IntroductionSocial media, an essential source of public access to information regarding the COVID-19 vaccines, has a significant effect on the transmission of information regarding the COVID-19 vaccines and helps the public gain correct insights into the effectiveness and safety of the COVID-19 vaccines. The forwarding behavior of social media users on posts concerned with COVID-19 vaccine topics can rapidly disseminate vaccine information in a short period, which has a significant effect on transmission and helps the public access relevant information. However, the factors of social media users' forwarding posts are still uncertain thus far. In this paper, we investigated the factors of the forwarding COVID-19 vaccines Weibo posts on Chinese social media and verified the correlation between social network characteristics, Weibo textual sentiment characteristics, and post forwarding.MethodsThis paper used data mining, machine learning, sentiment analysis, social network analysis, and regression analysis. Using “新冠疫苗 (COVID-19 vaccine)” as the keyword, we used data mining to crawl 121,834 Weibo posts on Sina Weibo from 1 January 2021 to 31 May 2021. Weibo posts not closely correlated with the topic of the COVID-19 vaccines were filtered out using machine learning. In the end, 3,158 posts were used for data analysis. The proportions of positive sentiment and negative sentiment in the textual of Weibo posts were calculated through sentiment analysis. On that basis, the sentiment characteristics of Weibo posts were determined. The social network characteristics of information transmission on the COVID-19 vaccine topic were determined through social network analysis. The correlation between social network characteristics, sentiment characteristics of the text, and the forwarding volume of posts was verified through regression analysis.ResultsThe results suggest that there was a significant positive correlation between the degree of posting users in the social network structure and the amount of forwarding. The relationship between the closeness centrality and the forwarding volume was significantly positive. The betweenness centrality was significantly positively correlated with the forwarding volume. There was no significant relationship between the number of posts containing more positive sentiments and the forwarding volume of posts. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of Weibo posts containing more negative sentiments and the forwarding volume.ConclusionAccording to the characteristics of users, COVID-19 vaccine posts from opinion leaders, “gatekeepers,” and users with high-closeness centrality are more likely to be reposted. Users with these characteristics should be valued for their important role in disseminating information about COVID-19 vaccines. In addition, the sentiment contained in the Weibo post is an important factor influencing the public to forward vaccine posts. Special attention should be paid to the negative sentimental tendency contained in this post on Weibo to mitigate the negative impact of the information epidemic and improve the transmission effect of COVID-19 vaccine information.

Background This bibliometric analysis examines the top 50 most-cited articles on COVID-19 complications, offering insights into the multifaceted impact of the virus. Since its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019, COVID-19 has evolved into a global health crisis, with over 770 million confirmed cases and 6.9 million deaths as of September 2023. Initially recognized as a respiratory illness causing pneumonia and ARDS, its diverse complications extend to cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal, hematological, neurological, endocrinological, ophthalmological, hepatobiliary, and dermatological systems. Methods Identifying the top 50 articles from a pool of 5940 in Scopus, the analysis spans November 2019 to July 2021, employing terms related to COVID-19 and complications. Rigorous review criteria excluded non-relevant studies, basic science research, and animal models. The authors independently reviewed articles, considering factors like title, citations, publication year, journal, impact factor, authors, study details, and patient demographics. Results The focus is primarily on 2020 publications (96%), with all articles being open-access. Leading journals include The Lancet, NEJM, and JAMA, with prominent contributions from Internal Medicine (46.9%) and Pulmonary Medicine (14.5%). China played a major role (34.9%), followed by France and Belgium. Clinical features were the primary study topic (68%), often utilizing retrospective designs (24%). Among 22,477 patients analyzed, 54.8% were male, with the most common age group being 26–65 years (63.2%). Complications affected 13.9% of patients, with a recovery rate of 57.8%. Conclusion Analyzing these top-cited articles offers clinicians and researchers a comprehensive, timely understanding of influential COVID-19 literature. This approach uncovers attributes contributing to high citations and provides authors with valuable insights for crafting impactful research. As a strategic tool, this analysis facilitates staying updated and making meaningful contributions to the dynamic field of COVID-19 research. Methods A bibliometric analysis of the most cited articles about COVID-19 complications was conducted in July 2021 using all journals indexed in Elsevier’s Scopus and Thomas Reuter’s Web of Science from November 1, 2019 to July 1, 2021. All journals were selected for inclusion regardless of country of origin, language, medical speciality, or electronic availability of articles or abstracts. The terms were combined as follows: (“COVID-19” OR “COVID19” OR “SARS-COV-2” OR “SARSCOV2” OR “SARS 2” OR “Novel coronavirus” OR “2019-nCov” OR “Coronavirus”) AND (“Complication” OR “Long Term Complication” OR “Post-Intensive Care Syndrome” OR “Venous Thromboembolism” OR “Acute Kidney Injury” OR “Acute Liver Injury” OR “Post COVID-19 Syndrome” OR “Acute Cardiac Injury” OR “Cardiac Arrest” OR “Stroke” OR “Embolism” OR “Septic Shock” OR “Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation” OR “Secondary Infection” OR “Blood Clots” OR “Cytokine Release Syndrome” OR “Paediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome” OR “Vaccine Induced Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome” OR “Aspergillosis” OR “Mucormycosis” OR “Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia Anaemia” OR “Immune Thrombocytopenia” OR “Subacute Thyroiditis” OR “Acute Respiratory Failure” OR “Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome” OR “Pneumonia” OR “Subcutaneous Emphysema” OR “Pneumothorax” OR “Pneumomediastinum” OR “Encephalopathy” OR “Pancreatitis” OR “Chronic Fatigue” OR “Rhabdomyolysis” OR “Neurologic Complication” OR “Cardiovascular Complications” OR “Psychiatric Complication” OR “Respiratory Complication” OR “Cardiac Complication” OR “Vascular Complication” OR “Renal Complication” OR “Gastrointestinal Complication” OR “Haematological Complication” OR “Hepatobiliary Complication” OR “Musculoskeletal Complication” OR “Genitourinary Complication” OR “Otorhinolaryngology Complication” OR “Dermatological Complication” OR “Paediatric Complication” OR “Geriatric Complication” OR “Pregnancy Complication”) in the Title, Abstract or Keyword. A total of 5940 articles were accessed, of which the top 50 most cited articles about COVID-19 and Complications of COVID-19 were selected through Scopus. Each article was reviewed for its appropriateness for inclusion. The articles were independently reviewed by three researchers (JRP, MAM and TS) (Table 1). Differences in opinion with regard to article inclusion were resolved by consensus. The inclusion criteria specified articles that were focused on COVID-19 and Complications of COVID-19. Articles were excluded if they did not relate to COVID-19 and or complications of COVID-19, Basic Science Research and studies using animal models or phantoms. Review articles, Viewpoints, Guidelines, Perspectives and Meta-analysis were also excluded from the top 50 most-cited articles (Table 1). The top 50 most-cited articles were compiled in a single database and the relevant data was extracted. The database included: Article Title, Scopus Citations, Year of Publication, Journal, Journal Impact Factor, Authors, Number of Authors, Department Affiliation, Number of Institutions, Country of Origin, Study Topic, Study Design, Sample Size, Open Access, Non-Original Articles, Patient/Participants Age, Gender, Symptoms, Signs, Co-morbidities, Complications, Imaging Modalities Used and outcome.

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Vaccines Market Size 2025-2029

The vaccines market size is forecast to increase by USD 160.22 billion at a CAGR of 23.1% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by increased funding for research and development, leading to the launch of new vaccines. One of the most promising trends in this market is the development of nanoparticle vaccines, which offer enhanced immunogenicity and improved delivery systems. This trend is particularly evident in the development of nanoparticle vaccines, which offer enhanced efficacy and safety. However, the high cost of research, development, and manufacturing poses a significant challenge for market players. Examples include the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and influenza vaccine. These costs can be attributed to the complex production processes involved in vaccine creation, as well as the need for rigorous clinical trials to ensure safety and efficacy. 
However, the high cost of vaccine research, development, and manufacturing remains a significant challenge for market participants. Despite this, the market presents numerous opportunities for companies seeking to capitalize on the growing demand for vaccines, particularly in emerging economies with rising healthcare expenditures. Strategic partnerships, collaborations, and acquisitions are key strategies for companies looking to navigate the competitive landscape and stay ahead of the curve.
Overall, the market is poised for continued growth, with significant opportunities for innovation and investment in the coming years. Companies that can effectively address the challenges of cost and regulatory compliance while delivering high-quality, effective vaccines will be well-positioned to succeed.

What will be the Size of the Vaccines Market during the forecast period?

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The market driven by the continuous development of immunization programs and the pursuit of vaccine equity. Immunological memory, antibody response, and cost-effectiveness analysis are key factors influencing market growth. Vaccine supply chain, efficacy testing, preservation, patent, and licensing are essential aspects of the market. Nanotechnology and universal vaccines are emerging trends, aiming to improve vaccine accessibility and quality control. Vaccine manufacturing, regulatory approval, and economic impact are crucial elements in the market, with intellectual property, vaccine shelf life, and vaccine development pipeline being significant factors.
Vaccine innovation and vaccine safety monitoring are essential for addressing disease burden and ensuring potency, stability, and sterility. Vaccine logistics and vaccine stability are critical for successful distribution and administration, while vaccine safety monitoring emphasizes the importance of ongoing surveillance and immune response assessment. 

How is this Vaccines Industry segmented?

The vaccines industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  Subunit vaccines
  Live attenuated vaccines
  Inactivated vaccines
  Toxoid vaccines
  Others


End-user

  Hospitals
  Clinics


Technology

  mRNA vaccines
  Viral vector vaccines
  Protein based vaccines
  DNA vaccines
  Others


Route Of Administration

  Intramuscular
  Subcutaneous
  Oral
  Intranasal
  Others


Disease Type

  Influenza
  Human papillomavirus
  Hepatitis
  Measles
  mumps
  rubella
  Others


Age Group

  Pediatric
  Adult
  Adolescent
  Geriatric


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Type Insights

The subunit vaccines segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Subunit vaccines, integral components of the healthcare system's disease prevention strategy, employ specific antigenic pieces of a pathogen, such as proteins, sugars, or capsids, to induce a robust immune response. These vaccines, including the mRNA vaccines, are designed to target specific components of the pathogen, making them highly effective in preventing infections. The development process involves identifying and isolating these antigenic components, followed by formulation and rigorous testing to ensure safety and efficacy. For instance, in the realm of disease outbreak prevention, a phase 3 trial for the subunit TB vaccine candidate M72/AS01E was initiated in March 2024 in South Africa.

This trial aims to evaluate the vaccine's efficacy in preventing the progression from latent TB to active pulmonary TB, contributing to herd immunity and ultimately, disease surveillance and vaccine distribution within the healthcare s

Note: In these datasets, a person is defined as up to date if they have received at least one dose of an updated COVID-19 vaccine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that certain groups, including adults ages 65 years and older, receive additional doses.

Starting on July 13, 2022, the denominator for calculating vaccine coverage has been changed from age 5+ to all ages to reflect new vaccine eligibility criteria. Previously the denominator was changed from age 16+ to age 12+ on May 18, 2021, then changed from age 12+ to age 5+ on November 10, 2021, to reflect previous changes in vaccine eligibility criteria. The previous datasets based on age 12+ and age 5+ denominators have been uploaded as archived tables.

Starting June 30, 2021, the dataset has been reconfigured so that all updates are appended to one dataset to make it easier for API and other interfaces. In addition, historical data has been extended back to January 5, 2021.

This dataset shows full, partial, and at least 1 dose coverage rates by zip code tabulation area (ZCTA) for the state of California. Data sources include the California Immunization Registry and the American Community Survey’s 2015-2019 5-Year data.

This is the data table for the LHJ Vaccine Equity Performance dashboard. However, this data table also includes ZTCAs that do not have a VEM score.

This dataset also includes Vaccine Equity Metric score quartiles (when applicable), which combine the Public Health Alliance of Southern California’s Healthy Places Index (HPI) measure with CDPH-derived scores to estimate factors that impact health, like income, education, and access to health care. ZTCAs range from less healthy community conditions in Quartile 1 to more healthy community conditions in Quartile 4.

The Vaccine Equity Metric is for weekly vaccination allocation and reporting purposes only. CDPH-derived quartiles should not be considered as indicative of the HPI score for these zip codes. CDPH-derived quartiles were assigned to zip codes excluded from the HPI score produced by the Public Health Alliance of Southern California due to concerns with statistical reliability and validity in populations smaller than 1,500 or where more than 50% of the population resides in a group setting.

These data do not include doses administered by the following federal agencies who received vaccine allocated directly from CDC: Indian Health Service, Veterans Health Administration, Department of Defense, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons.

For some ZTCAs, vaccination coverage may exceed 100%. This may be a result of many people from outside the county coming to that ZTCA to get their vaccine and providers reporting the county of administration as the county of residence, and/or the DOF estimates of the population in that ZTCA are too low. Please note that population numbers provided by DOF are projections and so may not be accurate, especially given unprecedented shifts in population as a result of the pandemic.

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Covid-19 Vaccination Market 2024-2028

The covid-19 vaccination market size is forecast to increase by USD -32.76 billion, at a CAGR of -37.4% between 2023 and 2028. The market is experiencing significant growth due to the expansion of vaccination programs worldwide. Governments and international organizations are investing heavily in vaccination initiatives to contain the spread of the virus. The rising research and development (R&D) investment in the development of Covid-19 vaccines is another major growth factor. However, the high cost of production of Covid-19 vaccines poses a significant challenge to market growth. Manufacturers are exploring various strategies to reduce production costs while maintaining vaccine efficacy and safety. The market is expected to witness strong growth in the coming years as more effective and affordable vaccines become available. poiuyfrtyh

What will the Covid-19 Vaccination Market Size be During the Forecast Period?

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Market Dynamics

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about an unprecedented global health crisis, leading to the development of numerous vaccines to mitigate its impact. This content focuses on various aspects of COVID-19 vaccines, including production, distribution, administration, efficacy, safety, and regulations. COVID-19 vaccine production has been a top priority for researchers and pharmaceutical companies worldwide. Several manufacturers have developed vaccines using various technologies such as mRNA, viral vector, and protein subunit, undergoing rigorous testing and clinical trials to ensure safety and efficacy. Once vaccines receive approval from regulatory bodies, they are distributed to healthcare facilities and vaccination centers, requiring careful planning and coordination. Governments and international organizations are working to ensure equitable distribution, prioritizing vulnerable populations and herd immunity. Vaccine administration involves healthcare professionals delivering vaccines through injections, with proper training and safety protocols to minimize adverse reactions. Efficacy refers to the vaccine's ability to prevent infection or reduce the severity of symptoms, with most vaccines showing high efficacy rates, ranging from 60% to 95%. Vaccine safety is monitored closely, and while common side effects include pain and swelling at the injection site, fever, and fatigue, serious side effects are rare.

Vaccine procurement involves purchasing vaccines from manufacturers, with governments securing supplies through contracts and partnerships. Vaccine allocation ensures that vaccines are distributed to specific populations, with priority given to vulnerable groups like healthcare workers and the elderly. Vaccine prioritization determines which populations should receive vaccines first, based on risk factors. Vaccine passports are digital or physical documents that prove vaccination status, and may be required for travel or work, with regulations varying by jurisdiction. Vaccine mandates, which require vaccination for employment or participation in certain activities, remain a controversial issue. Vaccine regulations ensure vaccines are safe and effective, and policies governing vaccine use in schools, workplaces, and travel may change as supplies and public health conditions evolve.

Covid-19 Vaccination Market Driver

The expansion of vaccination programs is the key driver of the market. The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing demand for vaccines as governments and healthcare organizations prioritize widespread vaccination to control the virus and achieve herd immunity. This heightened demand leads to increased production and sales for vaccine manufacturers, resulting in long-term procurement contracts being signed to ensure a consistent vaccine supply. These contracts provide stability and revenue for manufacturers, with more contracts expected to be established as vaccination programs expand.

Vaccine distribution, administration, and logistics are crucial elements in the vaccine market, requiring efficient vaccine storage, transportation, and scheduling. Vaccine safety, efficacy, and monitoring are also vital considerations, along with addressing vaccine hesitancy and acceptance through education and outreach efforts. Vaccine regulations, policies, and campaigns are essential in ensuring vaccine coverage, immunity, and compliance with side effects and potential mandates or certificates.

Covid-19 Vaccination Market Trends

Rising research and development investment is the upcoming trend in the market. The Covid-19 pandemic has necessitated the rapid development, production, and distribution of vaccines to prevent and treat the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Governments and the private sector have collaborated to invest in va

The global fish vaccine market, valued at $348.8 million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by the increasing demand for sustainable aquaculture practices and the rising global fish consumption. A Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.8% from 2025 to 2033 indicates a significant market expansion, reaching an estimated $750 million by 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the intensification of aquaculture operations necessitates preventative measures against infectious diseases, making vaccines crucial for maintaining fish health and productivity. Secondly, advancements in vaccine technology, such as the development of more effective and environmentally friendly oral vaccines, are driving market expansion. Thirdly, government regulations promoting biosecurity and sustainable aquaculture are encouraging greater vaccine adoption. The market is segmented by vaccine type (oral, injectable, others) and target fish species (salmon, pangasius, tilapia, others), with oral vaccines expected to witness strong growth due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. Major players like Merck & Co., Zoetis, and HIPRA are actively involved in research and development, further stimulating innovation and market expansion. Regional variations in market size are expected, with North America and Asia Pacific likely to dominate due to established aquaculture industries and increasing investment in the sector. While the market is poised for significant growth, certain challenges remain. The high cost of vaccine development and distribution can limit accessibility in developing countries. Furthermore, variations in fish species and disease prevalence require tailored vaccine solutions, adding complexity to the market. However, ongoing research and development efforts aimed at improving vaccine efficacy, affordability, and ease of application are mitigating these restraints. The focus on environmentally friendly vaccines is also a crucial factor, addressing concerns regarding the impact of conventional vaccines on aquatic ecosystems. The increasing consumer awareness of food safety and the demand for sustainably produced seafood are further contributing to the market's positive outlook. The integration of digital technologies in aquaculture management will also improve disease surveillance and potentially optimize vaccine deployment.

Note: Starting on July 13, 2022, the denominator for calculating vaccine coverage has been changed from age 5+ to all ages to reflect new vaccine eligibility criteria. Previously the denominator was changed from age 16+ to age 12+ on May 18, 2021, then changed from age 12+ to age 5+ on November 10, 2021, to reflect previous changes in vaccine eligibility criteria. The previous datasets based on age 16+ and age 5+ denominators have been uploaded as archived tables.

Note: Starting on May 29, 2021 the methodology for calculating on-hand inventory in the shipped/delivered/on-hand dataset has changed. Please see the accompanying data dictionary for details. In addition, this dataset is now down to the ZIP code level.

This data is from the same source as the Vaccine Progress Dashboard at https://covid19.ca.gov/vaccination-progress-data/ which summarizes vaccination data at the county level by county of residence. Where county of residence was not reported in a vaccination record, the county of provider that vaccinated the resident is included. This applies to less than 1% of vaccination records. The sum of county-level vaccinations does not equal statewide total vaccinations due to out-of-state residents vaccinated in California.

This dataset also includes Vaccine Equity Metric score quartiles, which combine the Public Health Alliance of Southern California’s Healthy Places Index (HPI) measure with CDPH-derived scores to estimate factors that impact health, like income, education, and access to health care. Zip codes range from less healthy community conditions in Quartile 1 to more healthy community conditions in Quartile 4.

The Vaccine Equity Metric is for weekly vaccination allocation and reporting purposes only. CDPH-derived quartiles should not be considered as indicative of the HPI score for these zip codes. CDPH-derived quartiles were assigned to zip codes excluded from the HPI score produced by the Public Health Alliance of Southern California due to concerns with statistical reliability and validity in populations smaller than 1,500 or where more than 50% of the population resides in a group setting.

These data do not include doses administered by the following federal agencies who received vaccine allocated directly from CDC: Indian Health Service, Veterans Health Administration, Department of Defense, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons.

Note: Totals for the Vaccine Progress Dashboard and this dataset may not match, as the Dashboard totals doses by Report Date and this dataset totals doses by Administration Date. Dose numbers may also change for a particular Administration Date as data is updated.

In the United States, influenza vaccination rates differ greatly by age. For example, during the 2022-2023 flu season, around ** percent of those aged 65 years and older received an influenza vaccination, compared to just ** percent of those aged 18 to 49 years. The CDC recommends that everyone six months and older in the United States should get vaccinated against influenza every year, with a few exceptions. Although influenza is mild for most people it can lead to hospitalization and even death, especially among the young, the old, and those with certain preexisting conditions. The impact of flu vaccinations Flu vaccinations are safe and effective, preventing thousands of illnesses, medical visits, and deaths every year. However, the effectiveness of flu vaccines varies each year depending on what flu viruses are circulating that season and the age and health status of the person receiving the vaccination. During the 2022-2023 flu season it was estimated that influenza vaccination prevented almost *********** hospitalizations among those aged 65 years and older. In addition, flu vaccinations prevented ***** deaths among those aged 65 years and older as well as ** deaths among children six months to four years. The burden of influenza The impact of influenza is different from season to season. However, during the 2022-2023 flu season there were around ** million cases of influenza in the United States. Furthermore, there were around ****** deaths due to influenza, an increase from the previous year but significantly fewer than in ********* when influenza contributed to ****** deaths. Most of these deaths are among the elderly. In ********* the death rate due to influenza among those aged 65 years and older was around **** per 100,000 population. In comparison, those aged 18 to 49 years had an influenza death rate of just ** per 100,000 population.

ObjectDuring the later period of the COVID-19 pandemic, the public has been at risk of the evolving COVID-19 variants and hesitated to be vaccinated against COVID-19 to a certain extent. In this context, the health belief model (HBM) and the theory of planned behavior model (TPB) were used to compare and summarize the relationship between vaccine hesitation/non-hesitation and the intentions to get COVID-19 vaccines and its influencing factors.MethodsThe cross-sectional, population-based online survey was conducted from 14 April to 30 April 2021, and 1757 respondents were recruited to participate in the survey through the Wenjuanxing online survey platform. The HBM and TPB covariate scores were expressed using means and standard deviations and compared between groups using t-tests. Backward multiple linear regression models were used to explore the factors influencing the public's intentions to receive the COVID-19 vaccines.ResultsThis study found that educational background is one of the factors influencing vaccine hesitation. Most people with high education do not hesitate (65.24%), while a more significant proportion of people with low education have vaccine hesitation (66.00%). According to HBM, for the vaccine hesitation group, self-efficacy, family advice, and doctor's advice were the most critical factors affecting the public's future vaccination intentions; for the vaccine non-hesitation group, self-efficacy, doctor's advice, and perceived benefits are the most important influencing factors. According to the TPB, the subjective norm is the most critical factor affecting the future vaccination intention of the vaccine hesitation group, and the attitude toward behavior is the most critical factor affecting the future vaccination intention of the vaccine non-hesitation group.ConclusionsIn the context of COVID-19, the public's hesitation on the “current” vaccines will still affect future vaccination intentions. Using HBM and TPB would help health policymakers and healthcare providers formulate intervention plans.

Vaccine Technologies Market Outlook

The global vaccine technologies market size was valued at approximately $45 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around $95 billion by 2032, exhibiting a robust CAGR of 8.5% during the forecast period. This remarkable growth can be attributed to several factors, including advancements in biotechnological research, increased funding for vaccine development, and a heightened focus on public health initiatives globally.

One of the primary growth drivers in the vaccine technologies market is the increasing prevalence of infectious diseases. The world has witnessed several outbreaks and pandemics, such as COVID-19, which have underscored the critical need for rapid vaccine development and deployment. Governments and healthcare organizations are investing heavily in vaccine research and infrastructure to prevent future outbreaks, significantly boosting market growth. Furthermore, the development of next-generation vaccine technologies, such as mRNA and viral vector vaccines, has revolutionized the field, providing more effective and faster-to-develop alternatives to traditional vaccines.

Another crucial factor propelling the market is technological advancements. Innovations in genomics and biotechnology have enabled the development of more precise and personalized vaccines. For instance, mRNA vaccine technology, which has gained prominence due to its success in preventing COVID-19, opens new avenues for treating various diseases, including cancers and genetic disorders. These technologies not only enhance efficacy but also reduce the time required for vaccine development, making them highly attractive in the current fast-paced healthcare environment.

In addition to infectious diseases and technological advancements, increasing government and private sector investments are fueling market growth. Governments across the globe are offering grants, subsidies, and other financial incentives to encourage vaccine research and development. Private companies and non-profit organizations are also playing a pivotal role by funding innovative projects and collaborating with research institutes. This surge in funding is accelerating the pace of vaccine development and commercialization, thereby expanding the market.

Preventive Vaccines play a crucial role in the global health landscape by proactively addressing potential outbreaks before they occur. These vaccines are designed to protect individuals from contracting diseases by inducing immunity, thereby reducing the incidence of infections and the burden on healthcare systems. The development and deployment of preventive vaccines have been instrumental in controlling diseases such as measles, polio, and influenza. With ongoing research and advancements in vaccine technology, there is a continuous effort to expand the range of preventive vaccines available, targeting both well-known and emerging infectious diseases. This proactive approach not only saves lives but also contributes to economic stability by minimizing the impact of disease outbreaks on societies.

Regionally, North America dominates the vaccine technologies market due to its robust healthcare infrastructure, high healthcare expenditure, and substantial investments in research and development. Europe follows closely, driven by strong government support and well-established pharmaceutical industries. The Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period, attributed to increasing healthcare awareness, rising investments in healthcare infrastructure, and a significant patient pool. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also showing promising growth, backed by improved healthcare policies and rising demand for immunization programs.

Technology Analysis

mRNA Vaccines Analysis

mRNA vaccines have revolutionized the vaccine technology landscape, particularly highlighted by their success during the COVID-19 pandemic. These vaccines use messenger RNA to instruct cells to produce proteins that trigger an immune response, offering a faster and more precise method than traditional vaccines. The flexibility and speed of mRNA vaccine development make it an attractive option for combating various diseases, not just infectious diseases but also cancers and genetic disorders. The significant investments by pharmaceutical giants like Pfizer and Moderna are further accelerating the growth of this segment. With ongoing research and imp

While SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have shown strong efficacy, the continued emergence of new viral variants raises concerns about the ongoing and future public health impact of COVID-19, especially in locations with suboptimal vaccination uptake. We investigated viral and host factors, including vaccination status, that were associated with SARS-CoV-2 disease severity in a setting with low vaccination rates. We analyzed clinical and demographic data from 1,957 individuals in the state of Georgia, USA, coupled with viral genome sequencing from 1,185 samples. We found no specific mutations associated with disease severity. Compared to those who were unvaccinated, vaccinated individuals experienced less severe SARS-CoV-2 disease, and the effect was similar for both variants. Vaccination within the prior 3-9 months was associated with decreased odds of moderate disease, severe disease, and death. Older age and underlying health conditions, especially immunosuppression and renal disease, were associated with increased disease severity. Overall, this study provides insights into the impact of vaccination status, variants/mutations, and clinical factors on disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection when vaccination rates are low. Understanding these associations will help refine and reinforce messaging around the crucial importance of vaccination in mitigating the severity of SARS-CoV-2 disease.

Introduction While it is established that vaccination reduces risk of hospitalization, there is conflicting data on whether it improves outcome among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. This study evaluated clinical outcomes and antibody (Ab) responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection/vaccines in patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) and various comorbidities. Methods In this single-center study, 152 adult patients were admitted to Ohio State University hospital with ARF (05/2020 – 11/2022) including 112 COVID-19-positive and 40 COVID-19-negative patients. Of the COVID-19 positive patients, 23 were vaccinated for SARS-CoV-2 (Vax), and 89 were not (NVax). Of the NVax COVID-19 patients, 46 were admitted before and 43 after SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were approved. SARS-CoV-2 Ab levels were measured/analyzed based on various demographic and clinical parameters of COVID-19 patients. Additionally, total IgG4 Ab concentrations were compared between the Vax and NVax patients. Results While mortality rates were 36% (n=25) and 27% (n=15) for non-COVID-19 NVax and Vax patients, respectively, in COVID-19 patients mortality rates were 37% (NVax, n=89) and 70% (Vax, n=23). Among COVID-19 patients, mortality rate was significantly higher among Vax vs. NVax patients (p=0.002). The Charlson’s Comorbidity Index score (CCI) was also significantly higher among Vax vs. NVax COVID-19 patients. However, the mortality risk remained significantly higher (p=0.02) when we compared COVID-19 Vax vs. NVax patients with similar CCI score, suggesting that additional factors may increase risk of mortality. Higher levels of SARS-CoV-2 Abs were noted among survivors, suggestive of their protective role. We observed a trend for increased total IgG4 Ab, which promotes immune tolerance, in the Vax vs. NVax patients in week 3. Conclusion Although our cohort size is small, our results suggest that vaccination status of hospital-admitted COVID-19 patients may not be instructive in determining mortality risk. This may reflect that within the general population, those individuals at highest risk for COVID-19 mortality/immune failure are likely to be vaccinated. Importantly, the value of vaccination may be in preventing hospitalization as opposed to stratifying outcome among hospitalized patients, although our data do not address this possibility. Additional research to identify factors predictive of aberrant immunogenic responses to vaccination is warranted.

BackgroundMass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel has been the intervention of choice against schistosomiasis but with limited success in interrupting the transmission. The development of anti-Schistosoma vaccines is underway. Our objective is to quantify the population-level impact of anti-Schistosoma vaccines when administered alone and in combination with mass drug administration (MDA) and determine factors in vaccine design and public health implementation that optimize vaccination role in schistosomiasis control and elimination.Methods and findingsWe developed a deterministic compartmental model simulation of schistosomiasis transmission in a high-risk Kenyan community, including stratification by age, parasite burden, and vaccination status. The modeled schistosomiasis vaccines differed in terms of vaccine duration of protection (durability) and three biological efficacies. These are vaccine susceptibility effect (SE) of reducing person’s susceptibility to Schistosoma acquisition, vaccine mortality effect (ME) of reducing established worm burden and vaccine fecundity effect (FE) of reducing egg release by mature worms. We quantified the population-level impact of vaccination over two decades under diverse vaccination schemes (childhood vs. mass campaigns), with different age-targeting scenarios, different risk settings, and with combined intervention with MDA. We also assessed the sensitivity of our predictions to uncertainties in model parameters. Over two decades, our base case vaccine with 80% SE, FE, and ME efficacies, 10 years’ durability, provided by mass vaccination every 10 years, reduced host prevalence, mean intensity, incidence, and patent snail prevalence to 31%, 20 eggs/10-ml sample/person, 0.87 worm/person-year, and 0.74%, from endemic-state values of 71%, 152, 3.3, and 0.98%, respectively. Lower impact was found when coverage did not encompass all potential contaminators, and childhood-only vaccination schemes showed delayed and lower impact. In lower prevalence settings, the base case vaccine generated a proportionately smaller impact. A substantially larger vaccine program effect was generated when MDA + mass vaccination was provided every 5 years, which could be achieved by an MDA-only program only if drug was offered annually. Vaccine impact on schistosomiasis transmission was sensitive to a number of parameters including vaccine efficacies, human contact rates with water, human density, patent snails’ rate of patency and lifespan, and force of infection to snails.ConclusionsTo be successful a vaccine-based control strategy will need a moderately to highly effective formulation combined with early vaccination of potential contaminators and aggressive coverage in repeated rounds of mass vaccination. Compared to MDA-only program, vaccination combined with MDA accelerates and prolongs the impact by reducing the acquisition of new worms and reducing egg release from residual worms.

As of March 15, 2023, Seychelles was the African country with the highest coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination rate, with around 205 doses administered per 100 individuals. Mauritius and Rwanda followed with 201 and 190 doses per 100 people, respectively. Ranking fourth, Morocco had a vaccination rate of approximately 148 doses per 100 people, registering the third-highest number of inoculations after Egypt and Nigeria. In South Africa, the most affected country on the continent, the vaccination rate instead reached around 64 per 100 population.

How did Africa obtain the vaccines?

Vaccines in Africa were obtained in different ways. African nations both purchased new doses and received them from other countries. At the beginning of the vaccination campaigns, donations came from all over the world, such as China, the United Arab Emirates, India, and Russia. The United Nations-led COVAX initiative provided Oxford/AstraZeneca and Pfizer/BioNTech doses to several African countries. Within this program, the continent received nearly 270 million doses as of January 2022. Moreover, the vaccination campaign has also been an occasion for intra-African solidarity. Senegal has, for instance, donated vaccines to the Gambia, while in January 2021, Algeria announced that it would have shared its supply with Tunisia.

COVID-19 impact on the African economy

The spread of COVID-19 negatively affected socio-economic growth in Africa, with the continent’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contracting significantly in 2020. Specifically, Southern Africa experienced the sharpest decline, at minus six percent, followed by North Africa at minus 1.7 percent. Most of Africa’s key economic sectors were hit by the pandemic. The drop in global oil prices led to a crisis in the oil and gas sector. Nigeria, the continent’s leading oil-exporting country, witnessed a considerable decrease in crude oil trade in 2020. Moreover, the shrinking number of international tourist arrivals determined a loss of over 12 million jobs in Africa’s travel and tourism sector. Society has also been substantially affected by COVID-19 on the poorest continent in the world, and the number of people living in extreme poverty was estimated to increase by around 30 million in 2020.

The global vaccine technology market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing prevalence of infectious diseases, rising government initiatives for vaccination programs, and continuous advancements in vaccine technology. The market, estimated at $50 billion in 2025, is projected to maintain a healthy Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $85 billion by 2033. This growth is fueled by several factors, including the development of novel vaccine platforms such as mRNA vaccines (demonstrated effectively during the COVID-19 pandemic), the rising demand for vaccines against emerging infectious diseases, and the increasing focus on personalized and preventative medicine. Major pharmaceutical companies such as Abbott, Pfizer, Bayer, GE Healthcare, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, and Thermo Fisher Scientific are key players, driving innovation and expanding market access through robust research and development, strategic partnerships, and global distribution networks. However, the market faces certain restraints. High research and development costs associated with vaccine development, stringent regulatory approvals, and challenges in vaccine distribution, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, pose significant hurdles. Furthermore, vaccine hesitancy and misinformation continue to impact uptake rates, presenting an ongoing challenge for market expansion. Market segmentation reveals strong growth in areas such as mRNA vaccines and personalized vaccines, which are expected to capture a significant market share in the coming years. Geographic variations exist, with North America and Europe currently dominating the market; however, emerging economies in Asia-Pacific and Latin America are showing promising growth potential as vaccination infrastructure improves and healthcare spending increases. The continued success of the market hinges on addressing these challenges through robust public health campaigns, technological innovation, and equitable access to vaccines globally.

Footnotes: OPTION One includes measures of a single telephone reminder. OPTION Two includes a comprehensive measure of sending a free vaccination voucher and expanding the vaccination sites in hospitals, with one nurse working in each site.

There is currently limited evidence regarding how the rotavirus vaccine dosing schedule might be adjusted to improve vaccine performance. We quantified and compared the impact of the previously implemented 6/10-week monovalent Rotarix vaccine in Ghana to the model-predicted impact for other vaccine dosing schedules across three hospitals and the entire country. Compared to no vaccination, the model-estimated median percentage reductions in rotavirus ranged from 28-85% and 12-71% among children <1 year and <5 years of age, respectively. The median predicted reductions in rotavirus for the whole country ranged from 57-66% among infants <1 year and 35-45% among children <5 years of age. The 1/6/10- and 6/10/14-week schedules provided the best and comparable reductions in rotavirus compared to the original 6/10-week schedule, whereas there was no improvement in impact for the 10/14-week schedule. A third dose could prevent an additional 9-14% of deaths. We found that administering an additional dose of RV1 might be an effective strategy to improve rotavirus vaccine impact, particularly in settings with low vaccine effectiveness. Methods Data on the crude birth rate, crude death rate, and total population are sourced from the Ghana Statistical Service. Data on coverage for the Rotavirus vaccine was obtained from the Ghana Health Service. These datasets are stored as Mat files.

As per Cognitive Market Research's latest published report, The Global Pertussis Vaccine market was valued at USD 5.06 Billion in 2022 and will reach USD 7.35 Billion by 2030, registering a Compound Annual Growth Rate of 5.47% for the forecast period 2023-2030. The Driving Factor of the Pertussis Vaccine Market

Increasing prevalence of pertussis

Rising prevalence of pertussis globally is expected to drive the market growth over the forecasted period. As per the WHO, over 151,000 pertussis cases were reported worldwide in 2018 and 86% of the worldwide target population received the recommended three doses of the DTP-containing vaccination during infancy as of 2018. Thus, the rising number of pertussis infections across the globe is propelling the growth of the pertussis vaccine market.

The increase in strategic activities by key market players

In order to introduce new goods, major market players are using strategies including partnerships and collaborations; this is anticipated to propel the pertussis vaccine market throughout the course of the projected year. For instance, in June 2021, the French multinational pharmaceutical and healthcare firm Sanofi announced a partnership with the American multinational pharmaceutical business Merck & Co., Inc. to produce vaccines for diseases including Tetanus and diphtheria.

The Restraining Factor of Pertussis Vaccine Market

High cost associated with vaccine developments

The high cost of vaccine development and inadequate access to vaccines in developing countries is the main factor hampering the market growth. For instance, as per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in July 2023, the cost of Quadracel, a DTaP-IPV vaccine manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur, a vaccines division of the French multinational pharmaceutical company Sanofi, is US$ 61.12 for a single vial. Additionally, new markets provide the captivating potential for the major industry participants in the pertussis vaccine market.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Pertussis Vaccine Market:

Since December 2019, the COVID-19 virus pandemic has spread to more than 100 nations, and on January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization proclaimed it to be a public health emergency.

COVID-19 has influenced the economy in three key ways which caused a direct impact on medication, vaccine demand and production, interruptions in the distribution channel, and financial impact on businesses and financial markets. In various nations, including China, India, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, and others, the transit of medicines and vaccinations from one location to another was challenging due to countrywide lockdowns. Quarantine, travel restrictions and social distancing policies are anticipated to cause a sharp fall in consumer and company expenditure. Additionally, hospitalization delays occurred as fewer patients visited the hospital, which was anticipated to have an impact on the worldwide market for pertussis vaccine. Introduction of Pertussis Vaccine Market

Pertussis is a respiratory disease, usually known as whooping cough, is caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. The major way that pertussis transmits from one person to another is by coughing or sneezing droplets. Infants are especially vulnerable to the disease and it is a major cause of illness and mortality in this age range. Whooping cough is typically treated with the pertussis vaccine. The pertussis vaccine encompasses two main types: whole-cell vaccines and acellular vaccines. This vaccination is only accessible when combined with other immunizations. The Pertussis Vaccine is the most reliable and economical means of maintaining a pertussis-free environment. The World Health Organization has included the tetanus vaccine on the list of essential medicines because it has helped reduce the prevalence of tetanus in the US by 95% since it was first introduced in 1924.

The global Vaccines and Vaccination market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing prevalence of infectious diseases, rising government initiatives promoting vaccination programs, and continuous advancements in vaccine technology. The market size in 2025 is estimated at $65 billion, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors including the emergence of novel infectious diseases, improved cold-chain infrastructure in developing economies facilitating wider vaccine distribution, and growing awareness among consumers regarding the importance of preventive healthcare. The market is segmented by vaccine type (e.g., live attenuated, inactivated, etc.), disease indication (e.g., influenza, measles, etc.), and route of administration. The leading players, including Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bavarian Nordic, Novartis, Bharat Biotech, Bio-Med, CSL, Emergent BioSolutions, GSK, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Merck, and Sanofi, are actively engaged in research and development to enhance existing vaccines and introduce novel formulations. This competitive landscape is driving innovation and accelerating market expansion. The market faces certain challenges, including vaccine hesitancy fueled by misinformation, the high cost of vaccine development and distribution, and logistical hurdles in reaching remote populations. Nevertheless, the long-term outlook remains positive, propelled by the ongoing need for effective vaccination strategies against both established and emerging infectious agents. The increasing focus on personalized medicine and the development of next-generation vaccines, such as mRNA vaccines, are expected to significantly impact market growth in the coming years. The market will also witness geographical shifts, with developing economies showing increased vaccination rates due to improved infrastructure and accessibility. This creates both opportunities and challenges for established market players and new entrants.

Some models of vaccination behavior imply that an individual’s willingness to vaccinate could be negatively correlated with the vaccination rate in her community. The rationale is that a higher community vaccination rate reduces the risk of contracting the vaccine-preventable disease and thus reduces the individual’s incentive to vaccinate. At the same time, as for many health-related behaviors, individuals may want to conform to the vaccination behavior of peers, counteracting a reduced incentive to vaccinate due to herd immunity. Currently there is limited empirical evidence on how individual vaccination decisions respond to the vaccination decisions of peers. In the fall of 2014, we used a rapid survey technology to ask a large sample of U.S. adults about their willingness to use a vaccine for Ebola. Respondents expressed a greater inclination to use the vaccine in a hypothetical scenario with a high community vaccination rate. In particular, an increase in the community vaccination rate from 10% to 90% had the same impact on reported utilization as a nearly 50% reduction in out-of-pocket cost. These findings are consistent with a tendency to conform with vaccination among peers, and suggest that policies promoting vaccination could be more effective than has been recognized.