In order to support science-based water resource management, a systematic effort was undertaken to characterize the nature and function of the hydrogeology in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Jo Daviess County is a karst area. Karst is a geologically and hydrologically integrated or interconnected and self-organizing network of landforms and subsurface large-scale, secondary porosity created by a combination of fractured carbonate bedrock, the movement of water into and through the rock body as part of the hydrologic cycle, and physical and chemical weathering (Panno, S.V. et al, 2017). Springs, cover-collapse sinkholes, crevices, and caves are among the defining features of a karst terrain; each of these features is found in Jo Daviess County. Examples of these features have been located in the field and characterized by scientists from the Illinois State Geological and Water Surveys (Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). An unforeseen outcome of the 2012 summer drought that impacted the U.S. Midwest and adversely affected the health and vigor of agricultural crops was it provided a rare opportunity to examine the fractured and creviced, buried bedrock surface of northwestern Illinois. Complex vegetated networks, referred to as ‘crop lines’, began to appear across the dry summer landscape of Jo Daviess County, Illinois, including adjacent western Stephenson County and southwestern Wisconsin. Primarily confined to alfalfa hay fields, the vegetated crop lines resulted from a combination of three factors: 1) the persistent extremely dry conditions, 2) a relatively thin (3 to 5 feet) overburden of unconsolidated deposits, and 3) a highly fractured and creviced bedrock surface comprised of Ordovician age Galena Dolomite. Alfalfa’s vigorous root system, may ultimately extend to depths of 6.1 m (20 feet) or more, enables it to obtain water and nutrients moving through bedrock crevices near the top of the karst aquifer, providing the necessary moisture during the 2012 summer drought to sustain the overlying healthy alfalfa plants, whereas the remaining field area exhibited stunted and sparse plant growth. The alfalfa plants forming the crop lines tended to grow denser, taller (0.5 m vs. 0.15 m), and greener than those in adjacent areas.The publication cited below provides background and context:Panno, S.V., Donald E. Luman, and Dennis R. Kolata. Characterization of karst terrain and regional tectonics using remotely sensed data in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Circular 589, Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2015. https://www.isgs.illinois.edu/maps/county-maps/karst-terrain/jo-daviess

In order to support science-based water resource management, a systematic effort was undertaken to characterize the nature and function of the hydrogeology in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Jo Daviess County is a karst area. Karst is a geologically and hydrologically integrated or interconnected and self-organizing network of landforms and subsurface large-scale, secondary porosity created by a combination of fractured carbonate bedrock, the movement of water into and through the rock body as part of the hydrologic cycle, and physical and chemical weathering (Panno, S.V. et al, 2017). Springs, cover-collapse sinkholes, crevices, and caves are among the defining features of a karst terrain; each of these features is found in Jo Daviess County. Examples of these features have been located in the field and using other remotely-sensed data and characterized by scientists from the Illinois State Geological and Water Surveys (Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). For this project, groundwater samples were collected from springs and wells and analyzed for inorganic chemistry, dissolved organic carbon, stable isotopes of water, and tritium. The project objective was to initiate a karst feature database, to collect water samples from springs to determine groundwater background concentrations of major anions, cations, and field parameters, and to then characterize and group the different populations of groundwater within Jo Daviess County. This project was supported by Grant Awards F16AP00772 and F18AC00961, from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to the League of Women Voters of Illinois Education Fund as well as support from the Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois.In addition to reports created for each sampling location (containing data, photographs and interpretation) and submitted to USFWS as grantee performance reports for Grant Award F16AP00772, the publication cited below references the data and provides interpretation:Panno, S.V., W.R. Kelly, and E.L. Baranski. Hydrogeochemical controls on aquifers of northwestern Illinois’ Driftless Area, USA. Environmental Earth Sciences 78:276, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8271-7The publications cited below provide background and context:Panno, S.V. and D.E. Luman. Assessment of the geology and hydrogeology of two sites for a proposed large dairy facility in Jo Daviess County near Nora, IL.Illinois State Geological Survey Open File Series 2008-2, 2008. http://library.isgs.illinois.edu/Pubs/pdfs/ofs/2008/ofs2008-02.pdfPanno, S.V., Donald E. Luman, and Dennis R. Kolata. Characterization of karst terrain and regional tectonics using remotely sensed data in Jo Daviess County, Illinois .Circular 589, Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2015. https://www.isgs.illinois.edu/maps/county-maps/karst-terrain/jo-daviessPanno, S.V., Philip G. Millhouse, Randy W. Nyboer, Daryl Watson, Walton R. Kelly, Lisa M. Anderson, Curtis C. Albert, and Donald E. Luman. Guide to the Geology, Hydrogeology, History, Archaeology, and Biotic Ecology of the Driftless area of Northwestern Illinois, Jo Daviess County. Illinois State Geological Survey Guidebook 42, 2016. https://www.isgs.illinois.edu/publications/gb042Panno, S.V., Donald E. Luman, Walton R. Kelly, Timothy H. Larson, and Stephen J. Taylor. Karst of the Driftless Area of Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Circular 586, Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2017. https://isgs.illinois.edu/maps/county-maps/karst-terrain/jo-daviess-0Panno, S.V., Walton R. Kelly, John Scott, Wei Zheng, Rachel E. McNeish, Nancy Holm, Timothy J. Hoellein, and Elizabeth L. Baranski. Microplastic Contamination in Karst Groundwater Systems. Groundwater.57(2):189-196. doi:10.1111/gwat.12862,2019. https://ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gwat.12862

Please see the individual layer/table below to access the detailed metadata.In order to support science-based water resource management, a systematic effort was undertaken to characterize the nature and function of the hydrogeology in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Jo Daviess County is a karst area. Karst is a geologically and hydrologically integrated or interconnected and self-organizing network of landforms and subsurface large-scale, secondary porosity created by a combination of fractured carbonate bedrock, the movement of water into and through the rock body as part of the hydrologic cycle, and physical and chemical weathering (Panno, S.V. et al, 2017). Springs, cover-collapse sinkholes, crevices, and caves are among the defining features of a karst terrain; each of these features is found in Jo Daviess County. Examples of these features have been located in the field and using other remotely-sensed data and characterized by scientists from the Illinois State Geological and Water Surveys (Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). For this project, groundwater samples were collected from springs and wells and analyzed for inorganic chemistry, dissolved organic carbon, stable isotopes of water, and tritium. The project objective was to initiate a karst feature database, to collect water samples from springs to determine groundwater background concentrations of major anions, cations, and field parameters, and to then characterize and group the different populations of groundwater within Jo Daviess County. This project was supported by Grant Awards F16AP00772 and F18AC00961, from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to the League of Women Voters of Illinois Education Fund as well as support from the Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois.In addition to reports created for each sampling location (containing data, photographs and interpretation) and submitted to USFWS as grantee performance reports for Grant Award F16AP00772, the publication cited below references the data and provides interpretation:Panno, S.V., W.R. Kelly, and E.L. Baranski. Hydrogeochemical controls on aquifers of northwestern Illinois’ Driftless Area, USA. Environmental Earth Sciences 78:276, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8271-7The publications cited below provide background and context:Panno, S.V. and D.E. Luman. Assessment of the geology and hydrogeology of two sites for a proposed large dairy facility in Jo Daviess County near Nora, IL.Illinois State Geological Survey Open File Series 2008-2, 2008. https://library.isgs.illinois.edu/Pubs/pdfs/ofs/2008/ofs2008-02.pdfPanno, S.V., Donald E. Luman, and Dennis R. Kolata. Characterization of karst terrain and regional tectonics using remotely sensed data in Jo Daviess County, Illinois .Circular 589, Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2015. https://www.isgs.illinois.edu/maps/county-maps/karst-terrain/jo-daviessPanno, S.V., Philip G. Millhouse, Randy W. Nyboer, Daryl Watson, Walton R. Kelly, Lisa M. Anderson, Curtis C. Albert, and Donald E. Luman. Guide to the Geology, Hydrogeology, History, Archaeology, and Biotic Ecology of the Driftless area of Northwestern Illinois, Jo Daviess County. Illinois State Geological Survey Guidebook 42, 2016. https://www.isgs.illinois.edu/publications/gb042Panno, S.V., Donald E. Luman, Walton R. Kelly, Timothy H. Larson, and Stephen J. Taylor. Karst of the Driftless Area of Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Circular 586, Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2017. https://isgs.illinois.edu/maps/county-maps/karst-terrain/jo-daviess-0Panno, S.V., Walton R. Kelly, John Scott, Wei Zheng, Rachel E. McNeish, Nancy Holm, Timothy J. Hoellein, and Elizabeth L. Baranski. Microplastic Contamination in Karst Groundwater Systems. Groundwater.57(2):189-196. doi:10.1111/gwat.12862,2019. https://ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gwat.12862

Please see the individual layers below to access the detailed metadata.In order to support science-based water resource management, a systematic effort was undertaken to characterize the nature and function of the hydrogeology in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Jo Daviess County is a karst area. Karst is a geologically and hydrologically integrated or interconnected and self-organizing network of landforms and subsurface large-scale, secondary porosity created by a combination of fractured carbonate bedrock, the movement of water into and through the rock body as part of the hydrologic cycle, and physical and chemical weathering (Panno, S.V. et al, 2017). Springs, cover-collapse sinkholes, crevices, and caves are among the defining features of a karst terrain; each of these features is found in Jo Daviess County. Examples of these features have been located in the field and characterized by scientists from the Illinois State Geological and Water Surveys (Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign).An unforeseen outcome of the 2012 summer drought that impacted the U.S. Midwest and adversely affected the health and vigor of agricultural crops was it provided a rare opportunity to examine the fractured, creviced, and buried bedrock surface of northwestern Illinois. Complex vegetated networks, referred to as ‘crop lines’, began to appear across the dry summer landscape of Jo Daviess County, Illinois, including adjacent western Stephenson County and southwestern Wisconsin. Primarily confined to alfalfa hay fields, the vegetated crop lines resulted from a combination of three factors: 1) the persistent extremely dry conditions, 2) a relatively thin (3 to 5 feet) overburden of unconsolidated deposits, and 3) a highly fractured and creviced bedrock surface comprised of Ordovician age Galena Dolomite.Alfalfa’s vigorous root system, which may ultimately extend to depths of 6.1 m (20 feet) or more, enables it to obtain water and nutrients moving through bedrock crevices near the top of the karst aquifer, providing the necessary moisture during the 2012 summer drought to sustain the overlying healthy alfalfa plants, whereas the remaining field area exhibited stunted and sparse plant growth. The alfalfa plants forming the crop lines tended to grow denser, taller (0.5 m vs. 0.15 m), and greener than those in adjacent areas, were clearly visible from vertical aerial photographs, and provided a visual representation of the bedrock fracture pattern below. Work on this project was funded by the Illinois State Geological Survey.The publications cited below provide background and context:Panno, S.V. and D.E. Luman. Assessment of the geology and hydrogeology of two sites for a proposed large dairy facility in Jo Daviess County near Nora, IL. Illinois State Geological Survey Open File Series 2008-2, 2008. https://library.isgs.illinois.edu/Pubs/pdfs/ofs/2008/ofs2008-02.pdf Panno, S.V., Philip G. Millhouse, Randy W. Nyboer, Daryl Watson, Walton R. Kelly, Lisa M. Anderson, Curtis C. Albert, and Donald E. Luman. Guide to the Geology, Hydrogeology, History, Archaeology, and Biotic Ecology of the Driftless area of Northwestern Illinois, Jo Daviess County. Illinois State Geological Survey Guidebook 42, 2016. https://www.isgs.illinois.edu/publications/gb042 Panno, S.V., Donald E. Luman, Walton R. Kelly, Timothy H. Larson, and Stephen J. Taylor. Karst of the Driftless Area of Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Circular 586, Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2017. https://isgs.illinois.edu/maps/county-maps/karst-terrain/jo-daviess-0

In order to support science-based water resource management, a systematic effort was undertaken to characterize the nature and function of the hydrogeology in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Jo Daviess County is a karst area. Karst is a geologically and hydrologically integrated or interconnected and self-organizing network of landforms and subsurface large-scale, secondary porosity created by a combination of fractured carbonate bedrock, the movement of water into and through the rock body as part of the hydrologic cycle, and physical and chemical weathering (Panno, S.V. et al, 2017). Springs, cover-collapse sinkholes, crevices, and caves are among the defining features of a karst terrain; each of these features is found in Jo Daviess County. Examples of these features have been located in the field and characterized by scientists from the Illinois State Geological and Water Surveys (Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign). The lead-zinc ore deposits of the Driftless Area, which includes Jo Daviess County, were emplaced within the Galena Dolomite 270 million years ago (Brannon et al. 1992). Ore-forming and associated solutions (hot brines) migrated through carbonate rocks along existing fractures and were responsible for enlarging many of these fractures into crevices. The crevices and infilling sulfide ore deposits created by these solutions have the same distribution and orientation as those identified as crop lines by Panno, Luman and Kolata (2015) using remote sensing techniques. Consequently, maps of mines and mining activities reflect the fracture and crevice orientations and provide additional information about the physical characteristics of the bedrock and aquifers of the Driftless Area. This dataset was developed from the original IMDA documents by the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) in fulfillment a grant from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) National Geological and Geophysical Data Preservation Program (NGGDPP). The IMDA is a detailed set of paper records for the Lead-Zinc District in Jo Daviess County in northwestern Illinois for the period 1949-1970. The IMDA consists of large-scale (1"=200') 36"x30" sheet section maps depicting mining digs and borehole locations, and a set of 8-1/2"x11" datasheets containing borehole logs and mineral analyses (assays and/or visual estimates at various depths).The following document is directly related to this dataset:Klass, R. and Z. Lasemi. Preservation of Geologic Data and Collections in Illinois: Compilation, Documentation and Planning. Technical Report, Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2014-15.The following documents are pertinent references providing background information: Brannon, J.C., F.A. Podosek, and R.K. McLimans, 1992, Alleghenian age of the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead deposits determined by Rb-Sr dating of sphalerite: Nature, v. 356, p. 509–511.Mansberger, F., T. Townsend, and C. Stratton. The People Must be Crazy: The Lead and Zinc Mining Resources of Jo Daviess County, Illinois.Fever River Research, Springfield, Illinois, 1997 (revised July, 2020). http://illinoisarchaeology.com/Lead%20Mine%20Report%20Revised.pdf

Please see the individual layer below to access the detailed metadata.In order to support science-based water resource management, a systematic effort was undertaken to characterize the nature and function of the hydrogeology in Jo Daviess County, Illinois (County), which is a karst area. Karst is a geologically and hydrologically integrated or interconnected and self-organizing network of landforms and subsurface large-scale, secondary porosity created by a combination of fractured carbonate bedrock, the movement of water into and through the rock body as part of the hydrologic cycle, and physical and chemical weathering (Panno, S.V. et al, 2017). Springs, cover-collapse sinkholes, crevices, and caves are among the defining features of a karst terrain. Examples of all these features are found within the County and have been characterized by scientists at the Illinois State Geological and Water Surveys, Divisions of the Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Cover-collapse sinkholes within the County are developed in thin, fine-grained sediments above three bedrock formations: Ordovician-age Galena Dolomite and Maquoketa Shale, and Silurian-age dolomite. Sinkholes developed within the Galena Dolomite and Silurian dolomite form over crevices that can be as wide as 1 meter (m). Sinkholes developed within sediment overlying Galena Dolomite are typically the smallest ranging from about 1 m in diameter and less than 1 m deep to 5 m in diameter and less than 2 m deep. Sinkholes within sediment overlying Maquoketa Shale are much larger and include collapse of the shale as well. Maquoketa Shale hosted sinkholes are most often found in areas adjacent to the Apple River in the eastern part of the County where the water table has been lowered by discharge to the river. These sinkholes can be 8 m in diameter and 6 m deep, and are unique in that both soil and shale are collapsing into crevices within the underlying Galena Dolomite. Sinkholes within sediment overlying Silurian-age dolomite are typically the largest and can be up to 10 m wide and 7 m deep. These sinkholes typically form en echelon that follow the alignments of meter-wide linear crevices within the underlying dolomite. Panno, S.V., Donald E. Luman, and Dennis R. Kolata. Characterization of karst terrain and regional tectonics using remotely sensed data in Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Circular 589, Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2015. https://www.isgs.illinois.edu/maps/county-maps/karst-terrain/jo-daviessPanno, S.V., Philip G. Millhouse, Randy W. Nyboer, Daryl Watson, Walton R. Kelly, Lisa M. Anderson, Curtis C. Albert, and Donald E. Luman. Guide to the Geology, Hydrogeology, History, Archaeology, and Biotic Ecology of the Driftless area of Northwestern Illinois, Jo Daviess County.Illinois State Geological Survey Guidebook 42, 2016. https://www.isgs.illinois.edu/publications/gb042Panno, S.V., Donald E. Luman, Walton R. Kelly, Timothy H. Larson, and Stephen J. Taylor. Karst of the Driftless Area of Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Circular 586, Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2017. https://isgs.illinois.edu/maps/county-maps/karst-terrain/jo-daviess-0