Local Getis-Ord Gi* statistics were calculated as a measure of residential racial segregation. Measures were calculated at the census tract level on the proportion of non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Asian [and Pacific Islander for 1990 and 2000 census], and Hispanic persons per census tract. Gi* statistics are Z-scores that compare the proportion of the population in the focal tract and its neighboring tracts, to the average proportion of a larger geographic unit. For the majority of tracts, the larger geographic unit was the Core-Based Statistical Area (CBSA) these tracts belonged to, and for the minority of tracts that fell outside the boundaries of a CBSA, the County was used as the larger unit.Data for the measures were obtained from the IPUMS National Historical Geographic Information System (NHGIS) data finder. Data were downloaded for the 1990 and 2000 census, and the 2006-2009, 2010-2014, and 2015-2019 5-year American Community Survey (ACS) estimates. Geographically standardized time series tables were used for 1990 and 2000 census data. All other ACS data were standardized to 2010 census tract boundaries.G*statistics were calculated using both Rook and Queen conceptualization of spatial relationships. With Rook contiguity, neighbors are determined by those that share a common edge only, while Queen contiguity neighbors are those that share both an edge or a "corner" (common vertex). See detailed documentation for further details.

Local Getis-Ord Gi* statistics were calculated as a measure of residential segregation. Measures were calculated at the census tract level based on the proportion of non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Asian [and Pacific Islander for 1990 and 2000 census], Hispanic, and immigrant persons (regardless of country of origin; 2008-2012 only) per census tract. Gi* statistics are Z-scores that compare the proportion of the population in the focal tract and its neighboring tracts to the average proportion of a larger geographic unit. For the majority of tracts, the larger geographic unit was the Core-Based Statistical Area (CBSA) these tracts belonged to. The county was used as the larger unit for tracts that fell outside the boundaries of a CBSA.Data for the measures were obtained from the IPUMS National Historical Geographic Information System (NHGIS) data finder. Data were downloaded for the 1990 and 2000 census, and the 2006-2009, 2008-2012 (Immigrant segregation only), 2010-2014, and 2015-2019 5-year American Community Survey (ACS) estimates. Geographically standardized time series tables were used for 1990 and 2000 census data. All other ACS data were standardized to 2010 census tract boundaries.G*statistics were calculated using both Rook and Queen conceptualization of spatial relationships. With Rook contiguity, neighbors are determined by those that share a common edge only, while Queen contiguity neighbors are those that share both an edge or a "corner" (common vertex). See detailed documentation for further details.