This statistic shows the direct investment position of the United States in China from 2000 to 2023, on a historical-cost basis. In 2023, the U.S. investments made in China were valued at 126.91 billion U.S. dollars. Direct investment position of the United States - additional information Foreign direct investment (FDI), simply put, is an investment of one company into another company located in a different country. It differs from a traditional way of investing into shares of foreign companies listed on a stock exchange. The companies which make foreign direct investment usually own a part of the company in which they invest and they have influence on the decision making process. In the United States, FDI is defined as an American investor (called the U.S. parent) owning a minimum of 10 percent of a foreign firm (known as a foreign affiliate). The total direct position of the United States abroad amounted to 6.68 trillion U.S. dollars in 2023. Although the phenomenon profits greatly from the technological advances of the 21st century, as well as from the cultural flexibility of today’s workforce, FDI has a long history, going back to the colonial empires. Not without critics, FDI is generally believed to bring advantages to the investing company, such as access to new markets and decreased costs of labor, materials and production facilities. The local economy can benefit from an infusion of capital, access to new technologies and engagement of native labor pool. There are three recognized types of foreign direct investment, namely horizontal FDI, platform FDI and vertical FDI, along with various methods of implementing the investment itself. FDI considered by many one of the motors of worldwide economic growth. U.S. foreign investment abroad has seen a dramatic growth in the past decades. Multinational American corporations, especially focused on manufacturing, have largely invested in facilities overseas, due to financial benefits. However, a large share of these corporations focuses toward not only supplying the U.S. market, but also the local markets in which they operate. In 2020, the country that received the largest amount of U.S. foreign investment was the United Kingdom, with a little over one trillion U.S. dollars, followed by the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Overall, the total amount of U.S. dollars invested in European states in 2021 reached 3.98 trillion U.S. dollars compared to 2.25 trillion U.S. dollars a decade prior.

The purpose of this project was to measure and estimate the distribution of personal income in both rural and urban areas of the People's Republic of China. The principal investigators based their definition of income on cash payments and on a broad range of additional components: payments in kind valued at market prices, agricultural output produced for self-consumption valued at market prices, the value of food and other direct subsidies, and the imputed value of housing services. The rural component of this collection consists of two data files, one in which the individual is the unit of analysis (Part 1) and a second in which the household is the unit of analysis (Part 2). Individual rural respondents reported on their employment status, level of education, Communist Party membership, type of employer (e.g., public, private, or foreign), type of economic sector in which they were employed, occupation, whether they held a second job, retirement status, monthly pension, monthly wage, and other sources of income. Demographic variables include relationship to householder, gender, age, and student status. Rural households reported extensively on the character of the household and residence. Information was elicited on type of terrain surrounding the house, geographic position, type of house, and availability of electricity. Also reported were sources of household income (e.g., farming, industry, government, rents, and interest), taxes paid, value of farm, total amount and type of cultivated land, financial assets and debts, quantity and value of various crops, amount of grain purchased or provided by a collective, use of chemical fertilizers, gasoline, and oil, quantity and value of agricultural machinery, and all household expenditures (e.g., food, fuel, medicine, education, transportation, and electricity). The urban component of this collection also consists of two data files, one in which the individual is the unit of analysis (Part 3) and a second in which the household is the unit of analysis (Part 4). Individual urban respondents reported on their economic status within the household, Communist Party membership, sex, age, nature of employment, and relationship to the household head. Information was collected on all types and sources of income from each member of the household whether working, nonworking, or retired, all revenue received by owners of private or individual enterprises, and all in-kind payments (e.g., food, durable goods, and nondurable goods). Urban households reported total income (including salaries, interest on savings and bonds, dividends, rent, leases, alimony, gifts, and boarding fees), all types and values of food subsidies received, and total debt. Information was also gathered on household accommodations and living conditions, including number of rooms, total living area in square meters, availability and cost of running water, sanitary facilities, heating and air-conditioning equipment, kitchen availability, location of residence, ownership of home, and availability of electricity and telephone. Households reported on all their expenditures including amounts spent on food items such as wheat, rice, edible oils, pork, beef and mutton, poultry, fish and seafood, sugar, and vegetables by means of coupons in state-owned stores and at free market prices. Information was also collected on rents paid by the households, fuel available, type of transportation used, and availability and use of medical and child care. The Chinese Household Income Project collected data in 1988, 1995, 2002, and 2007. ICPSR holds data from the first three collections, and information about these can be found on the series description page. Data collected in 2007 are available through the China Institute for Income Distribution.

Graph and download economic data for Federal Debt Held by Foreign and International Investors (FDHBFIN) from Q1 1970 to Q1 2025 about foreign, debt, federal, and USA.

Key information about China Foreign Exchange Reserves

• China Foreign Exchange Reserves was measured at 3,227.2 USD bn in Feb 2025, compared with 3,209.0 USD bn in the previous month
• China Foreign Exchange Reserves: USD mn data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1989 to Feb 2025
• The data reached an all-time high of 3,993.2 USD bn in Jun 2014 and a record low of 3.7 USD bn in Jan 1989

• In the latest reports, China Foreign Exchange Reserves equaled 13.9 Months of Import in Dec 2024.
• Its Money Supply M2 increased 44,045.8 USD bn YoY in Sep 2024.
• China Domestic Credit reached 49,338.1 USD bn in Jan 2025, representing an increased of 7.9 % YoY.
• The country's Non Performing Loans Ratio stood at 1.5 % in Dec 2024, compared with the ratio of 1.6 % in the previous quarter.
• Household Debt of China reached 63.3 % in Mar 2023, accounting for 63.3 % of the country's Nominal GDP.

Fixed Asset Investment in China decreased to 3.70 percent in May from 4 percent in April of 2025. This dataset provides - China Fixed Asset Investment- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Key information about China Net International Investment Position

• China Net International Investment Position reached 3,181.703 USD bn in Sep 2024, compared with 2,988.275 USD bn in the previous quarter.
• China Net International Investment Position: USD mn data is updated quarterly, available from Mar 2011 to Sep 2024.
• The data reached an all-time high of 3,181.703 USD bn in Sep 2024 and a record low of 1,398.119 USD bn in Jun 2015.

The Hong Kong Capital Market Exchange ecosystem, boasting a market size of approximately $XX million in 2025 (assuming a logical extrapolation based on the provided CAGR of 8% and a known 2019-2024 historical period), exhibits robust growth potential. Driven by factors such as increasing foreign investment, a strengthening of the mainland China connection under the "Greater Bay Area" initiative, and the continued diversification of financial products offered (including debt and equity instruments catering to both retail and institutional investors), the market is poised for significant expansion. Key players like Tencent, Alibaba, and HSBC are pivotal in shaping this dynamic landscape, leveraging technological advancements and strategic partnerships to enhance market liquidity and attract international capital. Regulatory reforms aimed at improving market transparency and investor protection further contribute to the market's appeal. While potential restraints include geopolitical uncertainties and global economic fluctuations, the long-term outlook remains positive, particularly considering the strategic location of Hong Kong as a global financial hub. The segmentation of the Hong Kong Capital Market Exchange ecosystem reveals a complex interplay of market forces. The primary market, focused on initial public offerings (IPOs) and new listings, is expected to experience consistent growth driven by strong technology sector performance and continuing expansion of Chinese companies looking for international listings. Meanwhile, the secondary market, involving the trading of already-issued securities, benefits from high trading volumes and active participation from both retail and institutional investors. The balance between debt and equity financing is likely to shift according to prevailing economic conditions and investor risk appetite, with a potential increase in demand for fixed-income securities during periods of market volatility. Finally, the dominance of institutional investors is expected to persist, though the increasing financial literacy and participation of retail investors will gradually reshape the overall investor landscape. The forecast period (2025-2033) signals an exciting trajectory for this ecosystem, with continued growth projected across all segments. Recent developments include: In March 2023, In Hong Kong, Credit Suisse reopened as usual following UBS's US$3.25 billion takeover. Clients can continue trading stocks and derivatives at Credit Suisse's Hong Kong branch, as well as access their deposits. With assets of HK$100 billion (US$12.74 billion), or roughly 0.5 percent of the city's total banking assets, Credit Suisse operates just one branch in Hong Kong., In March 2022, The most prominent listed insurer in Asia, AIA Group, with headquarters in Hong Kong, declared after releasing better-than-expected 2021 earnings that it will repurchase USD 10 billion worth of its shares over the following three years.. Notable trends are: Investment and Holding, Real Estate, Professional and Business Services are Major FDIs in Hong Kong.

As of 2024, the global landscape of Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) largely featured the Middle East. Despite not ranking among the largest global State-Owned Investors (SOIs), the Middle East was home to **** of the top ***SWFs worldwide. The ******* SWF was the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, managing assets just shy of *** trillion U.S. dollars. Asia also played a prominent role in the global SWF landscape. ***** of the world's leading SWFs were domiciled in Asia, the ******* of which was the China Investment Corporation. What are sovereign wealth funds? Sovereign wealth funds are state-owned and are comprised of a wide array of financial assets including stocks, bonds, real estate, precious metals, and other financial instruments. In the main, sovereign wealth funds are funded by foreign-exchange reserves, assets which are held by monetary authorities or central banks in the form of U.S. dollars and other leading world currencies as a way of backing liabilities. Who holds the SWF? A state’s central bank will generally hold the sovereign wealth fund; in the process of its management of a nations funds or banking system funds will be accumulated. These types of state fund are of major economic and fiscal importance, and may be implemented for different objectives: protect the economy against sudden shocks, hedge against the problem of an aging population, or to foster socio-economic development.

In 2025, stock markets in the United States accounted for roughly ** percent of world stocks. The next largest country by stock market share was China, followed by the European Union as a whole. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the NASDAQ are the largest stock exchange operators worldwide. What is a stock exchange? The first modern publicly traded company was the Dutch East Industry Company, which sold shares to the general public to fund expeditions to Asia. Since then, groups of companies have formed exchanges in which brokers and dealers can come together and make transactions in one space. Stock market indices group companies trading on a given exchange, giving an idea of how they evolve in real time. Appeal of stock ownership Over half of adults in the United States are investing money in the stock market. Stocks are an attractive investment because the possible return is higher than offered by other financial instruments.

Central Bank Balance Sheet in China decreased to 450997.98 CNY Hundred Million in May from 455203.33 CNY Hundred Million in April of 2025. This dataset provides - China Central Bank Balance Sheet - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Of all the countries in the world, China had, by far, the largest international reserves in 2025, with **** trillion USD in reserves and foreign currency liquidity. Japan was the only other country with over a trillion U.S. dollars in reserves in early 2025, with a total of *** trillion U.S. dollars. Why do countries hold reserves? A simple explanation for China’s accumulation of foreign currency could be its consistently positive and substantial trade balance. When China exports goods and services, it accepts the foreign currency, usually U.S. dollars, and holds that currency in reserve. In addition to facilitating trade, most countries, including China, also hold foreign exchange reserves to ensure the stability of their currencies and facilitate other foreign transactions. Other significant reserves Even though most of the world left the gold standard in 1971, most countries still retain large gold reserves. The United States, followed by Germany and Italy, held the largest amount of gold reserves worldwide as of December 2018.

In January 2023, a total of ** companies from mainland China finished their initial public offering (IPO) in China and abroad. Despite the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic, IPO numbers and volumes remained robust in 2020. In that year, the annual number of Chinese IPOs reached *** in 2021, of which *** were listed at stock markets in mainland China and *** in Hong Kong or other overseas destinations.

Stock markets in mainland China

Mainland China has two stock exchanges, the Shanghai stock exchange (SSE) and the Shenzhen stock exchange (SZSE). Both rank among the largest stock exchanges in the world. While more large state-owned enterprises are listed in Shanghai, the stock exchange in Shenzhen is home to many technology driven companies, including Huawei and Tencent. Stocks on the Shanghai exchange are distributed across two boards, the Main Board and the Sci-Tech Innovation Board (Star Market), which was newly established in 2019. The Shenzhen exchange has also two boards, the main board and the Growth Enterprises Board (ChiNext). In 2021, a larger number of IPOs were listed at the newer ChiNext and Star Market, and less at the older SME and Shanghai Main Board.

Chinese IPOs abroad

As domestic Chinese stock markets are still not completely open to foreign investors and regulation on the mainland is less stringent, Chinese companies rely on overseas exchanges to attract international investors. Some of the largest global IPOs were those of Chinese companies going public at foreign stock exchanges. The Hong Kong Exchange and Clearing Market (HKEX) is a preferred place for mainland companies to get an international listing.

In 2023, Singapore had the highest value of newly registered capital of foreign direct investment (FDI) to Vietnam, amounting to over *** billion U.S. dollars. China ranked second in terms of newly registered FDI capital in Vietnam that year, followed by Hong Kong and Japan.

In 2020, 14 of all 128 banks located in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg came from China. The presence of Chinese banks in the Grand Duchy was higher than those of many other countries, but still less than that of German banks: 22 banks came from there. The Asian financial institutions, such as China Everbright, established themselves in Luxembourg to gain access to the EU internal market. European banks in the meantime go to Luxembourg as they focus on specific business areas like private banking and investment funds. Despite this, the Grand Duchy saw a decrease in the total number of authorized banks in recent years.

Banking is but one of many activities for Luxembourg’s financial sector

The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg focuses on three financial areas: banking, investment funds and insurance. Investment funds, for example, were worth almost 8,200 percent of the country’s GDP in 2019, with the Grand Duchy’s fund industry holding almost 4.7 trillion euros worth of net assets under management (AUM) in February 2020. When it comes to the number of insurance companies, Luxembourg had more than both Belgium and the Netherlands combined.

Chinese finance is but one example

Luxembourg’s financial sector tries to diversify its activities and sometimes to target specific audiences. For example, Luxembourg was the first European country to issue a sovereign sukuk (a financial certificate that complies with Islamic religious law) on its own thanks to the country's legal structures.

This statistic presents the gold reserves of largest gold holding countries worldwide in 2024. At that time, the central bank of the United States held approximately ******* metric tons of gold. Gold reserves — additional information The United States has the largest gold reserve, with more than ***** metric tons of gold. This was more than twice the gold reserves of Germany and more than three times the gold reserves of Italy and France. China ranked fifth for the amount of gold it has on reserve, but more gold is being mined in China than any other country in the world. Australia, on the other hand, is home to the largest gold mine reserves in addition to being the second-largest producer of gold, after China. While gold no longer serves as an object of exchange and as a confirmation value, gold remains an investment asset for governments, and it could provide a safeguard against inflation or recession. The average price of gold reached a record in 2024, amounting to ******** U.S. dollars for one troy ounce.

In January 2020, prior to the onset of the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, three of the seven largest economies by GDP had negative yields for two-year government bonds (Japan, Germany and France). With the onset of the pandemic, two-year bond yields in these countries actually rose slightly - in contrast to the other major economies, where yields fell over this period. As of December 2024, yields for two-year government bonds exhibited fluctuations across all countries. Notably, Japan showed a slight upward trend, while China experienced a modest decline.Negative yields assume that investors lack confidence in economic growth, meaning many investments (such as stocks) may lose value. Therefore, it is preferable to take a small loss on government debt that carries almost no risk to the investor, than risk a larger loss on other investments. As both the yen and euro are considered very safe assets, Japanese, German and French bonds were already being held by many investors prior to the pandemic as a hedge against economic downturn. Therefore, with the announcement of fiscal responses to the pandemic by many governments around March 2020, the value of these assets rose as confidence increased (slightly) that the worst case may be avoided. At the same time, yields on bonds with a higher return fell, as investors sought out investments with a higher return that were still considered safe.