This dataset has global listing of over 500 significant eruptions, which includes information on the latitude, longitude, and various properties of the volcano. The dataset provides details related to the economic and human impact of the eruptions. This offers a comprehensive record of historically significant volcanic events.

The Significant Volcanic Eruptions Database is a global listing of over 600 eruptions from 4360 BC to the present. A significant eruption is classified as one that meets at least one of the following criteria: caused fatalities, caused moderate damage (approximately $1 million or more), Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6 or greater, generated a tsunami, or was associated with a significant earthquake. The database provides information on the latitude, longitude, elevation, type of volcano, last known eruption, VEI index, and socio-economic data such as the total number of casualties, injuries, houses destroyed, and houses damaged, and $ dollage damage estimates. References, political geography, and additional comments are also provided for each eruption. If the eruption was associated with a tsunami or significant earthquake, it is flagged and linked to the related database. For a complete list of current and past activity for all volcanoes on the planet active during the last 10,000 years, please see Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program (GVP).

The Significant Volcanic Eruption Database is a global listing of over 500 significant eruptions which includes information on the latitude, longitude, elevation, type of volcano, and last known eruption. A significant eruption is classified as one that meets at least one of the following criteria: caused fatalities, caused moderate damage (approximately $1 million or more), with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6 or larger, caused a tsunami, or was associated with a major earthquake.

Acknowledgement

Foto von Tetiana Grypachevska auf Unsplash

Dataset Overview

A comprehensive record of 898 significant volcanic eruptions spanning 4360 BC to 2025, sourced from the NOAA NCEI HazEL database and enriched with 77 analytical columns.

Each record captures the eruption's physical characteristics (VEI, volcano type, elevation, tectonic region), human impact (deaths, injuries, structures destroyed, damage in USD), and derived intelligence including composite hazard scores, ejecta volume estimates, plume height, eruption agent decoding, and per-volcano return period analytics.

Country metadata is enriched from the REST Countries API. All 28 previously unmatched territories (Solomon Islands, DRC, Réunion, Caribbean islands, Pacific Ocean seamounts) have been manually resolved with verified geographic and demographic data.

Sources: NOAA NCEI HazEL · REST Countries API · Wikipedia eruption tables

DATA SCIENCE APPLICATIONS

• Logistic regression: predict whether an eruption causes casualties based on VEI, volcano type, and tectonic region
• Time series analysis: eruption frequency trends by decade and century
• Geospatial clustering: identify high-risk volcanic zones using lat/lon and tectonic region
• Survival analysis: model eruption return periods per volcano
• Correlation analysis: VEI vs. human impact, damage, and tsunami triggers
• Decision tree classification: predict damage tier from VEI and location
• Risk scoring: use composite_hazard_score for comparative volcano risk ranking
• Exploratory data analysis: 6,300+ years of volcanic activity patterns

Column Descriptors

noaa_event_id — NOAA NCEI internal record ID year — Year of eruption (negative = BC) month — Month (1–12, NaN for ancient events) day — Day (NaN for ancient events) eruption_date — Constructed ISO date string volcano_name — Volcano name per NOAA record location_description — Free-text geographic location country — Country of eruption latitude / longitude — Decimal degree coordinates elevation_m — Summit elevation in metres volcano_type — Morphological classification (e.g. Stratovolcano) vei — Volcanic Explosivity Index (0–7) vei_category — VEI label (Gentle → Super-Colossal) vei_risk_tier — Risk class derived from VEI ejecta_volume_km3_min — Minimum ejecta volume (km³) per VEI class energy_release_joules_approx — Approximate energy release in Joules est_plume_height_km — Estimated eruption column height (km) eruption_agent_codes — Raw NOAA agent code string (e.g. P,M,T) eruption_agent_decoded — Human-readable eruption type description eruption_status — Historical / Holocene / Radiocarbon etc. is_eruption — Boolean: confirmed eruption event is_significant — Boolean: meets NOAA significance threshold deaths_direct / deaths_total — Fatalities direct and including secondary effects injuries_direct / injuries_total missing_persons / missing_persons_total structures_destroyed / structures_destroyed_total damage_est_millions_usd — Estimated direct damage (millions USD) damage_total_millions_usd — Total damage including secondary effects damage_tier — No Damage / Limited / Moderate / Severe / Extreme damage_scale_direct/total — NOAA ordinal damage scale (1–4) human_impact_score — Composite impact score 0–100 (log-scaled) composite_hazard_score — Combined VEI + impact + tsunami/EQ bonus (0–100) has_casualties — Boolean: at least one death recorded linked_tsunami_event_id — Cross-reference to NOAA tsunami database linked_earthquake_event_id — Cross-reference to NOAA earthquake database tsunami_confirmed — Boolean: tsunami verified in NOAA tsunami DB tectonic_region — Volcanic arc / zone classification (10 zones) ring_of_fire — Boolean: located on Ring of Fire island_volcano — Boolean: oceanic or island volcano hemisphere_ns / hemisphere_ew — Hemisphere flags country_continent — Continent (REST Countries API) country_region — World Bank region country_subregion — Sub-region country_population — Country population (2024) country_area_km2 — Country area km² century / decade / era — Temporal classification labels season_northern_hemisphere — NH season at time of eruption volcano_eruption_count_in_dataset — Total eruptions per volcano in dataset avg_eruption_return_period_years — Average years between eruptions per volcano volcano_activity_category — Activity frequency label row_completenes...

NOAA Significant Volcanic Eruptions

Overview

Historical record of 898 significant volcanic eruptions worldwide, compiled by NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) from the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program. An eruption is considered significant if it caused deaths, damage, a tsunami, or had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6 or greater. Data spans from 4360 BCE to 2025.

What's Inside

Each row is one eruption event with 43 columns including: - name — Volcano name (e.g., Vesuvius, Krakatau, Mount St. Helens) - country — Country where the volcano is located - year, month, day — Date of eruption - latitude, longitude, elevation — Geographic location and height in meters - morphology — Volcano type (Stratovolcano, Shield, Caldera, etc.) - vei — Volcanic Explosivity Index (0-8 scale) - agent — Type of hazard caused (T=Tsunami, P=Pyroclastic flow, L=Lava, M=Mudflow) - deaths, injuries, houses destroyed — Impact data - deathsAmountOrder, damageAmountOrder — Severity rankings

Key Statistics

• Total eruptions: 898
• Unique volcanoes: 275
• Countries: 50
• Time span: 4360 BCE to 2025 (6,000+ years)
• Columns: 43

Suggested Analysis Ideas

• Map the deadliest volcanic eruptions in history
• VEI distribution and frequency analysis
• Which volcanoes have erupted most often?
• Correlation between VEI and casualties
• Eruption frequency trends over centuries

Cleaning Notes

• Some ancient eruptions have null month/day values — only year is known
• The agent column uses single-letter codes (T, P, L, M, A, G, S, W, I)
• Deaths/damage use order-of-magnitude rankings (1-4 scale) not exact numbers in some fields
• A few records have negative years (BCE dates)

The Significant Volcanic Eruption Database is a global listing of over 500 significant eruptions which includes information on the latitude, longitude, elevation, type of volcano, and last known eruption. A significant eruption is classified as one that meets at least one of the following criteria: caused fatalities, caused moderate damage (approximately $1 million or more), with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6 or larger, caused a tsunami, or was associated with a major earthquake.

License: https://www.usa.gov/government-works

Global Volcano Hazard Frequency and Distribution is a 2.5 minute gridded data set based upon the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) Volcano Database spanning the period of 79 through 2000. This database includes nearly 4,000 volcanic events categorized as moderate or above (values 2 through 8) according to the Volcano Explosivity Index (VEI). Most volcanoes are georeferenced to the nearest tenth or hundredth of a degree with a few to the nearest thousandth of a degree. To produce the final output, the frequency of a volcanic hazard is computed for each grid cell, with the data set consequently being classified into deciles (10 classes of approximately equal number of grid cells). The higher the grid cell value in the final output, the higher the relative frequency of hazard posed by volcanoes. This data set is the result of collaboration among the Columbia University Center for Hazards and Risk Research (CHRR) and Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN).

The word volcano is used to refer to the opening from which molten rock and gas issue from Earth's interior onto the surface, and also to the cone, hill, or mountain built up around the opening by the eruptive products. This slide set depicts explosive eruptions, lava fountains and flows, stream eruptions, and fissure eruptions from 19 volcanoes in 13 countries. Volcano types represented in this set include strato, cinder cone, complex, fissure vent, lava dome, shield, and island-forming. Perhaps no force of nature arouses more awe and wonder than that of a volcanic eruption. Volcanoes can be ruthless destroyers. Primitive people offered sacrifices to stem the tide of such eruptions and many of their legends were centered around volcanic activity. Volcanoes are also benefactors. Volcanic processes have liberated gases of the atmosphere and water in our lakes and oceans from the rocks deep beneath Earth's surface. The fertility of the soil is greatly enhanced by volcanic eruptive products. Land masses such as islands and large sections of continents may owe their existence entirely to volcanic activity. The word "volcano" is used to refer to the opening from which molten rock and gas issue from Earth's interior onto the surface, and also to the cone, hill, or mountain built up around the opening by the eruptive products. The molten rock material generated within Earth that feeds volcanoes is called magma and the storage reservoir near the surface is called the magma chamber. Eruptive products include lava (fluid rock material) and pyroclastics or tephra (fragmentary solid or liquid rock material). Tephra includes volcanic ash, lapilli (fragments between 2 and 64 mm), blocks, and bombs. Low viscosity lava can spread great distances from the vent. Higher viscosity produces thicker lava flows that cover less area. Lava may form lava lakes of fluid rock in summit craters or in pit craters on the flanks of shield volcanoes. When the lava issues vertically from a central vent or a fissure in a rhythmic, jet-like eruption, it produces a lava fountain. Pyroclastic (fire-broken) rocks and rock fragments are products of explosive eruptions. These may be ejected more or less vertically, then fall back to Earth in the form of ash fall deposits. Pyroclastic flows result when the eruptive fragments follow the contours of the volcano and surrounding terrain. They are of three main types: glowing ash clouds, ash flows, and mudflows. A glowing ash cloud (nue ardente) consists of an avalanche of incandescent volcanic fragments suspended on a cushion of air or expanding volcanic gas. This cloud forms from the collapse of a vertical ash eruption, from a directed blast, or is the result of the disintegration of a lava dome. Temperatures in the glowing cloud can reach 1,000 deg C and velocities of 150 km per hour. Ash flows resemble glowing ash clouds; however, their temperatures are much lower. Mudflows (lahars) consist of solid volcanic rock fragments held in water suspension. Some may be hot, but most occur as cold flows. They may reach speeds of 92 km per hour and extend to distances of several tens of kilometers. Large snow-covered volcanoes that erupt explosively are the principal sources of mud flows. Explosions can give rise to air shock waves and base surges. Air shock waves are generated as a result of the explosive introduction of volcanic ejecta into the atmosphere. A base surge may carry air, water, and solid debris outward from the volcano at the base of the vertical explosion column. Volcanic structures can take many forms. A few of the smaller structures built directly around vents include cinder, spatter, and lava cones. Thick lavas may pile up over their vents to form lava domes. Larger structures produced by low viscosity lava flows include lava plains and gently sloping cones known as a shield volcanoes. A stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano) is built of successive layers of ash and lava. A volcano may consist of two or more cones side by side and is referred to as compound or complex. Sometimes a violent eruption will partially empty the underground reservoir of magma. The roof of the magma chamber may then partially or totally collapse. The resulting caldera may be filled by water. The volcanic structure tells us much about the nature of the eruptions.

This map shows the volcano eruptions that occurred between 2000 and 2015. The data was obtained from the Smithsonian Institute - Global Volcanism Program.

A volcano is a vent in Earth's surface from which lava, rock, ash, and hot gases erupt. Most volcanoes are located along the boundaries of tectonic plates, although some, such as those that built the Hawai'ian Islands are found over hot spots. A significant volcanic eruption, according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), is defined "as one that meets at least one of the following criteria: (1) caused fatalities, (2) caused moderate damage (approximately one million U.S. dollars or more), (3) has a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of six or larger, (4) caused a tsunami, or (5) was associated with a major earthquake."Similar to the Richter or moment magnitude scales that measure earthquakes, the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) is a logarithmic scale (from zero to eight) used to describe and classify volcanic eruptions based on magnitude (amount of magma erupted) and intensity (height of the eruption column). A logarithmic scale means each interval describes an increase ten times greater than the previous number. Each number on the VEI scale is also associated with a word to describe the eruption:0. Non-explosive (Kilauea in 1975)1. Gentle (Karangetang in 1997)2. Explosive (Lengai, Ol Doinyo in 1940)3. Severe (Hekla in 1980)4. Cataclysmic (Tungurahua in 2011)5. Paroxysmal (Mount Vesuvius in 79 C.E.)6. Colossal (Novarupta in Katmai National Park and Preserve in 1912)7. Super-colossal (Santorini in 1610 B.C.E.)8. Mega-colossal (Yellowstone National Park 640,000 years ago)This map layer, featuring data from the National Center for Environmental Information part of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), shows the location of significant volcanic eruptions. If you click an event on the map, a pop-up opens with additional information about past eruptions at that location.Want to learn more about volcanoes? Check out Forces of Nature.

Context:

What is the global distribution of recent eruptions and what type of volcano is associated with each type? This brief dataset from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Significant Volcanic Eruption Database contains metrics related to global eruptions. I chose to use the dataset to produce a global terrain map and HTML file that displays recent eruptions as colored markers associated with the type of volcano as well as a pop up description with location info from the dataset.

Content:

The time period of this dataset is from 2010 to 2018 when this notebook was written. It contains 36 columns that describe various properties of the volcano as well as data related to economic and human impact of the eruption. Properties that I feel are relevant and worthy of displaying on a marker pop up are "Year", "Name", "Country", "Latitude", "Longitude", "Type" although there are some tempting ones such as 'TOTAL_DAMAGE_MILLIONS_DOLLARS' and 'TOTAL_HOUSES_DESTROYED' that I chose to not include. This particular slice in time only contains 63 observations. The NOAA eruptions data is not real time nor is it updated fully as seen in the many null fields. I believe the data is entered as NOAA becomes aware of various situations related to that event. For example, as the total economic damage and death toll is finally made public, NOAA updates their database.

Acknowledgements:

Data was sourced from the NOAA Significant Volcanic Eruption Database

https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/servlet/ShowDatasets?dataset=102557&search_look=50&display_look=50

Inspiration:

I personally think geology is fascinating and I am currently learning Python for data analysis. The recent eruptions of Mount Kilauea in Hawaii came to mind so I hunted down open datasets that had to do with natural disasters and came upon the site from NOAA.

Extensions:

Although this dataset is small, anyone can download the full contents of the database from NOAA and perhaps answer some other burning questions: Do certain types of volcanoes erupt more frequently? Do certain types of volcanoes cause more economic damage than others? Is there a correlation between number of lives lost and volcano type or location?

Context

Volcanic eruptions are an exceptional phenomena, one of the few (if not the only one) that's capable to connect the litosphere with the troposphere in very short timescale. Despite the dangers that represents for local inhabitants, volcanic eruption can also affect the whole planet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer).

This dataset represent the work of more than 7.000 papers and hundreds of years of research. It summarize the volcanic eruption magnitud (~VEI), date, location and in some cases the volcanic processes related to it.

Content

Eruption list contains:

Volcano Number = id of the volcano Volcano Name Eruption Number = eruption id Eruption Category = Confirmed Eruption or Uncertain Eruption Area of Activity = where in the volcano, the eruption occurs (crater, side walls, a certain area) VEI = volcanic eruption index, is a logaritmic scale of the eruptions magnitud (from 0 to 8) VEI Modifier = I supose it is a post modification to the VEI, but is almost full of nan values Start Year Modifier = same that above Start Year = Beginning of the eruption Start Year Uncertainty = the uncertainty related to the age datation Start Month = the month of the eruption Start Day Modifier = same as all modifiers Start Day = the day of the month were the eruption start Start Day Uncertainty = confidence intervals related to the datation method Evidence Methon (dating) = The method used to define the date of the eruption End Year Modifier = End Year = when the eruption finished End Day Modifier = End Day = the day that ends End Day Uncertainty = related to the datation method Latitude = coordinates y axes Longitude = coordinates x axes

Acknowledgements

This dataset is publicly available thanks to the Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution https://volcano.si.edu/.

Inspiration

As a geologist and data scientist, volcanoes and data aren't just my field of expertise, they're also my passion. I'm really interested to know what's the future of both interconnected areas.

This dataset includes an estimate of volcanic eruptions for the period January 1970 - October 2017 from Smithsonian Institution, Volcanoes of the world 4.6.3 database.

Credit: Smithsonian Institution, Volcanoes of the world.

This dataset represents historical significant volcanic eruptions. A significant eruption is classified as one that meets at least one of the following criteria: caused fatalities, caused moderate damage (approximately $1 million or more), Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6 or greater, generated a tsunami, or was associated with a significant earthquake. The database contains information on the latitude, longitude, elevation, type of volcano, last known eruption, VEI index, and socio-economic data such as the total number of casualties, injuries, houses destroyed, and houses damaged, and dollar damage estimates, if available. The Significant Volcanic Eruptions Database is a global listing of over 600 eruptions from 4360 BC to the present.

The Smithsonian's "Eruptions, Earthquakes, & Emissions" web application (or "E3") is a time-lapse animation of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes since 1960. It also shows volcanic gas emissions (sulfur dioxide, SO2) since 1978 — the first year satellites were available to provide global monitoring of SO2. The eruption data are drawn from the Volcanoes of the World (VOTW) database maintained by the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program (GVP). The earthquake data are pulled from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Earthquake Catalog. Sulfur-dioxide emissions data incorporated into the VOTW for use here originate in NASA's Multi-Satellite Volcanic Sulfur Dioxide L4 Long-Term Global Database. Please properly credit and cite any use of GVP eruption and volcano data, which are available via a download button within the app, through webservices, or through options under the Database tab above. A citation for the E3 app is given below.Clicking the image will open this web application in a new tab.Citation (example for today)Global Volcanism Program, 2016. Eruptions, Earthquakes & Emissions, v. 1.0 (internet application). Smithsonian Institution. Accessed 19 Oct 2018 (https://volcano.si.edu/E3/).Frequently Asked QuestionsWhat is the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)?VEI is the "Richter Scale" of volcanic eruptions. Assigning a VEI is not an automated process, but involves assessing factors such as the volume of tephra (volcanic ash or other ejected material) erupted, the height the ash plume reaches above the summit or altitude into the atmosphere, and the type of eruption (Newhall and Self, 1982). VEIs range from 1 (small eruption) to 8 (the largest eruptions in Earth's entire history).What about eruptions before 1960?For information about volcanic eruptions before 1960, explore the GVP website, where we catalog eruption information going back more than 10,000 years. This E3 app only displays eruptions starting in 1960 because the catalog is much more complete after that date. For most eruptions before the 20th century we rely on the geologic record more than historical first-hand accounts — and the geologic record is inherently incomplete (due to erosion) and not fully documented.What are "SO2 emissions" and what do the different circle sizes mean?The E3 app displays emissions of sulfur dioxide gas (SO2) from erupting volcanoes, including the mass in kilotons. Even though water vapor (steam) and carbon dioxide gas (see more about CO2 below) are much more abundant volcanic gases, SO2is the easiest to detect using satellite-based instruments, allowing us to obtain a global view. There is no universally accepted "magnitude" scale for emissions; the groupings presented here were chosen to best graphically present the relative volumes based on available data.What am I seeing when I click on an SO2 emission event?You are seeing a time-lapse movie of satellite measurements of SO2 associated with a particular emission event. These SO2 clouds, or plumes, are blown by winds and can circle the globe in about a week. As plumes travel, they mix with the air, becoming more dilute until eventually the concentration of SO2 falls below the detection limit of satellites. Earth's entire atmosphere derives from outgassing of the planet — in fact, the air you breathe was once volcanic gas, and some of it might have erupted very recently!Why are there no SO2 emissions before 1978?E3 shows volcanic gas emissions captured from satellite-based instruments, which were first deployed in 1978. NASA launched the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) in 1978, which provided the first space-borne observations of volcanic gas emissions. Numerous satellites capable of measuring volcanic gases are now in orbit.Why don't you include H2O and CO2 emissions?The most abundant gases expelled during a volcanic eruption are water vapor (H2O in the form of steam) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is typically the third most abundant gas. Hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide and other carbon species, hydrogen halides, and noble gases typically comprise a very small percentage of volcanic gas emissions. So why can't we show H2O and CO2 in the E3 app? Earth's atmosphere has such high background concentrations of H2O and CO2 that satellites cannot easily detect a volcano's signal over this background "noise." Atmospheric SO2 concentrations, however, are very low. Therefore volcanic emissions of SO2 stand out and are more easily detected by satellites. Scientists are just beginning to have reliable measurements of volcanic carbon dioxide emissions because new satellites dedicated to monitoring CO2 have either recently been launched or have launches planned for the coming decade.How much carbon is emitted by volcanoes?We don't really know. CO2, carbon dioxide, is the dominant form of carbon in most volcanic eruptions, and can be the dominant gas emitted from volcanoes. Humans release more than 100 times more CO2 to the atmosphere than volcanoes (Gerlach, 2011) through activities like burning fossil fuels. Because of this, the background levels of CO2 in the atmosphere have risen to levels that are so high (greater than 400 parts per million, or 0.04%) that satellites cannot easily detect the CO2 from volcanic eruptions. Scientists are able to estimate the amount of carbon flowing from Earth's interior to exterior (the flux) by measuring carbon emissions directly at volcanic vents and by measuring the carbon dissolved in volcanic rocks. Scientific teams in the Deep Carbon Observatory (one of the supporters of E3) are working to quantify the flux of carbon from Earth's interior to exterior.Do volcanic emissions cause global warming?No, not in modern times. The dominant effect of volcanic eruptions is to cool the planet in the short term. This is because sulfur emissions create aerosols that block the sun's incoming rays temporarily. While volcanoes do emit powerful greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, they do so at a rate that is likely 100 times less than humans (Gerlach, 2011). Prior to human activity in the Holocene (approximately the last 10,000 years), volcanic gas emissions did play a large role in modulating Earth's climate.Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes seem to occur in the same location. Why?Eruptions and earthquakes occur at Earth's plate boundaries — places where Earth's tectonic plates converge, diverge, or slip past one another. The forces operating at these plate boundaries cause both earthquakes and eruptions. For example, the Pacific "Ring of Fire" describes the plate boundaries that surround the Pacific basin. Around most of the Pacific Rim, the seafloor (Earth's oceanic crust) is "subducting" beneath the continents. This means that the seafloor is being dragged down into Earth's interior. You might think of this as Earth's way of recycling! In this process, ocean water is released to Earth's solid rocky mantle, melting the mantle rock and generating magma that erupts through volcanoes on the continents where the plates converge. In contrast, mid-ocean ridges, chains of seafloor volcanoes, define divergent plate boundaries. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge that runs from Iceland to the Antarctic in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean is one example of a divergent plate boundary. Earth's crust is torn apart at the ridge, as North and South America move away from Europe and Africa. New lava erupts to fill the gap. This lava cools, creating new ocean crust. All these episodes where solid rock collides or is torn apart generate earthquakes. And boom! You have co-located eruptions and earthquakes. To learn more about plate margins using E3, watch this video.Is this the first time eruptions, emissions, and earthquakes have been animated on a map?E3 is a successor to the program Seismic/Eruption developed by Alan Jones (Binghamton University). That program was one of the first to show the global occurrence of earthquakes (USGS data) and eruptions (GVP data) through space and time with animations and sound. The program ran in the Smithsonian's Geology, Gems, and Minerals Hall from 1997 to 2016, and was also available on the "Earthquakes and Eruptions" CD-ROM. E3 builds upon Seismic/Eruption with the addition of emissions data and automated data updates.How many eruptions and emissions are shown, and from how many volcanoes?The application is currently showing 2,065 eruptions from 334 volcanoes. It is also showing 360 emission activity periods from 118 different volcanoes. In addition, there are 67 animations available showing the movement of SO2 clouds from 44 volcanoes.How often do you update the data represented in the web application?The application checks for updates once a week. Earthquake data, being instrumentally recorded, is typically very current. Eruption data, which relies on observational reports and analysis by GVP staff, is generally updated every few months; however, known ongoing eruptions will continue through the most recent update check. Emissions data is collected by satellite instruments and also must be processed by scientists, so updates will be provided as soon as they are available following an event, on the schedule with eruption updates.Is my computer system/browser supported? Something isn't working right.To run the map, your computer and browser must support WebGL. For more information on WebGL, please visit https://get.webgl.org to test if it should work.Source Obtained from http://volcano.si.edu/E3/

The word volcano is used to refer to the opening from which molten rock and gas issue from Earth's interior onto the surface, and also to the cone, hill, or mountain built up around the opening by the eruptive products. This slide set depicts ash clouds, fire fountains, lava flows, spatter cones, glowing avalanches, and steam eruptions from 18 volcanoes in 13 countries. Volcano types include strato, cinder cone, basaltic shield, complex, and island-forming. Perhaps no force of nature arouses more awe and wonder than that of a volcanic eruption. Volcanoes can be ruthless destroyers. Primitive people offered sacrifices to stem the tide of such eruptions and many of their legends were centered around volcanic activity. Volcanoes are also benefactors. Volcanic processes have liberated gases of the atmosphere and water in our lakes and oceans from the rocks deep beneath Earth's surface. The fertility of the soil is greatly enhanced by volcanic eruptive products. Land masses such as islands and large sections of continents may owe their existence entirely to volcanic activity. The "volcano" is used to refer to the opening from which molten rock and gas issue from Earth's interior onto the surface, and also to the cone, hill, or mountain built up around the opening by the eruptive products. The molten rock material generated within Earth that feeds volcanoes is called magma and the storage reservoir near the surface is called the magmachamber. Eruptive products include lava (fluid rock material) and pyroclastics or tephra (fragmentary solid or liquid rock material). Tephra includes volcanic ash, lapilli (fragments between 2 and 64 mm), blocks, and bombs. Low viscosity lava can spread great distances from the vent. Higher viscosity produces thicker lava flows that cover less area. Lava may formlava lakes of fluid rock in summit craters or in pit craters on the flanks of shield volcanoes. When the lava issues vertically from a central vent or a fissure in a rhythmic, jet-like eruption, it produces a lava fountain. Pyroclastic (fire-broken) rocks and rock fragments are products of explosive eruptions. These may be ejected more or less vertically, thenfall back to Earth in the form of ash fall deposits. Pyroclastic flows result when the eruptive fragments follow the contours of the volcano and surrounding terrain. They are of three main types: glowing ash clouds, ash flows, and mudflows. A glowing ash cloud (nuee ardente) consists of an avalanche of incandescent volcanic fragments suspended on a cushion of air or expanding volcanic gas. This cloud forms from the collapse of a vertical ash eruption, from a directed blast, or is the result of the disintegration of a lava dome. Temperatures in the glowing cloud can reach 1,000 deg C and velocities of 150 km per hour. Ash flows resemble glowing ash clouds; however, their temperatures are much lower. Mudflows (lahars) consist of solid volcanic rock fragments held in water suspension. Some may be hot, but most occur as cold flows. They may reach speeds of 92 km per hour and extend to distances of several tens of kilometers. Large snow-covered volcanoes that erupt explosively are the principal sources of mud flows. Explosions can give rise to air shock waves and base surges. Air shock waves are generated as a result of the explosive introduction of volcanic ejecta into the atmosphere. A base surge may carry air, water, and solid debris outward from the volcano at the base of the vertical explosion column. Volcanic structures can take many forms. A few of the smaller structures built directly around vents include cinder, spatter, and lava cones. Thick lavas may pile up over their vents to form lava domes. Larger structures produced by low viscosity lava flows include lava plains and gently sloping cones known as a shield volcanoes. A stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano) is built of successive layers of ash and lava. A volcano may consist of two or more cones side by side and is referred to as compound or complex. Sometimes a violent eruption will partially empty the underground reservoir of magma. The roof of the magma chamber may thenpartially or totally collapse. The resulting caldera may be filled by water. The volcanic structure tells us much about the nature of the eruptions.

The Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program (GVP) is housed in the Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History, in Washington D.C. We are devoted to a better understanding of Earth's active volcanoes and their eruptions during the last 10,000 years.

The mission of GVP is to document, understand, and disseminate information about global volcanic activity. We do this through four core functions: reporting, archiving, research, and outreach. The data systems that lie at our core have been in development since 1968 when GVP began documenting the eruptive histories of volcanoes.

Reporting. GVP is unique in its documentation of current and past activity for all volcanoes on the planet active during the last 10,000 years. During the early stages of an eruption anywhere in the world we act as a clearinghouse of reports, data, and imagery. Reports are released in two formats. The Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report provides timely information vetted by GVP staff about current eruptions. The Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network provides comprehensive reporting on recent eruptions on a longer time horizon to allow incorporation of peer-reviewed literature and observatory reports.

Archiving. Complementing our effort toward reporting of current eruptive activity is our database of volcanoes and eruptions that documents the last 10,000 years of Earth's volcanism. These databases and interpretations based on them were published in three editions of the book "Volcanoes of the World".

Research. GVP researchers are curators in the Department of Mineral Sciences and maintain active research programs on volcanic products, processes, and the deep Earth that is the ultimate source of volcanism.

Outreach. This website presents more than 7,000 reports on volcanic activity, provides access to the baseline data and eruptive histories of Holocene volcanoes, and makes available other resources to our international partners, scientists, civil-authorities, and the public.

The Global Volcanism Program relies on an international network of collaborating individuals, programs and organizations, many of which are listed below:

United States Geological Survey Volcano Hazards Program (USA). The Volcano Hazards Program monitors active and potentially active volcanoes, assesses their hazards, responds to volcanic crises, and conducts research on volcanoes. The Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP) (with the U.S. Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance) works to reduce fatalities and economic losses in countries experiencing a volcano emergency.

Global Volcano Model (Bristol University and the British Geological Survey, UK). GVM is a growing international network that aims to create a sustainable, accessible information platform on volcanic hazard and risk.

WOVOdat (Earth Observatory of Singapore). A collective record of volcano monitoring, worldwide - brought to you by the WOVO (World Organization of Volcano Observatories).

Integrated Earth Data Applications (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, USA). A community-based data facility to support, sustain, and advance the geosciences by providing data services for observational solid earth data from the Ocean, Earth, and Polar Sciences.

VHub (The State University of New York at Buffalo, USA). An online resource for collaboration in volcanology research and risk mitigation.

International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). IAVCEI represents the primary international focus for: (1) research in volcanology, (2) efforts to mitigate volcanic disasters, and (3) research into closely related disciplines, such as igneous geochemistry and petrology, geochronology, volcanogenic mineral deposits, and the physics of the generation and ascent of magmas in the upper mantle and crust. IAVCEI has charged GVP with providing the official names and unique identifier numbers for the world's volcanoes.

National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAACs) The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has established nine Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers tasked with monitoring Volcanic Ash plumes within their assigned airspace.

The statistic shows the economic damage caused by major volcanic eruptions in the period from 1900 to 2016*. The volcanic eruption on ****************** in Indonesia caused a loss of approximately ****** million U.S. dollars.

This dataset comprises MISR-derived output from a comprehensive analysis of Icelandic volcano eruptions (Eyjafjallajokull 2010, Grimsvotn 2011, Holuhraun 2014-2015). The data presented here are analyzed and discussed in the following paper: Flower, V.J.B., and R.A. Kahn, 2020. The evolution of Icelandic volcano emissions, as observed from space in the era of NASA’s Earth Observing System (EOS). J. Geophys. Res. Atmosph. (in press). The data is subdivided by volcano of origin, date and MISR orbit number. Within each case folder there are up to 11 files relating to an individual MISR overpass. Files include plume height records (from both the red and blue spectral bands) derived from the MISR INteractive eXplorer (MINX) program, displayed in: map view, downwind profile plot (along with the associated wind vectors retrieved at plume elevation), a histogram of retrieved plume heights and a text file containing the digital plume height values. An additional JPG is included delineating the plume analysis region, start point for assessing downwind distance, and input wind direction used to initialize the MINX retrieval. A final two files are generated from the MISR Research Aerosol (RA) retrieval algorithm (Limbacher, J.A., and R.A. Kahn, 2014. MISR Research-Aerosol-Algorithm: Refinements For Dark Water Retrievals. Atm. Meas. Tech. 7, 1-19, doi:10.5194/amt-7-1-2014). These files include the RA model output in HDF5, and an associated JPG of key derived variables (e.g. Aerosol Optical Depth, Angstrom Exponent, Single Scattering Albedo, Fraction of Non-Spherical components, model uncertainty classifications and example camera views). File numbers per folder vary depending on the retrieval conditions of specific observations. RA plume retrievals are limited when cloud cover was widespread or the solar radiance was insufficient to run the RA. In these cases the RA files are not included in the individual folders.

This dataset is about volcanic eruptions around the world. It includes volcanoes that had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 2 or greater, or that had notable human impacts.

It provides the name of the volcano, its location, the year it erupted, what type of volcano it was, and several other interesting attributes, such as whether the eruption caused a tsunami or not.

Check the vocabulary link at the bottom of the display to find more details about VEI and the different volcanic agent…