China CN: BERD: % of Value Added
- ceicdata.com
Updated Feb 15, 2025
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EmailClick to copy linkLink copiedCiteCEICdata.com (2025). China CN: BERD: % of Value Added [Dataset]. https://www.ceicdata.com/en/china/business-enterprise-investment-on-research-and-development-non-oecd-member-annual/cn-berd--of-value-addedDataset updatedFeb 15, 2025Dataset provided byCEIC DataLicenseAttribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automaticallyTime period coveredDec 1, 2010 - Dec 1, 2021Area coveredChinaDescriptionChina BERD: % of Value Added data was reported at 2.295 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.281 % for 2020. China BERD: % of Value Added data is updated yearly, averaging 1.125 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2021, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.295 % in 2021 and a record low of 0.268 % in 1996. China BERD: % of Value Added data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
Notes to the September 2023 edition:In the March 2023 edition, the OECD suppressed and put on hold the publication of several R&D indicators for China because of concerns about the coherence of expenditure and personnel data. Chinese officials have since confirmed errors in the business R&D data submitted to OECD in February 2023 and revised figures subsequently. While the revised breakdowns between manufacturing and other sectors is now deemed coherent, few details are available about the structure of China's R&D in the service sector which has been significantly increasing in size. China provided additional explanations on the growth rates in the higher education and government sectors in 2019, as well as the discrepancies between personnel and expenditure trends in both sectors. Total estimates of GERD and its institutional sector components (BERD, HERD, GOVERD) for 2019 to 2021 have not been modified by China and have been published as reported to OECD. The OECD continues to encourage China and other non member economies to engage in comprehensive reporting of R&D statistics and metadata.---Structural notes:The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher.Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of 'scientist and engineer'.In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.;Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':
R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.
The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:
It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.
Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.
China CN: Business-Financed BERD: % of Value Added
- ceicdata.com
Updated Dec 15, 2024ShareFacebookTwitterEmailClick to copy linkLink copiedCiteCEICdata.com (2024). China CN: Business-Financed BERD: % of Value Added [Dataset]. https://www.ceicdata.com/en/china/business-enterprise-investment-on-research-and-development-non-oecd-member-annual/cn-businessfinanced-berd--of-value-addedDataset updatedDec 15, 2024Dataset provided byCEIC DataLicenseAttribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automaticallyTime period coveredDec 1, 2010 - Dec 1, 2021Area coveredChinaDescriptionChina Business-Financed BERD: % of Value Added data was reported at 2.222 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.203 % for 2020. China Business-Financed BERD: % of Value Added data is updated yearly, averaging 1.527 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2021, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.222 % in 2021 and a record low of 0.524 % in 2000. China Business-Financed BERD: % of Value Added data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
Notes to the September 2023 edition:In the March 2023 edition, the OECD suppressed and put on hold the publication of several R&D indicators for China because of concerns about the coherence of expenditure and personnel data. Chinese officials have since confirmed errors in the business R&D data submitted to OECD in February 2023 and revised figures subsequently. While the revised breakdowns between manufacturing and other sectors is now deemed coherent, few details are available about the structure of China's R&D in the service sector which has been significantly increasing in size. China provided additional explanations on the growth rates in the higher education and government sectors in 2019, as well as the discrepancies between personnel and expenditure trends in both sectors. Total estimates of GERD and its institutional sector components (BERD, HERD, GOVERD) for 2019 to 2021 have not been modified by China and have been published as reported to OECD. The OECD continues to encourage China and other non member economies to engage in comprehensive reporting of R&D statistics and metadata.---Structural notes:The national breakdown by source of funds does not fully match with the classification defined in the Frascati Manual. The R&D financed by the government, business enterprises, and by the rest of the world can be retrieved but part of the expenditure has no specific source of financing, i.e. self-raised funding (in particular for independent research institutions), the funds from the higher education sector and left-over government grants from previous years.The government and higher education sectors cover all fields of NSE and SSH while the business enterprise sector only covers the fields of NSE. There are only few organisations in the private non-profit sector, hence no R&D survey has been carried out in this sector and the data are not available.From 2009, researcher data are collected according to the Frascati Manual definition of researcher.Beforehand, this was only the case for independent research institutions, while for the other sectors data were collected according to the UNESCO concept of 'scientist and engineer'.In 2009, the survey coverage in the business and the government sectors has been expanded.Before 2000, all of the personnel data and 95% of the expenditure data in the business enterprise sector are for large and medium-sized enterprises only. Since 2000 however, the survey covers almost all industries and all enterprises above a certain threshold. In 2000 and 2004, a census of all enterprises was held, while in the intermediate years data for small enterprises are estimated.Due to the reform of the S&T system some government institutions have become enterprises, and their R&D data have been reflected in the Business Enterprise sector since 2000.
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FacebookTwitterEmailAttribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
China BERD: % of Value Added data was reported at 2.295 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.281 % for 2020. China BERD: % of Value Added data is updated yearly, averaging 1.125 % from Dec 1991 (Median) to 2021, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.295 % in 2021 and a record low of 0.268 % in 1996. China BERD: % of Value Added data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s China – Table CN.OECD.MSTI: Business Enterprise Investment on Research and Development: Non OECD Member: Annual.
Definition of MSTI variables 'Value Added of Industry' and 'Industrial Employment':
R&D data are typically expressed as a percentage of GDP to allow cross-country comparisons. When compiling such indicators for the business enterprise sector, one may wish to exclude, from GDP measures, economic activities for which the Business R&D (BERD) is null or negligible by definition. By doing so, the adjusted denominator (GDP, or Value Added, excluding non-relevant industries) better correspond to the numerator (BERD) with which it is compared to.
The MSTI variable 'Value added in industry' is used to this end:
It is calculated as the total Gross Value Added (GVA) excluding 'real estate activities' (ISIC rev.4 68) where the 'imputed rent of owner-occupied dwellings', specific to the framework of the System of National Accounts, represents a significant share of total GVA and has no R&D counterpart. Moreover, the R&D performed by the community, social and personal services is mainly driven by R&D performers other than businesses.
Consequently, the following service industries are also excluded: ISIC rev.4 84 to 88 and 97 to 98. GVA data are presented at basic prices except for the People's Republic of China, Japan and New Zealand (expressed at producers' prices).In the same way, some indicators on R&D personnel in the business sector are expressed as a percentage of industrial employment. The latter corresponds to total employment excluding ISIC rev.4 68, 84 to 88 and 97 to 98.