This map layer includes Holocene volcanoes, which are those thought to be active in the last 10,000 years, which are within an extended area of the northern hemisphere centered on the United States. The data are a subset of data available from the Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution at http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/summary.cfm. This file is a replacement for the April 2004 map layer. These data are intended for geographic display and analysis at the national level, and for large regional areas. The data should be displayed and analyzed at scales appropriate for 1:2,000,000-scale data. Further information on the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution is available at http://www.volcano.si.edu/The International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of Earth's Interior (IAVCEI), The World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO), and the Global Volcano Model (GVM) have sanctioned the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) to assign official names and numbers to the world's volcanoes. The purpose of the numbers is to prevent ambiguity regarding the name and location of volcanoes that may have non-unique names, or that are known by multiple names.The original VNums were based on a system developed in the 1950's for the IAVCEI Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World (CAVW). GVP policy had been to embed significant geographical, historical, and age information in the numbers. As a result GVP often changed VNums, most frequently to accommodate newly recognized volcanoes in a particular geographical region, which over time undermined the goal of preventing ambiguity.After moving VOTW to a new database platform, we developed a new VNum system. During this process GVP staff took into account the needs of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and other stakeholders to have numbers compatible with modern computing systems. Holocene, Pleistocene, and Tertiary volcanoes all fall under the new unified numbering system, allowing interoperability between VOTW and new databases under development globally (e.g. WOVOdat, LaMEVE). Letters and characters (hyphens and equals signs) have been eliminated. Secondary numbers have been added for subfeatures associated with each volcano. None of the new numbers start with 0 or 1 to avoid confusion with the legacy system. While a connection remains to the older system, the geographic link to CAVW regions and subregions is no longer mandatory.We feel that this change is in the best long-term interest of the community.

NCEI maintains a database of over 1,500 volcano locations obtained from the Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program, Volcanoes of the World publication. The database includes information on the volcano name, location, elevation, volcano type, date of the last known eruption, and the certainty of Holocene volcanism.

Active volcanoes located outside of the United States based on the Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report (http://volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm). IGEMS reads the current source data and updates the layer every Wednesday.

This layer is a component of Interior Geospatial Emergency Management System (IGEMS) Natural Hazards.

This map presents the geospatial locations and additional information for current natural hazards events including earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and wildfires. This map is part of the Interior Geospatial Emergency Management System (IGEMS) and is supported by the DOI Office of Emergency Management. This map contains data from a variety of public data sources, including non-DOI data, and information about each of these data providers, including specific data source and update frequency is available at: http://igems.doi.gov.

© DOI Office of Emergency Management

This geonarrative created for the IAVCEI Scientific Assembly 2017 highlights six world-class volcanoes located in the western United States: Yellowstone, Three Sisters, Crater Lake, Medicine Lake, Lassen Peak, and Mammoth Mountain. Each volcano has been studied extensively, and the resulting geologic maps are the products of years of field mapping and laboratory analyses. The results of these studies are more than just maps—each is a synthesis showing a volcanic field’s eruptive history and the volcano’s behavior over its lifetime. These studies form the foundation for future assessments of volcanic or other geologic activity.Yellowstone Caldera and Plateau Rhyolite web map:U.S. Geological Survey, 2017, Yellowstone Caldera and Plateau Rhyolite: U.S. Geological Survey AGOL web map, accessed August 21, 2017, at http://arcg.is/1fqHyC.Three Sisters Lava Flows web scene:U.S. Geological Survey, 2017, Volcanic Landscapes geonarrative web scene: U.S. Geological Survey AGOL web scene, accessed August 21, 2017, at http://arcg.is/1ea04u.Crater Lake Lidar and Recent Lava Flows web scene:U.S. Geological Survey, 2017, Crater Lake Lidar and Recent Lava Flows: U.S. Geological Survey AGOL web scene, accessed August 21, 2017, at http://arcg.is/11Guje.Medicine Lake Caldera and Recent Lava Flows web scene:U.S. Geological Survey, 2017, Volcanic Landscapes geonarrative web scene: U.S. Geological Survey AGOL web scene, accessed August 21, 2017, at http://arcg.is/1ea04u.Lassen Peak 1915 Debris Flow web scene:U.S. Geological Survey, 2017, Volcanic Landscapes geonarrative web scene: U.S. Geological Survey AGOL web scene, accessed August 21, 2017, at http://arcg.is/1ea04u.Mammoth Mountain Flows, Long Valley Caldera, and Bishop Tuff web map:U.S. Geological Survey, 2017, Mammoth Mountain Flows, Long Valley Caldera, and Bishop Tuff: U.S. Geological Survey AGOL web map, accessed August 21, 2017, at http://arcg.is/1bbK0T.

The Significant Volcanic Eruptions Database is a global listing of over 600 eruptions from 4360 BC to the present. A significant eruption is classified as one that meets at least one of the following criteria: caused fatalities, caused moderate damage (approximately $1 million or more), Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6 or greater, generated a tsunami, or was associated with a significant earthquake. The database provides information on the latitude, longitude, elevation, type of volcano, last known eruption, VEI index, and socio-economic data such as the total number of casualties, injuries, houses destroyed, and houses damaged, and $ dollage damage estimates. References, political geography, and additional comments are also provided for each eruption. If the eruption was associated with a tsunami or significant earthquake, it is flagged and linked to the related database. For a complete list of current and past activity for all volcanoes on the planet active during the last 10,000 years, please see Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program (GVP).

Date of Images:1/15/2022, 1/22/2022Date of Next Image:UnknownSummary:1/15/2022 (Copernicus Sentinel-1)The Earth Observatory of Singapore - Remote Sensing Lab (EOS-RS) created this preliminary Damage Proxy Map (DPM) depicting areas that are likely damaged in the Vava'u and Ha'apai islands of Tonga due to the eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano on 15 Jan 2022. This map was derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired by the Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellites operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) from 17 Sept 2021 to 15 Jan 2022.1/22/2022 (JAXA ALOS-2)The Earth Observatory of Singapore - Remote Sensing Lab (EOS-RS) created this preliminary Damage Proxy Map (DPM) depicting areas that are likely damaged in Tongatapu and southern Ha'apai islands of Tonga due to the eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano on 15 Jan 2022. This map was derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired by ALOS-2 satellites operated by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) before (9 Mar 2019, 7 Mar 2020) and after (22 Jan 2022) the event.Suggested Use:The color variation from yellow to red indicates increasingly more significant surface change. Preliminary validation was done by comparing with high-resolution optical imagery. NOTE: On the JAXA ALOS-2 DPM on 1/22/2022, areas of yellow may indicate no change.This damage proxy map should be used as guidance to identify damaged areas or areas affected by heavy volcanic ash fall, and may be less reliable over vegetated areas. For example, the scattered colored pixels over vegetated areas may be false positives, and the lack of colored pixels over vegetated areas does not necessarily mean no damage. This map is most sensitive to building damage and other large changes, but small-scale change or partial structural damage may not be detected by this map.Satellite/Sensor:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) ALOS-2 PALSAR-2Copernicus Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)Resolution:JAXA ALOS-2: 25 metersCopernicus Sentinel-1: 30 metersCredits:Sentinel-1 data were accessed through the Copernicus Open Hub. The product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2021-2022), processed by ESA and analyzed by the Earth Observatory of Singapore - Remote Sensing Lab (EOS-RS), using the Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) system originally developed at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, and modified at EOS-RS.The Earth Observatory of Singapore (EOS) coordinated with Sentinel Asia to timely task the ALOS-2 satellite. Data was analyzed by the Earth Observatory of Singapore - Remote Sensing Lab (EOS-RS).Esri REST Endpoint:See URL Section on right side of pageWMS Endpoint:https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/ags04/services/tonga_volcano_tsunami_202201/eosrs_dpm/MapServer/WMSServerData Download:http://eos-rs-products.earthobservatory.sg/EOS-RS_202201_Tonga_HungaTonga_Volcano/

Contains Excel data files used to quantifiably rank the geothermal potential of each of the young volcanic centers of the Cascade and Aleutian Arcs using world power production volcanic centers as benchmarks. Also contains shapefiles used in play fairway analysis with power plant, volcano, geochemistry and structural data.

Date of Image:1/15/2022Date of Next Image:None ExpectedSummary:The Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology, and University of California Los Angeles in Southern California created this preliminary amplitude-based Damage Proxy Map (DPMa) depicting areas that are likely damaged in the Vava'u and Ha'apai islands of Tonga due to the eruption and tsunami of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano on 15 Jan. 2022. This map was derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired by the Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellites operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) from 10 December 2021 to 15 January 2022.Suggested Use:The color variation from pale yellow to red indicates increasingly more significant surface change (drop in radar reflections). Blue tones are increased radar reflections. This damage proxy map from the radar amplitudes (VH polarization) should be used as guidance to identify damaged or flooded areas, and is most reliable over vegetated areas where trees or buildings were replaced by water or smooth sand. For example, the scattered colored pixels over vegetated areas may be radar noise, and the lack of colored pixels does not necessarily mean no damage. This map is most sensitive to vegetation changes, but small-scale change or partial structural damage may not be detected by this map. Areas of low radar reflection were masked out so this map does not provide information on the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai islands.Satellite/Sensor:Copernicus Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)Resolution:30 metersCredits:Sentinel-1 data were accessed through the Google Earth Engine. The product contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2021-2022), processed by ESA and Google Earth Engine, and analyzed by the NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA team. Part of the funding was provided by NASA's Earth Applied Sciences Disasters Program.For more information about ARIA, visit: http://aria.jpl.nasa.govEsri REST Endpoint:See URL section on right side of pageWMS Endpoint:https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/ags04/services/tonga_volcano_tsunami_202201/ARIA_DPMa_color_Sentinel_1_D102_tif/ImageServer/WMSServerData Download:https://aria-share.jpl.nasa.gov/202201_Tonga_HungaTonga_Volcano/DPM/

THE EARTH SCIENCE GEOINQUIRY COLLECTION

http://www.esri.com/geoinquiries

To support Esri’s involvement in the White House ConnectED Initiative, GeoInquiry instructional materials using ArcGIS Online for Earth Science education are now freely available.

The Earth Science GeoInquiry collection contains 15 free, web-mapping activities that correspond and extend map-based concepts in leading middle school Earth science textbooks. The activities use a standard inquiry-based instructional model, require only 15 minutes for a teacher to deliver, and are device agnostic. The activities harmonize with the Next Generation Science Standards. Activity topics include:

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Topographic maps

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Remote sensing

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Minerals / Mining

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Rock Types

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Landforms

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Plate tectonics

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Earthquakes

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Volcanoes

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Mountain building

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Fresh water

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Ocean features

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Ground wind and temperature patterns

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Weather

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Storms

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Climate change

Teachers, GeoMentors, and administrators can learn more at http://www.esri.com/geoinquiries

This map layer includes Holocene volcanoes, which are those thought to be active in the last 10,000 years, that are within an extended area of the northern hemisphere centered on the United States. The data are a subset of data available from the Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution at http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/. This file is a replacement for the November 2001 map layer.

THE GEOINQUIRIES™ COLLECTION FOR EARTH SCIENCEhttp://www.esri.com/geoinquiriesThe Esri GeoInquiry™ collection for Earth Science contains 15 free, web-mapping activities that correspond and extend map-based concepts in leading middle school Earth science textbooks. The activities use a standard inquiry-based instructional model, require only 15 minutes for a teacher to deliver, and are device agnostic. The activities harmonize with the Next Generation Science Standards. All Earth Science GeoInquiries™ can be found at: http://esriurl.com/earthGeoInquiry All GeoInquiries™ can be found at: http://www.esri.com/geoinquiries

The Smithsonian's "Eruptions, Earthquakes, & Emissions" web application (or "E3") is a time-lapse animation of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes since 1960. It also shows volcanic gas emissions (sulfur dioxide, SO2) since 1978 — the first year satellites were available to provide global monitoring of SO2. The eruption data are drawn from the Volcanoes of the World (VOTW) database maintained by the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program (GVP). The earthquake data are pulled from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Earthquake Catalog. Sulfur-dioxide emissions data incorporated into the VOTW for use here originate in NASA's Multi-Satellite Volcanic Sulfur Dioxide L4 Long-Term Global Database. Please properly credit and cite any use of GVP eruption and volcano data, which are available via a download button within the app, through webservices, or through options under the Database tab above. A citation for the E3 app is given below.Clicking the image will open this web application in a new tab.Citation (example for today)Global Volcanism Program, 2016. Eruptions, Earthquakes & Emissions, v. 1.0 (internet application). Smithsonian Institution. Accessed 19 Oct 2018 (https://volcano.si.edu/E3/).Frequently Asked QuestionsWhat is the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)?VEI is the "Richter Scale" of volcanic eruptions. Assigning a VEI is not an automated process, but involves assessing factors such as the volume of tephra (volcanic ash or other ejected material) erupted, the height the ash plume reaches above the summit or altitude into the atmosphere, and the type of eruption (Newhall and Self, 1982). VEIs range from 1 (small eruption) to 8 (the largest eruptions in Earth's entire history).What about eruptions before 1960?For information about volcanic eruptions before 1960, explore the GVP website, where we catalog eruption information going back more than 10,000 years. This E3 app only displays eruptions starting in 1960 because the catalog is much more complete after that date. For most eruptions before the 20th century we rely on the geologic record more than historical first-hand accounts — and the geologic record is inherently incomplete (due to erosion) and not fully documented.What are "SO2 emissions" and what do the different circle sizes mean?The E3 app displays emissions of sulfur dioxide gas (SO2) from erupting volcanoes, including the mass in kilotons. Even though water vapor (steam) and carbon dioxide gas (see more about CO2 below) are much more abundant volcanic gases, SO2is the easiest to detect using satellite-based instruments, allowing us to obtain a global view. There is no universally accepted "magnitude" scale for emissions; the groupings presented here were chosen to best graphically present the relative volumes based on available data.What am I seeing when I click on an SO2 emission event?You are seeing a time-lapse movie of satellite measurements of SO2 associated with a particular emission event. These SO2 clouds, or plumes, are blown by winds and can circle the globe in about a week. As plumes travel, they mix with the air, becoming more dilute until eventually the concentration of SO2 falls below the detection limit of satellites. Earth's entire atmosphere derives from outgassing of the planet — in fact, the air you breathe was once volcanic gas, and some of it might have erupted very recently!Why are there no SO2 emissions before 1978?E3 shows volcanic gas emissions captured from satellite-based instruments, which were first deployed in 1978. NASA launched the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) in 1978, which provided the first space-borne observations of volcanic gas emissions. Numerous satellites capable of measuring volcanic gases are now in orbit.Why don't you include H2O and CO2 emissions?The most abundant gases expelled during a volcanic eruption are water vapor (H2O in the form of steam) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is typically the third most abundant gas. Hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide and other carbon species, hydrogen halides, and noble gases typically comprise a very small percentage of volcanic gas emissions. So why can't we show H2O and CO2 in the E3 app? Earth's atmosphere has such high background concentrations of H2O and CO2 that satellites cannot easily detect a volcano's signal over this background "noise." Atmospheric SO2 concentrations, however, are very low. Therefore volcanic emissions of SO2 stand out and are more easily detected by satellites. Scientists are just beginning to have reliable measurements of volcanic carbon dioxide emissions because new satellites dedicated to monitoring CO2 have either recently been launched or have launches planned for the coming decade.How much carbon is emitted by volcanoes?We don't really know. CO2, carbon dioxide, is the dominant form of carbon in most volcanic eruptions, and can be the dominant gas emitted from volcanoes. Humans release more than 100 times more CO2 to the atmosphere than volcanoes (Gerlach, 2011) through activities like burning fossil fuels. Because of this, the background levels of CO2 in the atmosphere have risen to levels that are so high (greater than 400 parts per million, or 0.04%) that satellites cannot easily detect the CO2 from volcanic eruptions. Scientists are able to estimate the amount of carbon flowing from Earth's interior to exterior (the flux) by measuring carbon emissions directly at volcanic vents and by measuring the carbon dissolved in volcanic rocks. Scientific teams in the Deep Carbon Observatory (one of the supporters of E3) are working to quantify the flux of carbon from Earth's interior to exterior.Do volcanic emissions cause global warming?No, not in modern times. The dominant effect of volcanic eruptions is to cool the planet in the short term. This is because sulfur emissions create aerosols that block the sun's incoming rays temporarily. While volcanoes do emit powerful greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, they do so at a rate that is likely 100 times less than humans (Gerlach, 2011). Prior to human activity in the Holocene (approximately the last 10,000 years), volcanic gas emissions did play a large role in modulating Earth's climate.Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes seem to occur in the same location. Why?Eruptions and earthquakes occur at Earth's plate boundaries — places where Earth's tectonic plates converge, diverge, or slip past one another. The forces operating at these plate boundaries cause both earthquakes and eruptions. For example, the Pacific "Ring of Fire" describes the plate boundaries that surround the Pacific basin. Around most of the Pacific Rim, the seafloor (Earth's oceanic crust) is "subducting" beneath the continents. This means that the seafloor is being dragged down into Earth's interior. You might think of this as Earth's way of recycling! In this process, ocean water is released to Earth's solid rocky mantle, melting the mantle rock and generating magma that erupts through volcanoes on the continents where the plates converge. In contrast, mid-ocean ridges, chains of seafloor volcanoes, define divergent plate boundaries. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge that runs from Iceland to the Antarctic in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean is one example of a divergent plate boundary. Earth's crust is torn apart at the ridge, as North and South America move away from Europe and Africa. New lava erupts to fill the gap. This lava cools, creating new ocean crust. All these episodes where solid rock collides or is torn apart generate earthquakes. And boom! You have co-located eruptions and earthquakes. To learn more about plate margins using E3, watch this video.Is this the first time eruptions, emissions, and earthquakes have been animated on a map?E3 is a successor to the program Seismic/Eruption developed by Alan Jones (Binghamton University). That program was one of the first to show the global occurrence of earthquakes (USGS data) and eruptions (GVP data) through space and time with animations and sound. The program ran in the Smithsonian's Geology, Gems, and Minerals Hall from 1997 to 2016, and was also available on the "Earthquakes and Eruptions" CD-ROM. E3 builds upon Seismic/Eruption with the addition of emissions data and automated data updates.How many eruptions and emissions are shown, and from how many volcanoes?The application is currently showing 2,065 eruptions from 334 volcanoes. It is also showing 360 emission activity periods from 118 different volcanoes. In addition, there are 67 animations available showing the movement of SO2 clouds from 44 volcanoes.How often do you update the data represented in the web application?The application checks for updates once a week. Earthquake data, being instrumentally recorded, is typically very current. Eruption data, which relies on observational reports and analysis by GVP staff, is generally updated every few months; however, known ongoing eruptions will continue through the most recent update check. Emissions data is collected by satellite instruments and also must be processed by scientists, so updates will be provided as soon as they are available following an event, on the schedule with eruption updates.Is my computer system/browser supported? Something isn't working right.To run the map, your computer and browser must support WebGL. For more information on WebGL, please visit https://get.webgl.org to test if it should work.Source Obtained from http://volcano.si.edu/E3/

Date of Image:11/29/2022Date of Next Image:UnknownSummary:The Earth Observatory of Singapore - Remote Sensing Lab (EOS-RS) created this preliminary Damage Proxy Map (DPM) depicting areas that are likely affected by lava flows on Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii, USA due to the eruption that started on 27 Nov 2022. This map was derived from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired by the ALOS-2 satellite operated by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) before (28 Jun 2022 and 18 Oct 2022) and during the event (29 Nov 2022, 10:23 UTC).Suggested Use:The color variation from yellow to red indicates increasingly more significant surface change. Preliminary validation was done by comparing with high-resolution optical imagery. This damage proxy map should be used as guidance to identify damaged areas or areas affected by heavy volcanic ash fall, and may be less reliable over vegetated areas. For example, the scattered colored pixels over vegetated areas may be false positives, and the lack of colored pixels over vegetated areas does not necessarily mean no damage. This map is most sensitive to building damage and other large changes, but small-scale change or partial structural damage may not be detected by this map.Satellite/Sensor:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) ALOS-2 PALSAR-2Resolution:JAXA ALOS-2: 25 metersCredits:Earth Observatory of Singapore - Remote Sensing Lab (EOS-RS), Original data ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 Product - JAXA (2022).Data were provided by JAXA and analyzed by the Earth Observatory of Singapore - Remote Sensing Lab (EOS-RS).Esri REST Endpoint:See URL Section on right side of pageWMS Endpoint:https://maps.disasters.nasa.gov/ags04/services/mauna_loa_eruption_2022/eosrs_dpm_alos2_20221129/ImageServer/WMSServerData Download:https://eos-rs-products.earthobservatory.sg/EOS-RS_202211_Hawaii_MaunaLoa_Volcano/

Glacier Peak is a 3,214 m (10,544 ft.) stratovolcano composed mainly of dacite. The volcano is located in the Glacier Peak Wilderness Area, in the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, about 100 km (65 mi) northeast of Seattle and 110 km (70 mi) south of the International Boundary with Canada. Since the continental ice sheets receded from the region approximately 15,000 years ago, Glacier Peak has erupted repeatedly during at least six episodes. Two of these eruptions were among the largest in the Cascades during this time period. This DEM (digital elevation model) of Glacier Peak is the product of high-precision airborne lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) surveys performed during August-November, 2014 and June, 2015 by Quantum Spatial under contract with the USGS. This digital map, totaling approximately 475 square miles, represents the ground surface beneath forest cover and contributes to natural hazard monitoring efforts, the study of regional geology, volcanic landforms, and landscape modification during and after future volcanic eruptions, both at Glacier Peak or elsewhere globally. This release is comprised of a DEM dataset accompanied by a hillshade raster, each divided into 18 tiles. Each tile’s bounding rectangle is identical to the extent of the USGS 7.5 minute topographic quadrangles covering the same area. The names of the DEM tiles are eleven characters long (e.g., dem_xxxxxx). The prefix, "dem", indicates the file is a DEM and the last seven characters correspond to the map reference code of the quadrangle defining the tile's spatial extent. Hillshade tile names are denoted by the prefix "hs", but are otherwise identical to the DEM they are derived from.

This map layer includes Holocene volcanoes, which are those thought to be active in the last 10,000 years, which are within an extended area of the northern hemisphere centered on the United States. The data are a subset of data available from the Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution at http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/summary.cfm. This file is a replacement for the April 2004 map layer. These data are intended for geographic display and analysis at the national level, and for large regional areas. The data should be displayed and analyzed at scales appropriate for 1:2,000,000-scale data. Further information on the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution is available at http://www.volcano.si.edu/The International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of Earth's Interior (IAVCEI), The World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO), and the Global Volcano Model (GVM) have sanctioned GVP to assign official names and numbers to the world's volcanoes. The purpose of the numbers is to prevent ambiguity regarding the name and location of volcanoes that may have non-unique names, or that are known by multiple names. The original VNums were based on a system developed in the 1950's for the IAVCEI Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World (CAVW). GVP policy had been to embed significant geographical, historical, and age information in the numbers. As a result GVP often changed VNums, most frequently to accommodate newly recognized volcanoes in a particular geographical region, which over time undermined the goal of preventing ambiguity.After moving VOTW to a new database platform, we developed a new VNum system. During this process GVP staff took into account the needs of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and other stakeholders to have numbers compatible with modern computing systems. Holocene, Pleistocene, and Tertiary volcanoes all fall under the new unified numbering system, allowing interoperability between VOTW and new databases under development globally (e.g. WOVOdat, LaMEVE). Letters and characters (hyphens and equals signs) have been eliminated. Secondary numbers have been added for subfeatures associated with each volcano. None of the new numbers start with 0 or 1 to avoid confusion with the legacy system. While a connection remains to the older system, the geographic link to CAVW regions and subregions is no longer mandatory.

This map forms part of the Montana State Geological Map.

The Ennis 1:100,000 quadrangle lies within both the Laramide (Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary) foreland province of southwestern Montana and the northeastern margin of the middle to late Tertiary Basin and Range province.

The oldest rocks in the quadrangle are Archean high-grade gneiss, and granitic to ultramafic intrusive rocks that are as old as about 3.0 Ga. The gneiss includes a supracrustal assemblage of quartz-feldspar gneiss, amphibolite, quartzite, and biotite schist and gneiss. The basement rocks are overlain by a platform sequence of sedimentary rocks as old as Cambrian Flathead Quartzite and as young as Upper Cretaceous Livingston Group sandstones, shales, and volcanic rocks.

The Archean crystalline rocks crop out in the cores of large basement uplifts, most notably the "Madison-Gravelly arch" that includes parts of the present Tobacco Root Mountains and the Gravelly, Madison, and Gallatin Ranges. These basement uplifts or blocks were thrust westward during the Laramide orogeny over rocks as young as Upper Cretaceous. The thrusts are now exposed in the quadrangle along the western flanks of the Gravelly and Madison Ranges (the Greenhorn thrust and the Hilgard fault system, respectively). Simultaneous with the west-directed thrusting, northwest-striking, northeast-side-up reverse faults formed a parallel set across southwestern Montana; the largest of these is the Spanish Peaks fault, which cuts prominently across the Ennis quadrangle.

Beginning in late Eocene time, extensive volcanism of the Absorka Volcanic Supergroup covered large parts of the area; large remnants of the volcanic field remain in the eastern part of the quadrangle. The volcanism was concurrent with, and followed by, middle Tertiary extension. During this time, the axial zone of the "Madison-Gravelly arch," a large Laramide uplift, collapsed, forming the Madison Valley, structurally a complex down-to-the-east half graben. Basin deposits as thick as 4,500 m filled the graben.

Pleistocene glaciers sculpted the high peaks of the mountain ranges and formed the present rugged topography.

Compilation scale is 1:100,000. Geology mapped between 1988 and 1995. Compilation completed 1997. Review and revision completed 1997. Archive files prepared 1998-02.

ArcGIS geological map of Heard Island created using legacy field and sample data together with satellite imagery and published in Fox, Jodi M., et al. "Construction of an intraplate island volcano: The volcanic history of Heard Island." Bulletin of Volcanology 83.5 (2021): 37. The geological map was created in ArcMap 10.0 using satellite imagery, aerial photography, and historical maps and data. An initial map was generated by outlining geological features observed in the remote sensing images and the aerial photographs. This map was then cross-referenced with all available published and unpublished data to verify rock type, stratigraphic unit, and contact relationships. Where uncertainty in rock type or composition existed, the feature has been assigned to the stratigraphic unit without using a rock type label. In addition to published data, we collated and reviewed legacy unpublished maps, rock collections and unpublished data including hand-drawn sketches and notebooks.

Criteria for allocation of rocks to formations were not changed from previous work (Barling 1990; Barling 1994; Lambeth 1948; Lambeth 1952; Stephenson 1964).

Summary of the stratigraphy of Heard Island is as follows:

1. Unconsolidated Deposits (Recent) - Moraines, beach pebble, gravel and sand deposits.
2. Coastal Volcanic Cones (less than 15 ka) - Basaltic ash and scoria cones and associated small lavas.
3. Newer Lavas (~750 ka- Present) - Comprises the Laurens Peninsula Group and the Big Ben Group. 3a. Laurens Peninsula Group - Trachyte, tephrite, trachyandesite and basanite porphyritic lavas. Phenocrysts include clinopyroxene, olivine, plagioclase, kaersutite, magnetite, ilmenite and apatite. High TiO2 and P2O5 content. 3b. Big Ben Group - Basalt-trachybasalt and basanite porphyritic lavas. Basalt-trachybasalt phenocryts include olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and Fe-Ti oxides. Basanite phenocrysts and megacrysts include olivine and clinopyroxene
4. Drygalski Formation (3.63-2.5 Ma) - Subhorizontal. Volcaniclastic breccia, conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone. Conglomerates are clast and matrix supported. Clasts are mainly basalt with minor trachyte, limestone and chert. Pillow lavas. Tillite. Microfossils include foraminifera and palynomorphs. Macrofossil - Austrochlamys heardensis
5. Laurens Peninsula Limestone (Middle Eocene-Middle Oligocene) - Thin, white, grey and blue styolitic carbonate interbedded with thin, soft tuffaceous shales. Lense of chert. Microfossils include foraminifera, coccoliths and palynomorphs. Intruded by trachybasalt and dolerite dykes (5 cm-2 m thick) and dolerite and gabbro sills. Folded and tilted.

For creation of the Heard Island geological map limestone and carbonate rocks were allocated to the Laurens Peninsula Limestones. Fresh, unaltered basalts were allocated to the Newer Lavas (Barling 1990). The Drygalski Formation includes all noncarbonate sedimentary rocks, clastic facies, and basalts between the Laurens Peninsula Limestones and the Newer Lavas (Barling 1990). Defining the boundary between the Drygalski Formation and the Newer Lavas is problematic, here we used the absence of chlorite as a criterion for allocating basalts to the Newer Lavas and the presence of basaltic pillows to allocate rocks to the Drygalski Formation consistent with Barling (1990). Although not ideal, these criteria were retained in the absence of more robust alternatives. Ridges of sediment in front of or adjacent to glaciers (current or since retreated) were mapped as moraines. Glacial retreat has been significant since the 1940s (~20 vol.% reduction), and locations where glaciers have been observed but have since retreated are relatively well known (Ruddell 2006). Ridges of unconsolidated sediment that have unclear relationships with glaciers and that could have been produced by aeolian and/or alluvial processes were mapped as unconsolidated sediment.

Remote Sensing Resources Utilised: 1. Mosaic of QuickBird satellite images of Heard Island (0.6m resolution) collected between 2006 and 2009 provided by the Australian Antarctic Division Data Centre (AADC). 2. Satellite imagery from Google™ Earth. Images collected 1984-2016. 3. Landsat 8 imagery from NASA via the USGS EarthExplorer online platform. Images collected 2013-2020. 4. Analogue aerial photographs collected in 1987 and held at the AADC

Published Resources Utilised 1. Barling J (1990) The petrogenesis of the Newer Lavas on Heard Island unpublished thesis. Department of Earth Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 2. Barling J (1994) Origin and evolution of a high-Ti ocean island basalt suite; the Laurens Peninsula Series. Heard Island, Indian Ocean Mineralogical Magazine 58A:49–50 3. Barling J, Goldstein SJ,Wheller GE, Nicholls IA (1988) Heard Island; an example of large isotopic variations on a small oceanic island. Chemical Geology 70:46–46 4. Barling J, Goldstein SL, Nicholls IA (1994) Geochemistry of Heard Island (southern Indian Ocean); character...

• STARS data resource is a temporal (time-bound) information that measures the physiognomic and geomorphic characteristics of the Earth’s surface. • STARS imagery used to detect, map and monitor changes in different Earth surface features (such as landslides, volcano eruption, waterbodies, geothermal and alteration mineral sites) in NZ, SW Pacific islands and other regions of interest where GNS Science has geoscience research projects. • STARS data resource constitutes on Spectral images (visible, multispectral and hyperspectral) and field-based spectral reflectance libraries as well as Thermal and Active (Synthetic Aperture Radar) Remotely Sensed images. • The STARS data resource covers images from 2007 onwards. • The STARS data resource contains raw and processed Spectral images acquired from a range of satellites covering different geographic regions of New Zealand and project sites outside of New Zealand. • Raw, atmospheric and ortho-corrected high-resolution imagery from SPOT series, QuickBird, GeoEye, WorldView series, Pleides, RapidEye and Planet satellites etc. • Mosaics prepared from Sentinel and Landsat series imagery. The raw imagery is available from main data providers’ web portals. • Spectral libraries are captured either in-situ (in the field) or ex-situ (from samples collected from field). • Thermal RS data covers FLIR Thermal images are processed as Land Surface Temperature for research interest areas such as the Crater Lake, the White Island and a few geothermal anomalous areas. • Active RS data resource covers selected SAR images of AirSAR, TopSAR and Sentinel-1A/B images related to flood mapping incidents in NZ. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21420/ZHF5-VQ33?x=y Cite as: GNS Science. (2021). Spectral, Thermal and Active Remote Sensing (STARS) data resource [Data set]. GNS Science. https://doi.org/10.21420/ZHF5-VQ33?x=y

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