According to one of the scenarios, it is assumed that the outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) will cause a deeper recession in Poland. It is estimated that by the end of 2020, GDP will fall to -4 percent, the inflation rate will reach 2.1 percent and unemployment 13 percent. The inflation rate will be significantly affected by global oil prices.

For further information about the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.

This data package includes the underlying data to replicate the charts, tables, and calculations presented in Labor market tightness and inflation before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, PIIE Working Paper 24-23.

If you use the data, please cite as:

Bloesch, Justin. 2024. Labor market tightness and inflation before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. PIIE Working Paper 24-23. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

In 2022, a spike of inflation had been recorded worldwide due to several causes, including the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war. When asked about it, in both the third and ****** quarters of 2022, consumers in Canada believed the inflation rate averaged roughly ***** percent over the past 12 months. In early 2024, Canadians' idea of what the rate of inflation had been over the last 12 months was closer to **** percent.

Inflation is generally defined as the continued increase in the average prices of goods and services in a given region. Following the extremely high global inflation experienced in the 1980s and 1990s, global inflation has been relatively stable since the turn of the millennium, usually hovering between three and five percent per year. There was a sharp increase in 2008 due to the global financial crisis now known as the Great Recession, but inflation was fairly stable throughout the 2010s, before the current inflation crisis began in 2021. Recent years Despite the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic, the global inflation rate fell to 3.26 percent in the pandemic's first year, before rising to 4.66 percent in 2021. This increase came as the impact of supply chain delays began to take more of an effect on consumer prices, before the Russia-Ukraine war exacerbated this further. A series of compounding issues such as rising energy and food prices, fiscal instability in the wake of the pandemic, and consumer insecurity have created a new global recession, and global inflation in 2024 is estimated to have reached 5.76 percent. This is the highest annual increase in inflation since 1996. Venezuela Venezuela is the country with the highest individual inflation rate in the world, forecast at around 200 percent in 2022. While this is figure is over 100 times larger than the global average in most years, it actually marks a decrease in Venezuela's inflation rate, which had peaked at over 65,000 percent in 2018. Between 2016 and 2021, Venezuela experienced hyperinflation due to the government's excessive spending and printing of money in an attempt to curve its already-high inflation rate, and the wave of migrants that left the country resulted in one of the largest refugee crises in recent years. In addition to its economic problems, political instability and foreign sanctions pose further long-term problems for Venezuela. While hyperinflation may be coming to an end, it remains to be seen how much of an impact this will have on the economy, how living standards will change, and how many refugees may return in the coming years.

This data package includes the underlying data files to replicate the data and charts presented in The Inflation Surge in Europe by Patrick Honohan, PIIE Policy Brief 24-2.

If you use the data, please cite as: Honohan, Patrick. 2024. The Inflation Surge in Europe. PIIE Policy Brief 24-2. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

This data package includes the underlying data to replicate the charts, tables, and calculations presented in Fiscal policy and the pandemic-era surge in US inflation: Lessons for the future, PIIE Working Paper 24-22.

If you use the data, please cite as:

Dynan, Karen, and Douglas Elmendorf. 2024. Fiscal policy and the pandemic-era surge in US inflation: Lessons for the future. PIIE Working Paper 24-22. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

In 2020, global gross domestic product declined by 6.7 percent as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak. In Latin America, overall GDP loss amounted to 8.5 percent.

This data package includes the underlying data to replicate the charts, tables, and calculations presented in The role of long histories of “lived experience” in the COVID-era inflationary surge, PIIE Working Paper 25-7.

If you use the data, please cite as:

Gagnon, Joseph E., and Steven Kamin. 2025. The role of long histories of “lived experience” in the COVID-era inflationary surge. PIIE Working Paper 25-7. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic was projected to affect Ghana's rate of inflation. The inflation rate was estimated at *** percent for 2020 and *** percent for 2021, before the outbreak of the virus. However, due to the pandemic, inflation projections in the country amounted to **** percent and *** percent for 2020 and 2021, respectively (under a baseline scenario). Furthermore, on the assumption that the COVID-19 pandemic got even worse, the rate of inflation was revised at **** percent and **** percent. It can therefore be seen that the studied impact was estimated to increase both under baseline and worst-case scenarios of COVID-19. Overall, on August 1, 2020, the highest daily increase in cases was recorded in Ghana.

In January 2025, prices had increased by three percent compared to January 2024 according to the 12-month percentage change in the consumer price index — the monthly inflation rate for goods and services in the United States. The data represents U.S. city averages. In economics, the inflation rate is a measure of the change in price level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. A projection of the annual U.S. inflation rate can be accessed here and the actual annual inflation rate since 1990 can be accessed here. InflationOne of the most important economic indicators is the development of the Consumer Price Index in a country. The change in this price level of goods and services is defined as the rate of inflation. The inflationary situation in the United States had been relatively severe in 2022 due to global events relating to COVID-19, supply chain restrains, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. More information on U.S. inflation may be found on our dedicated topic page. The annual inflation rate in the United States has increased from 3.2 percent in 2011 to 8.3 percent in 2022. This means that the purchasing power of the U.S. dollar has weakened in recent years. The purchasing power is the extent to which a person has available funds to make purchases. According to the data published by the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) was about 258.84 in 2020 and is forecasted to grow up to 325.6 by 2027, compared to the base period from 1982 to 1984. The monthly percentage change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for urban consumers in the United States was 0.1 percent in March 2023 compared to the previous month. In 2022, countries all around the world are experienced high levels of inflation. Although Brazil already had an inflation rate of 8.3 percent in 2021, compared to the previous year, while the inflation rate in China stood at 0.85 percent.

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Graph and download economic data for Inflation, consumer prices for the United States (FPCPITOTLZGUSA) from 1960 to 2024 about consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

In March 2025, inflation amounted to 2.4 percent, while wages grew by 4.3 percent. The inflation rate has not exceeded the rate of wage growth since January 2023. Inflation in 2022 The high rates of inflation in 2022 meant that the real terms value of American wages took a hit. Many Americans report feelings of concern over the economy and a worsening of their financial situation. The inflation situation in the United States is one that was experienced globally in 2022, mainly due to COVID-19 related supply chain constraints and disruption due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The monthly inflation rate for the U.S. reached a 40-year high in June 2022 at 9.1 percent, and annual inflation for 2022 reached eight percent. Without appropriate wage increases, Americans will continue to see a decline in their purchasing power. Wages in the U.S. Despite the level of wage growth reaching 6.7 percent in the summer of 2022, it has not been enough to curb the impact of even higher inflation rates. The federally mandated minimum wage in the United States has not increased since 2009, meaning that individuals working minimum wage jobs have taken a real terms pay cut for the last twelve years. There are discrepancies between states - the minimum wage in California can be as high as 15.50 U.S. dollars per hour, while a business in Oklahoma may be as low as two U.S. dollars per hour. However, even the higher wage rates in states like California and Washington may be lacking - one analysis found that if minimum wage had kept up with productivity, the minimum hourly wage in the U.S. should have been 22.88 dollars per hour in 2021. Additionally, the impact of decreased purchasing power due to inflation will impact different parts of society in different ways with stark contrast in average wages due to both gender and race.

Since 2021, the large economies of Western Europe have been experiencing a surge in inflation, with inflation reaching as high as 11.84 percent in Italy during October 2022. During 2023 the rate of inflation in all these economies has fallen significantly, reaching as low as 0.67 percent in Italy and 3.17 percent in Germany. This inflationary episode is understood by economists to have been caused by several factors, notably the supply chain issues during the COVID-19 pandemic, pent-up consumer demand which was released after lockdowns ended, as well as policies of monetary and fiscal stimulus during the pandemic aimed at boosting economic activity.

According to a survey conducted between July 9 and July 11, 2022, 45 percent of Americans thought that Joe Biden was highly responsible for the current trend in the inflation rate. This is compared to 26 percent of Americans who said President Biden did not have a lot of responsibility for the current inflation rate.

Inflation in the U.S. Global events in 2022 had a significant impact on the United States. Inflation rose from 1.4 percent in January 2021 to 9.1 percent in June 2022. Significantly higher prices of basic goods led to increased concern over the state of the economy, and the ability to cover increasing monthly costs with the same income. Low interest rates, COVID-19-related supply constraints, corporate profiteering, and strong consumer spending had already put pressure on prices before Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Despite rising wages on paper, the rapid growth of consumer prices resulted in an overall decline in real hourly earnings in the first half of 2022.

How much control does Joe Biden have over inflation? The bulk of economic performance and the inflation rate is determined by factors outside the President’s direct control, but U.S. presidents are often held accountable for it. Some of those factors are market forces, private business, productivity growth, the state of the global economy, and policies of the Federal Reserve. Although high-spending decisions such as the 2021 COVID-19 relief bill may have contributed to rising inflation rates, the bill has been seen by economists as a necessary intervention for preventing a recession at the time, as well as being of significant importance to low-income workers impacted by the pandemic.

The most important tool for curbing inflation and controlling the U.S. economy is the Federal Reserve. The Reserve has the ability to set, raise, and lower interest rates and determine the wider monetary policy for the United States – something out of the president’s control. In June 2022, the Reserve announced it would raise interest rates 0.75 percent for the second time that year – hoisting the rate to a target range of 2.25 to 2.5 percent – in an attempt to slow consumer demand and balance demand with supply. However, it can often take time before the impacts of interventions by the Federal Reserve are seen in the public’s day-to-day lives. Most economists expect this wave of inflation to pass in a year to 18 months.

The Global Inflation Devices market was valued at USD 608.42 million in 2022 and will reach USD 892.08 million by 2030, registering a CAGR of 4.9% for the forecast period 2023-2030. Rising demand for minimally invasive procedures: The term "minimally invasive surgery" refers to surgical procedures that minimize the size of incisions required, speeding up wound healing and lowering pain and infection risks. The basic goals of minimally invasive surgery are to reduce bodily harm, reduce post-surgical discomfort, and promote speedy recovery. It is associated with a shorter hospital stay, less discomfort, and very few problems. Minimally invasive procedures can be used for both therapy and diagnostics. Demand for the tools needed to properly complete a minimally invasive surgery is expected to increase as more patients turn to these types of operations. Due to the important role that inflation devices play in minimally invasive cardiac operations, the market is expected to rise in popularity in the future.

Rising growth in the geriatric population: According to WHO 1 in 6 individuals on the globe will be 60 or older by 2030. By this point, there will be 1.4 billion people over the age of 60, up from 1 billion in 2020. The number of individuals in the world who are 60 or older will double (to 2.1 billion) by 2050. Between 2020 and 2050, the number of people 80 or older is projected to treble, reaching 426 million. Aging plays a significant role in the occurrence of urological and cardiovascular disorders. As a result, the need for management tools like angioplasty to treat such conditions grows along with the aging population. As a result, the market will develop due to the rising prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and the aging population, which will raise the need for disease management strategies.

Restraining factors: High cost and complications associated with the interventional cardiology procedure: The cost of surgical procedures for patients increases due to the high cost of surgical devices and the significant investment needed for installation. This has caused customers to switch to secondhand systems, which negatively affects their bottom lines. Complex surgeries require advanced techniques and skills, and the cost of equipment and surgeries increases due to the maintenance and power supply requirements, which limits inflation device adoption. Radiation damage, myocardial infarction, and hematoma are a few of the complications associated with using interventional cardiology instruments. Coronary perforations and embolism device issues such as coronary implant loss, notably coronary stent dislodgement, lost scaffold, guidewire loss, and balloon fracture limit the use of interventional cardiology devices. All these factors hamper the market growth of inflation devices.

Impact of COVID- 19 pandemic on the inflation devices market: The need for medical equipment has changed because of COVID-19. While the devices used to treat COVID-19 patients in critical care experienced an increase in demand, other devices suffered as a result of delayed or canceled treatments. Few people who have COVID-19 infection, however, have an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, angioplasty should be performed to treat cardiovascular disorders such as coronary artery disease, which requires inflating devices. As a result, the market is anticipated to have a favorable effect in the years after COVID-19.

An inflating device is used to inflate angioplasty devices that need to be dilated. It has a luminous analog pressure gauge, an incredibly comfortable grip, and braided high-pressure tubing with a rotating male luer fitting. The market for inflation devices is expanding because of several factors, including rising growth in the geriatric population, rising cardiovascular and urological disease prevalence, rising demand for minimally invasive procedures, and increased medical reimbursement for such procedures in developed regions.

This data package includes the underlying data to replicate the charts presented in Lessons from China's fiscal policy during the COVID-19 pandemic, PIIE Working Paper 24-7.

If you use the data, please cite as: Huang, Tianlei. 2024. Lessons from China's fiscal policy during the COVID-19 pandemic. PIIE Working Paper 24-7. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Inflation Rate in Russia decreased to 9.40 percent in June from 9.90 percent in May of 2025. This dataset provides - Russia Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

As of June 2020, the projected inflation rate in South Africa for the same year was revised to *** percent, after the fallout of the coronavirus outbreak. The projection was done under the assumption of a worst-case scenario, where the pandemic persists to the end of 2020. Before the occurrence of COVID-19, the inflation rate was expected at *** percent.

On the other hand, the inflation rate for 2021 was reviewed to *** percent, in a worst-case scenario, whereas the previous outlook (before the pandemic) was at five percent.