasonably estimated based on the presence of major pharmaceutical players like GSK, Sanofi Pasteur, Merck, and Pfizer, indicating a substantial market size likely in the billions of dollars. The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) – while unspecified – is expected to remain positive, fueled by ongoing research and development into new combination vaccines offering broader protection against multiple infectious diseases. This trend reduces the number of individual injections required, increasing patient compliance and reducing healthcare costs. Market segments likely include vaccines targeting childhood diseases (e.g., MMR, DTaP), adult immunizations (e.g., influenza, pneumococcal), and travel-related vaccines. Geographic variations in market size and growth will reflect factors such as healthcare infrastructure, vaccination coverage rates, and disease prevalence in different regions. Challenges include vaccine hesitancy, logistical hurdles in vaccine distribution, especially in low-resource settings, and the potential for adverse reactions, all of which impact market penetration and growth trajectory. Despite these restraints, the long-term outlook for the combination vaccine market remains optimistic. The continuous innovation in vaccine technology, including the development of novel adjuvants and delivery systems, is expected to further enhance vaccine efficacy and safety profiles. The increasing focus on preventative healthcare and the growing demand for cost-effective vaccination solutions will continue to drive market expansion over the forecast period (2025-2033). The competitive landscape is dominated by established pharmaceutical giants and emerging biotech companies, leading to ongoing innovation and competition within the market. Further market penetration will depend on successful public health campaigns, efficient supply chain management, and ongoing efforts to address vaccine hesitancy and improve global vaccine access.

This dataset reports the daily reported number of the 7-day moving average rates of Deaths involving COVID-19 by vaccination status and by age group. Learn how the Government of Ontario is helping to keep Ontarians safe during the 2019 Novel Coronavirus outbreak. Effective November 14, 2024 this page will no longer be updated. Information about COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses is available on Public Health Ontario’s interactive respiratory virus tool: https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Data-and-Analysis/Infectious-Disease/Respiratory-Virus-Tool Data includes: * Date on which the death occurred * Age group * 7-day moving average of the last seven days of the death rate per 100,000 for those not fully vaccinated * 7-day moving average of the last seven days of the death rate per 100,000 for those fully vaccinated * 7-day moving average of the last seven days of the death rate per 100,000 for those vaccinated with at least one booster ##Additional notes As of June 16, all COVID-19 datasets will be updated weekly on Thursdays by 2pm. As of January 12, 2024, data from the date of January 1, 2024 onwards reflect updated population estimates. This update specifically impacts data for the 'not fully vaccinated' category. On November 30, 2023 the count of COVID-19 deaths was updated to include missing historical deaths from January 15, 2020 to March 31, 2023. CCM is a dynamic disease reporting system which allows ongoing update to data previously entered. As a result, data extracted from CCM represents a snapshot at the time of extraction and may differ from previous or subsequent results. Public Health Units continually clean up COVID-19 data, correcting for missing or overcounted cases and deaths. These corrections can result in data spikes and current totals being different from previously reported cases and deaths. Observed trends over time should be interpreted with caution for the most recent period due to reporting and/or data entry lags. The data does not include vaccination data for people who did not provide consent for vaccination records to be entered into the provincial COVaxON system. This includes individual records as well as records from some Indigenous communities where those communities have not consented to including vaccination information in COVaxON. “Not fully vaccinated” category includes people with no vaccine and one dose of double-dose vaccine. “People with one dose of double-dose vaccine” category has a small and constantly changing number. The combination will stabilize the results. Spikes, negative numbers and other data anomalies: Due to ongoing data entry and data quality assurance activities in Case and Contact Management system (CCM) file, Public Health Units continually clean up COVID-19, correcting for missing or overcounted cases and deaths. These corrections can result in data spikes, negative numbers and current totals being different from previously reported case and death counts. Public Health Units report cause of death in the CCM based on information available to them at the time of reporting and in accordance with definitions provided by Public Health Ontario. The medical certificate of death is the official record and the cause of death could be different. Deaths are defined per the outcome field in CCM marked as “Fatal”. Deaths in COVID-19 cases identified as unrelated to COVID-19 are not included in the Deaths involving COVID-19 reported. Rates for the most recent days are subject to reporting lags All data reflects totals from 8 p.m. the previous day. This dataset is subject to change.

Enterovirus Vaccine Market Outlook

The enterovirus vaccine market size is projected to witness significant growth, with a global market value expected to grow from USD 1.5 billion in 2023 to USD 2.8 billion by 2032. This translates into a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.7% from 2024 to 2032, driven predominantly by the increasing incidence of enterovirus infections and the rising global healthcare expenditure. The growing awareness about enterovirus-related diseases and their prevention is also bolstering the demand for enterovirus vaccines worldwide.

One of the key growth factors for the enterovirus vaccine market is the rising prevalence of enterovirus infections, which includes diseases such as poliovirus, coxsackievirus, and echovirus. These infections are particularly common in developing regions where sanitation conditions might not be optimal, leading to higher transmission rates. Governments and health organizations are prioritizing vaccination programs to tackle these infections, thereby driving the demand for enterovirus vaccines. The concerted efforts towards polio eradication through vaccination campaigns in various countries have also significantly contributed to market growth. Additionally, the approval of new vaccines and ongoing clinical trials to develop more effective vaccines are expected to further augment the market.

Increased funding and support from international bodies and governments for immunization programs are also playing a crucial role in driving the market. Organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) are extensively working towards the eradication of poliovirus, which has a direct positive impact on the enterovirus vaccine market. These initiatives have not only increased the adoption of vaccines but have also paved the way for infrastructural development, making vaccines more accessible to remote areas. Furthermore, public-private partnerships in vaccine research and distribution are enhancing the market landscape.

Another factor contributing to market growth is the technological advancements in vaccine development. Modern biotechnology techniques have enabled the development of more effective and safer vaccines. For instance, the introduction of inactivated vaccines and live-attenuated vaccines for enteroviruses has improved immunization outcomes. The rising investments in research and development by pharmaceutical companies to innovate and improve vaccine efficacy are also expected to drive market growth. Additionally, the increasing use of adjuvants in vaccines to boost the immune response is another technological advancement that is likely to propel the market forward.

Regionally, North America holds a significant share of the enterovirus vaccine market due to the high adoption rate of vaccines, advanced healthcare infrastructure, and substantial government funding for vaccine programs. Europe follows closely, with a strong emphasis on immunization and public health initiatives. The Asia Pacific region is anticipated to exhibit the highest growth rate during the forecast period due to the increasing population, rising healthcare awareness, and expanding immunization programs in countries like India and China. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also expected to witness substantial growth, driven by improving healthcare infrastructure and increasing government initiatives for vaccination.

The role of vaccines in combating viral infections extends beyond enteroviruses, with the Human Rotavirus Vaccine serving as a prime example. Rotavirus is a leading cause of severe diarrhea among infants and young children, and the introduction of rotavirus vaccines has significantly reduced the incidence and severity of rotavirus infections globally. The success of the Human Rotavirus Vaccine highlights the importance of vaccination in preventing viral diseases and reducing healthcare burdens. As with enterovirus vaccines, the development and distribution of rotavirus vaccines have been supported by international health organizations and government initiatives, ensuring widespread access and coverage. This collaborative approach has been instrumental in achieving high vaccination rates and improving public health outcomes, particularly in regions with limited healthcare resources.

Vaccine Type Analysis

The enterovirus vaccine market is segmented by vaccine type into inactivated vaccines and live attenuated vaccines. Inactivated va

Zoster Vaccine Market Outlook

The global zoster vaccine market size in 2023 is approximately USD 3.5 billion and is projected to reach USD 7.2 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.5%. This growth is primarily driven by an aging global population, increased awareness of herpes zoster's complications, and advancements in vaccine technology. The rising prevalence of shingles, especially among the elderly, underscores the critical need for effective vaccination strategies to mitigate its impact. With healthcare systems globally emphasizing preventive care, the demand for zoster vaccines is expected to soar, further bolstered by government initiatives promoting adult immunization programs.

The expanding geriatric population worldwide is a significant growth factor for the zoster vaccine market. As people age, their immune systems naturally weaken, making them more susceptible to infections such as herpes zoster. According to the World Health Organization, the global population aged 60 years and older is expected to double by 2050, reaching 2.1 billion. This demographic shift creates a substantial and growing target market for zoster vaccines. Furthermore, healthcare providers are increasingly recognizing the importance of vaccinating older adults to prevent the debilitating effects of shingles, driving the adoption of these vaccines. Technological advancements in vaccine development, including more effective and longer-lasting formulations, are also contributing to the market's expansion.

Another crucial growth factor is the increasing awareness of the severe complications associated with herpes zoster, such as postherpetic neuralgia, which can cause prolonged pain and significantly impact quality of life. Public health campaigns and educational initiatives are raising awareness about the benefits of vaccination, encouraging more individuals to seek preventive care. This heightened awareness is translating into greater vaccine uptake, thereby fueling market growth. Moreover, healthcare systems are progressively incorporating zoster vaccination into routine immunization schedules for older adults, further supporting market expansion. The availability of new, more effective vaccines is also bolstering confidence among healthcare providers and patients alike.

Government initiatives and healthcare policy changes are further propelling the zoster vaccine market forward. Many countries have introduced policies to subsidize or provide free zoster vaccinations for at-risk populations, thereby increasing accessibility and encouraging higher vaccination rates. For instance, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States recommends the zoster vaccine for adults over the age of 50, highlighting its importance in preventive healthcare. Such initiatives are crucial for boosting market penetration and promoting widespread vaccine adoption. Additionally, collaborations between public health organizations and pharmaceutical companies are enhancing distribution networks and ensuring that vaccines reach even remote areas, contributing to market growth.

Herpes Zoster Treatment has become increasingly important as the global population ages and the incidence of shingles rises. Effective treatment options aim to alleviate the symptoms and reduce the duration of the infection, minimizing the risk of complications such as postherpetic neuralgia. Antiviral medications are commonly prescribed to manage acute herpes zoster episodes, while pain management strategies are employed to address the discomfort associated with the condition. Recent advancements in treatment protocols have focused on enhancing patient outcomes through a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. As research continues to evolve, healthcare providers are better equipped to tailor treatments to individual patient needs, improving overall quality of life for those affected by herpes zoster.

Vaccine Type Analysis

The zoster vaccine market is segmented based on vaccine type into live attenuated vaccines and recombinant vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines have traditionally dominated the market due to their efficacy in preventing herpes zoster. These vaccines use a weakened form of the varicella-zoster virus to stimulate an immune response, providing long-lasting protection against shingles. The established safety profile and historical use of live attenuated vaccines have made them a preferred choice among healthcare providers. However, their usage

The global fish vaccine market, valued at $348.8 million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by the increasing demand for sustainable aquaculture practices and the rising global fish consumption. A Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.8% from 2025 to 2033 indicates a significant market expansion, reaching an estimated $750 million by 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the intensification of aquaculture operations necessitates preventative measures against infectious diseases, making vaccines crucial for maintaining fish health and productivity. Secondly, advancements in vaccine technology, such as the development of more effective and environmentally friendly oral vaccines, are driving market expansion. Thirdly, government regulations promoting biosecurity and sustainable aquaculture are encouraging greater vaccine adoption. The market is segmented by vaccine type (oral, injectable, others) and target fish species (salmon, pangasius, tilapia, others), with oral vaccines expected to witness strong growth due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. Major players like Merck & Co., Zoetis, and HIPRA are actively involved in research and development, further stimulating innovation and market expansion. Regional variations in market size are expected, with North America and Asia Pacific likely to dominate due to established aquaculture industries and increasing investment in the sector. While the market is poised for significant growth, certain challenges remain. The high cost of vaccine development and distribution can limit accessibility in developing countries. Furthermore, variations in fish species and disease prevalence require tailored vaccine solutions, adding complexity to the market. However, ongoing research and development efforts aimed at improving vaccine efficacy, affordability, and ease of application are mitigating these restraints. The focus on environmentally friendly vaccines is also a crucial factor, addressing concerns regarding the impact of conventional vaccines on aquatic ecosystems. The increasing consumer awareness of food safety and the demand for sustainably produced seafood are further contributing to the market's positive outlook. The integration of digital technologies in aquaculture management will also improve disease surveillance and potentially optimize vaccine deployment.

Introduction While it is established that vaccination reduces risk of hospitalization, there is conflicting data on whether it improves outcome among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. This study evaluated clinical outcomes and antibody (Ab) responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection/vaccines in patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) and various comorbidities. Methods In this single-center study, 152 adult patients were admitted to Ohio State University hospital with ARF (05/2020 – 11/2022) including 112 COVID-19-positive and 40 COVID-19-negative patients. Of the COVID-19 positive patients, 23 were vaccinated for SARS-CoV-2 (Vax), and 89 were not (NVax). Of the NVax COVID-19 patients, 46 were admitted before and 43 after SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were approved. SARS-CoV-2 Ab levels were measured/analyzed based on various demographic and clinical parameters of COVID-19 patients. Additionally, total IgG4 Ab concentrations were compared between the Vax and NVax patients. Results While mortality rates were 36% (n=25) and 27% (n=15) for non-COVID-19 NVax and Vax patients, respectively, in COVID-19 patients mortality rates were 37% (NVax, n=89) and 70% (Vax, n=23). Among COVID-19 patients, mortality rate was significantly higher among Vax vs. NVax patients (p=0.002). The Charlson’s Comorbidity Index score (CCI) was also significantly higher among Vax vs. NVax COVID-19 patients. However, the mortality risk remained significantly higher (p=0.02) when we compared COVID-19 Vax vs. NVax patients with similar CCI score, suggesting that additional factors may increase risk of mortality. Higher levels of SARS-CoV-2 Abs were noted among survivors, suggestive of their protective role. We observed a trend for increased total IgG4 Ab, which promotes immune tolerance, in the Vax vs. NVax patients in week 3. Conclusion Although our cohort size is small, our results suggest that vaccination status of hospital-admitted COVID-19 patients may not be instructive in determining mortality risk. This may reflect that within the general population, those individuals at highest risk for COVID-19 mortality/immune failure are likely to be vaccinated. Importantly, the value of vaccination may be in preventing hospitalization as opposed to stratifying outcome among hospitalized patients, although our data do not address this possibility. Additional research to identify factors predictive of aberrant immunogenic responses to vaccination is warranted.

As per Cognitive Market Research's latest published report, The Global Pertussis Vaccine market was valued at USD 5.06 Billion in 2022 and will reach USD 7.35 Billion by 2030, registering a Compound Annual Growth Rate of 5.47% for the forecast period 2023-2030. The Driving Factor of the Pertussis Vaccine Market

Increasing prevalence of pertussis

Rising prevalence of pertussis globally is expected to drive the market growth over the forecasted period. As per the WHO, over 151,000 pertussis cases were reported worldwide in 2018 and 86% of the worldwide target population received the recommended three doses of the DTP-containing vaccination during infancy as of 2018. Thus, the rising number of pertussis infections across the globe is propelling the growth of the pertussis vaccine market.

The increase in strategic activities by key market players

In order to introduce new goods, major market players are using strategies including partnerships and collaborations; this is anticipated to propel the pertussis vaccine market throughout the course of the projected year. For instance, in June 2021, the French multinational pharmaceutical and healthcare firm Sanofi announced a partnership with the American multinational pharmaceutical business Merck & Co., Inc. to produce vaccines for diseases including Tetanus and diphtheria.

The Restraining Factor of Pertussis Vaccine Market

High cost associated with vaccine developments

The high cost of vaccine development and inadequate access to vaccines in developing countries is the main factor hampering the market growth. For instance, as per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in July 2023, the cost of Quadracel, a DTaP-IPV vaccine manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur, a vaccines division of the French multinational pharmaceutical company Sanofi, is US$ 61.12 for a single vial. Additionally, new markets provide the captivating potential for the major industry participants in the pertussis vaccine market.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Pertussis Vaccine Market:

Since December 2019, the COVID-19 virus pandemic has spread to more than 100 nations, and on January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization proclaimed it to be a public health emergency.

COVID-19 has influenced the economy in three key ways which caused a direct impact on medication, vaccine demand and production, interruptions in the distribution channel, and financial impact on businesses and financial markets. In various nations, including China, India, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, and others, the transit of medicines and vaccinations from one location to another was challenging due to countrywide lockdowns. Quarantine, travel restrictions and social distancing policies are anticipated to cause a sharp fall in consumer and company expenditure. Additionally, hospitalization delays occurred as fewer patients visited the hospital, which was anticipated to have an impact on the worldwide market for pertussis vaccine. Introduction of Pertussis Vaccine Market

Pertussis is a respiratory disease, usually known as whooping cough, is caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. The major way that pertussis transmits from one person to another is by coughing or sneezing droplets. Infants are especially vulnerable to the disease and it is a major cause of illness and mortality in this age range. Whooping cough is typically treated with the pertussis vaccine. The pertussis vaccine encompasses two main types: whole-cell vaccines and acellular vaccines. This vaccination is only accessible when combined with other immunizations. The Pertussis Vaccine is the most reliable and economical means of maintaining a pertussis-free environment. The World Health Organization has included the tetanus vaccine on the list of essential medicines because it has helped reduce the prevalence of tetanus in the US by 95% since it was first introduced in 1924.

There is currently limited evidence regarding how the rotavirus vaccine dosing schedule might be adjusted to improve vaccine performance. We quantified and compared the impact of the previously implemented 6/10-week monovalent Rotarix vaccine in Ghana to the model-predicted impact for other vaccine dosing schedules across three hospitals and the entire country. Compared to no vaccination, the model-estimated median percentage reductions in rotavirus ranged from 28-85% and 12-71% among children <1 year and <5 years of age, respectively. The median predicted reductions in rotavirus for the whole country ranged from 57-66% among infants <1 year and 35-45% among children <5 years of age. The 1/6/10- and 6/10/14-week schedules provided the best and comparable reductions in rotavirus compared to the original 6/10-week schedule, whereas there was no improvement in impact for the 10/14-week schedule. A third dose could prevent an additional 9-14% of deaths. We found that administering an additional dose of RV1 might be an effective strategy to improve rotavirus vaccine impact, particularly in settings with low vaccine effectiveness. Methods Data on the crude birth rate, crude death rate, and total population are sourced from the Ghana Statistical Service. Data on coverage for the Rotavirus vaccine was obtained from the Ghana Health Service. These datasets are stored as Mat files.

Emerging Microbes and Infections Impact Factor 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - Emerging Microbes and Infections - As an international peer-reviewed journal, the mission of Emerging Microbes & Infections (EMI) is to provide a new integrated forum to allow for the timely dissemination of a large amount of information gathered about microbes and infections, especially ones associated with increasing biological and clinical significance and pathogenic frequency. The sheer volume and complexity of such information have gone beyond the scale and scope of existing specialty journals, and thus EMI is committed to bridging the gap between scientific communities in developed and developing countries where most of the emerging microbes and infections have occurred in recent years. EMI will cover relevant topics of critical biological and clinical value including, but not limited to: epidemic surveillance; clinical manifestation; diagnosis and management; cellular and molecular pathogenesis; innate and acquired immune responses between emerging microbes and their hosts; drug discovery, and vaccine development EMI will serve microbiologists, clinicians, public health workers, drug and vaccine developers, as well as policymakers by providing them with updated knowledge encompassing microbes and infections emerging in different countries and regions throughout the world. The 2018 journal metrics for Emerging Microbes & Infections are as follows: 2-year Impact Factor: 6.212 5-year Impact Factor: 6.183 Immediacy index: 0.845 Eigenfactor score: 0.006 Article Influence Score: 2.142 Rank: 26/155 (Immunology), 15/125 (Microbiology) Emerging Microbes & Infections is currently indexed in: Biological Abstracts BIOSIS Previews Google Scholar Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition Medline PubMed PubMed Central Science Citation Index Expanded Scopus