Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner. The aim of the originating project was to increase understanding of the past and possible future impact of increased international trade, mobility and investment on: i) Differences in income levels between countries (divergence or convergence, and - if convergence - levelling up or levelling down) ii) The relative and real wages of different sorts of 'skilled' workers This aim was addressed in four main ways. The first was to formalise ideas about the disaggregation of skilled workers, and the overlap between the concepts of skill and technology, by theoretical modelling. The second was to test hypotheses suggested by theory on evidence for all countries over the past 30 years. The third was to test hypotheses suggested by theory on evidence for skilled wages in developed countries over the past 30 years. The final way the objective was addressed was by testing the hypotheses suggested by theory against evidence from developed countries over the past two centuries. The data collection is the result of the data gathering exercise undertaken for this fourth approach. Main Topics: The dataset brings together a wide range of statistical information relating to patterns of globalisation, technology and wage inequality in a selection of now-developed countries between 1870 and 1970. The countries included are: United States, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Sweden and Denmark. The information is classified into six broad sections: wages, migration, employment, trade, production and technology. Wages: Wages of skilled relative to unskilled manual workers, United States, 1870-1970 Wages of non-manual relative to manual workers, United States, 1890-1939 Wages of broad occupational categories, United States, 1939-1960 Summary of relative wages, United States, 1870-1970 Wages of non-manual and manual workers, Canada, 1905-1959 Wages of skilled and unskilled manual workers, Canada, 1900-1960 Summary of relative wages, Canada, 1901-1960 Wages of skilled and unskilled manual workers, Australia, 1870-1960 Wages of skilled and unskilled manual workers, United Kingdom, 1870-1968 Wages of broad occupational categories, United Kingdom, 1871-1970 Summary of relative wages, United Kingdom, 1870-1968 Wages of skilled and unskilled manual workers, Germany, 1871-1962 Wages of skilled and unskilled manual workers, France, 1873-1959 Wages of skilled and unskilled manual workers, Sweden, 1870-1962 Summary of relative wages, Sweden, 1873-1959 Wages of skilled and unskilled manual workers, Denmark, 1870-1965 Wages of clerical relative to manual workers, United States, Canada and United Kingdom, 1870-1965 Migration: Immigration by occupation, United States, 1870-1965 Immigration by occupation, Canada, 1904-1951 Summary of immigration by skill group, Canada, 1881-1951 Total immigration, Canada, 1870-1960 Emigration by occupation, United Kingdom, 1877-1913 Emigration from Ireland by occupation, 1875-1913 Summary of emigration by skill group, United Kingdom, 1877-1913 Total migration, United Kingdom, 1870-1922 Emigration by occupation, Germany, 1871-1924 Summary of emigration by skill group, Germany, 1871-1924 Migration by occupation, Sweden, 1870-1924 Summary of migration by skill group, Sweden, 1871-1924 Emigration by occupation, Denmark, 1872-1924 Summary of emigration by skill group, Denmark, 1872-1924 Employment: Labour force by occupation, United States, 1900-1970 Employment by broad sector, United States, 1870-1960 Gainful workers in manufacturing by industry, United States, 1870-1930 Employment in manufacturing by industry, United States, 1899-1960 Labour force by occupation, Canada, 1891-1961 Employment by broad sector, Canada, 1891-1971 Employment by manufacturing industry, Canada, 1911-1971 Employment by occupation, Australia, 1911-1971 Employment by broad sector, Australia, 1891-1969 Employment in manufacturing by industry, Australia, 1891-1969 Employment by occupation, United Kingdom, 1911-1971 Labour force by broad sector, United Kingdom, 1871-1971 Employment by manufacturing industry, United Kingdom, 1871-1961 Labour force by occupation, Germany, 1882-1961 Employment by broad sector and by manufacturing industry, Germany, 1870-1960 Employment by broad sector and by manufacturing industry, France, 1906-1954 Labour force by broad sector, Sweden, 1870-1960 Employment in manufacturing by industry, Sweden, 1870-1930 Labour force by broad sector, Denmark, 1870-1960 Trade: Exports by commodity, United States, 1870-1965 Imports by commodity, United States, 1870-1965 Trade statistics, United States, 1870-1965 Exports by commodity, Canada, 1870-1965 Imports by commodity, Canada, 1870-1960 Trade statistics, Canada, 1870-1965 Total exports, Australia, 1870-1965 Total imports, Australia, 1870-1965 Trade statistics, Australia, 1870-1965 Exports by commodity, United Kingdom, 1870-1965 Imports by commodity, United Kingdom, 1870-1965 Trade statistics, United Kingdom, 1870-1965 Exports by commodity, Germany, 1880-1960 Imports by commodity, Germany, 1880-1960 Trade statistics, Germany, 1880-1960 Exports by commodity, France, 1870-1959 Imports by commodity, France, 1870-1959 Trade statistics, France, 1870-1959 Exports by commodity, Sweden, 1870-1965 Imports by commodity, Sweden, 1870-1965 Trade statistics, Sweden, 1870-1965 Exports by commodity, Denmark, 1870-1965 Imports by commodity, Denmark, 1870-1965 Trade statistics, Denmark, 1870-1965 Production: Production by industry group, United States, 1869-1919 Production by commodity group, United States, 1869-1913 Production indices by manufacturing sector, United Kingdom, 1860-1914 Production indices by manufacturing sector, Germany, 1860-1913 GDP per capita in United States, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Sweden, and Denmark, 1870-1965 Technology: Number of patents granted in 23 countries, 1870-1970 Please note: this study does not include information on named individuals and would therefore not be useful for personal family history research.

France FR: Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data was reported at 12.000 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 11.100 % for 2020. France FR: Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data is updated yearly, averaging 10.700 % from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2021, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.200 % in 1997 and a record low of 8.600 % in 2005. France FR: Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. The percentage of people in the population who live in households whose per capita income or consumption is below half of the median income or consumption per capita. The median is measured at 2017 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) using the Poverty and Inequality Platform (http://www.pip.worldbank.org). For some countries, medians are not reported due to grouped and/or confidential data. The reference year is the year in which the underlying household survey data was collected. In cases for which the data collection period bridged two calendar years, the first year in which data were collected is reported.;World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see http://pip.worldbank.org.;;The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than 2000 household surveys across 169 countries. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) for details (www.pip.worldbank.org).

France Poverty Headcount Ratio at Societal Poverty Lines: % of Population data was reported at 13.300 % in 2021. This records an increase from the previous number of 12.700 % for 2020. France Poverty Headcount Ratio at Societal Poverty Lines: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 12.200 % from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2021, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 15.200 % in 1970 and a record low of 10.600 % in 2005. France Poverty Headcount Ratio at Societal Poverty Lines: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. The poverty headcount ratio at societal poverty line is the percentage of a population living in poverty according to the World Bank's Societal Poverty Line. The Societal Poverty Line is expressed in purchasing power adjusted 2017 U.S. dollars and defined as max($2.15, $1.15 + 0.5*Median). This means that when the national median is sufficiently low, the Societal Poverty line is equivalent to the extreme poverty line, $2.15. For countries with a sufficiently high national median, the Societal Poverty Line grows as countries’ median income grows.;World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see http://pip.worldbank.org.;;The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than 2000 household surveys across 169 countries. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) for details (www.pip.worldbank.org).

Comparing the *** selected regions regarding the gini index , South Africa is leading the ranking (**** points) and is followed by Namibia with **** points. At the other end of the spectrum is Slovakia with **** points, indicating a difference of *** points to South Africa. The Gini coefficient here measures the degree of income inequality on a scale from * (=total equality of incomes) to *** (=total inequality).The shown data are an excerpt of Statista's Key Market Indicators (KMI). The KMI are a collection of primary and secondary indicators on the macro-economic, demographic and technological environment in more than *** countries and regions worldwide. All input data are sourced from international institutions, national statistical offices, and trade associations. All data has been are processed to generate comparable datasets (see supplementary notes under details for more information).

France FR: Poverty Gap at $1.90 a Day: 2011 PPP: % data was reported at 0.000 % in 2015. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 % for 2014. France FR: Poverty Gap at $1.90 a Day: 2011 PPP: % data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 % from Dec 2003 (Median) to 2015, with 13 observations. France FR: Poverty Gap at $1.90 a Day: 2011 PPP: % data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.World Bank.WDI: Poverty. Poverty gap at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) is the mean shortfall in income or consumption from the poverty line $1.90 a day (counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall), expressed as a percentage of the poverty line. This measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidence. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.; ; World Bank, Development Research Group. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm).; ; The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than one thousand six hundred household surveys across 164 countries in six regions and 25 other high income countries (industrialized economies). While income distribution data are published for all countries with data available, poverty data are published for low- and middle-income countries and countries eligible to receive loans from the World Bank (such as Chile) and recently graduated countries (such as Estonia) only. The aggregated numbers for low- and middle-income countries correspond to the totals of 6 regions in PovcalNet, which include low- and middle-income countries and countries eligible to receive loans from the World Bank (such as Chile) and recently graduated countries (such as Estonia). See PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/WhatIsNew.aspx) for definitions of geographical regions and industrialized countries.

France FR: Poverty Gap at $3.20 a Day: 2011 PPP: % data was reported at 0.100 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.000 % for 2014. France FR: Poverty Gap at $3.20 a Day: 2011 PPP: % data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 % from Dec 2003 (Median) to 2015, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.100 % in 2015 and a record low of 0.000 % in 2014. France FR: Poverty Gap at $3.20 a Day: 2011 PPP: % data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.World Bank.WDI: Poverty. Poverty gap at $3.20 a day (2011 PPP) is the mean shortfall in income or consumption from the poverty line $3.20 a day (counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall), expressed as a percentage of the poverty line. This measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidence.; ; World Bank, Development Research Group. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm).; ; The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than one thousand six hundred household surveys across 164 countries in six regions and 25 other high income countries (industrialized economies). While income distribution data are published for all countries with data available, poverty data are published for low- and middle-income countries and countries eligible to receive loans from the World Bank (such as Chile) and recently graduated countries (such as Estonia) only. The aggregated numbers for low- and middle-income countries correspond to the totals of 6 regions in PovcalNet, which include low- and middle-income countries and countries eligible to receive loans from the World Bank (such as Chile) and recently graduated countries (such as Estonia). See PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/WhatIsNew.aspx) for definitions of geographical regions and industrialized countries.

France FR: Poverty Gap at $5.50 a Day: 2011 PPP: % data was reported at 0.200 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.000 % for 2014. France FR: Poverty Gap at $5.50 a Day: 2011 PPP: % data is updated yearly, averaging 0.100 % from Dec 2003 (Median) to 2015, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.200 % in 2015 and a record low of 0.000 % in 2014. France FR: Poverty Gap at $5.50 a Day: 2011 PPP: % data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.World Bank: Poverty. Poverty gap at $5.50 a day (2011 PPP) is the mean shortfall in income or consumption from the poverty line $5.50 a day (counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall), expressed as a percentage of the poverty line. This measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidence.; ; World Bank, Development Research Group. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm).; ; The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than one thousand six hundred household surveys across 164 countries in six regions and 25 other high income countries (industrialized economies). While income distribution data are published for all countries with data available, poverty data are published for low- and middle-income countries and countries eligible to receive loans from the World Bank (such as Chile) and recently graduated countries (such as Estonia) only. The aggregated numbers for low- and middle-income countries correspond to the totals of 6 regions in PovcalNet, which include low- and middle-income countries and countries eligible to receive loans from the World Bank (such as Chile) and recently graduated countries (such as Estonia). See PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/WhatIsNew.aspx) for definitions of geographical regions and industrialized countries.