Background: Clean water is an essential part of human healthy life and wellbeing. More recently, rapid population growth, high illiteracy rate, lack of sustainable development, and climate change; faces a global challenge in developing countries. The discontinuity of drinking water supply forces households either to use unsafe water storage materials or to use water from unsafe sources. The present study aimed to identify the determinants of water source types, use, quality of water, and sanitation perception of physical parameters among urban households in North-West Ethiopia.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among households from February to March 2019. An interview-based a pretested and structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data collection samples were selected randomly and proportional to each of the kebeles' households. MS Excel and R Version 3.6.2 were used to enter and analyze the data; respectively. Descriptive statistics using frequencies and percentages were used to explain the sample data concerning the predictor variable. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the association between independent and response variables.

Results: Four hundred eighteen (418) households have participated. Based on the study undertaken,78.95% of households used improved and 21.05% of households used unimproved drinking water sources. Households drinking water sources were significantly associated with the age of the participant (x2 = 20.392, df=3), educational status(x2 = 19.358, df=4), source of income (x2 = 21.777, df=3), monthly income (x2 = 13.322, df=3), availability of additional facilities (x2 = 98.144, df=7), cleanness status (x2 =42.979, df=4), scarcity of water (x2 = 5.1388, df=1) and family size (x2 = 9.934, df=2). The logistic regression analysis also indicated that those factors are significantly determining the water source types used by the households. Factors such as availability of toilet facility, household member type, and sex of the head of the household were not significantly associated with drinking water sources.

Conclusion: The uses of drinking water from improved sources were determined by different demographic, socio-economic, sanitation, and hygiene-related factors. Therefore, ; the local, regional, and national governments and other supporting organizations shall improve the accessibility and adequacy of drinking water from improved sources in the area.

Researchers at Utah State University created a short survey instrument to gather information about the views and concerns of Utah residents related to water issues. This survey was designed to give the public a chance to share their perceptions and concerns about water supply, water quality, and other related issues. While finding out what the ‘average citizen’ feels about key water issues was one goal of the project, the most interesting and important results are found in exploring ways in which perspectives about water vary across the population based on where people live and their demographic background (gender, age, education, etc.). This survey helps bring a voice to groups of citizens typically not represented in water policy debates. The findings have been and continue to be shared with water managers and decision makers who are planning for local and state water system sustainability.

This survey effort is also a key outreach and education component of the iUTAH project. High school groups, college and university classes, and others are invited to collaborate with iUTAH faculty to conduct public intercept surveys. Co-collection and analysis of survey data provides a hands-on learning opportunity about the principles of social science research. This effort helps increase awareness about the complexity of water issues in Utah, and the methods through which scientists learn about the public’s thoughts and concerns. Between July 2014 and April 2016, the survey has been implemented with collaborating students and faculty from the University of Utah, Utah Valley University, Weber State University, Salt Lake Community College, Southern Utah University, Dixie State University, and Snow College.

The survey involved using a structured protocol to randomly approach adults entering grocery stores in communities across the state, and inviting them to complete a 3-minute questionnaire about thier perceptions and concerns about water issues in Utah. The survey was self-administered on an iPad tablet and uploaded to a web server using the Qualtrics Offline App.

The project generated responses from over 7,000 adults, with a response rate of just over 42% . Comparisons of the respondents with census data suggest that they are largely representative of the communities where data were collected and of the state's adult population.

The data are anonymous and are available as a public dataset here. The data also served as the basis for the development of an open-source web-based survey data viewer that can be found at: http://data.iutahepscor.org/surveys/ and were also reported in Jones et al. (2016). We encourage users to use the viewer to explore the survey results.

The files below include a document describing in detail the method/protocol used in the study, and copies of field materials we used to implement the project. We also include copies of the full dataset and a codebook in various formats.

The Global Demographic Data collection holds global gridded data products describing demographic information and water demand in relation to population data. Currently, water demand data are being distributed; population data will be added in the near future.

Country-level urban, rural and total population estimate data from World Resources Institute (WRI) for the years 1985, 1995, and 2025 were gridded by the University of New Hampshire's Water Systems Analysis Groupusing methods outlined in Vorosmarty et al. (2000) for use in estimating global water resources based on climate and population changes.

Currently available are five relative water demand (RWD) fraction data sets/ maps, produced by Vorosmarty et al. in their analysis of future water resources. The relative water demand is defined to be the total volume of water used either domestically, industrially or agriculturally (DIA) divided by the water discharge (Q). "Values of .2 to .4 indicate medium to high stress." (see Vorosmarty et al., 2000) This analysis deals only with sustainable water sources, and does not look at nonsustainable water sources, such a ground water mining. The RWD is computed on a .5 by .5 degree grid for two sentinel years: 1985 and 2025, which are two of the data sets. The ratio of the RWD for these two years provides a measure of change under scenarios of climate change only, population change only and the combination of climate change and population to produce the other three datasets. The ratio RWD values is relative to the RWD in the base year, 1985.

The Ghana Population, Consumption, and Environment Survey (or Ghana-PCE Survey) was conducted in 2002 in collaboration with investigators at the University of Science and Technology (Kumasi) and the University of Cape Coast. The survey was designed to examine the social and demographic processes that are closely linked to health and environmental health risks, and how these in turn influence local thinking about environmental issues. The 2002 Ghana-PCE Survey collected information on women's birth histories (birth dataset), occupations and events over the respondent's lifetime (men's and women's calendar datasets), and the health of respondents' children who were at or under 6 years of age (children dataset). Additionally, information was collected on the availability of services such as electricity and drinking water, economic conditions, and perceived necessity of developmental programs (community dataset), as well as the availability of services such as waste disposal, the size of households, and the materials used in construction of houses (household dataset). Respondents' were also asked about voting behavior, community organization membership, public health practices, knowledge of illnesses in children, prevention and treatment of diseases, family planning, and environmental attitudes and awareness (individual dataset). Demographic information collected includes age, sex, occupation, birth region, languages spoken, ethnicity, marital status, residence ownership, religion, and education.

Vietnam People Using Safely Managed Drinking Water Services: % of Population data was reported at 57.781 % in 2022. This records an increase from the previous number of 57.258 % for 2021. Vietnam People Using Safely Managed Drinking Water Services: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 51.815 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2022, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 57.781 % in 2022 and a record low of 45.639 % in 2000. Vietnam People Using Safely Managed Drinking Water Services: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Vietnam – Table VN.World Bank.WDI: Social: Access to Services. The percentage of people using drinking water from an improved source that is accessible on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination. Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water.;WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (washdata.org).;Weighted average;Aggregate data by groups are computed based on the groupings for the World Bank fiscal year in which the data was released by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene. This is the Sustainable Development Goal indicator 6.1.1 [https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/].

Identifying which factors influence household water management can help policy makers target interventions to improve drinking water quality for communities that may not receive adequate water quality at the tap. We assessed which perceptional and socio-demographic factors are associated with household drinking water management strategies in rural Puerto Rico. Specifically, we examined which factors were associated with household decisions to boil or filter tap water before drinking, or to obtain drinking water from multiple sources. We find that households differ in their management strategies depending on the institution that distributes water (i.e. government PRASA vs community-managed non-PRASA), perceptions of institutional efficacy, and perceptions of water quality. Specifically, households in PRASA communities are more likely to boil and filter their tap water due to perceptions of low water quality. Households in non-PRASA communities are more likely to procure water from multiple sources due to perceptions of institutional inefficacy. Based on informal discussions with community members, we suggest that water quality may be improved if PRASA systems improve the taste and odor of tap water, possibly by allowing for dechlorination prior to distribution, and if non-PRASA systems reduce the turbidity of water at the tap, possibly by increasing the degree of chlorination and filtering prior to distribution. Future studies should examine objective water quality standards to identify whether current management strategies are effective at improving water quality prior to consumption.

Series Name: Proportion of population using basic drinking water services by location (percent)Series Code: SP_ACS_BSRVH2ORelease Version: 2020.Q2.G.03 This dataset is the part of the Global SDG Indicator Database compiled through the UN System in preparation for the Secretary-General's annual report on Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.Indicator 1.4.1: Proportion of population living in households with access to basic servicesTarget 1.4: By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinanceGoal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhereFor more information on the compilation methodology of this dataset, see https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/

Nigeria NG: Population with Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources: % of Total Population data was reported at 22.000 % in 2020. This records an increase from the previous number of 21.000 % for 2019. Nigeria NG: Population with Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources: % of Total Population data is updated yearly, averaging 18.000 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2020, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.000 % in 2020 and a record low of 14.000 % in 2001. Nigeria NG: Population with Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources: % of Total Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Nigeria – Table NG.OECD.GGI: Social: Access to Services: Non OECD Member: Annual.

We present survey data about a Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE) implemented around the Vittel Impluvium between November 2019 and August 2020. This data include 673 questionnaires in the original database. Stata files are added to detail the treatment of incomplete questionnaires, missing IDs etc. Data includes socio-economic characteristics, the DCE, and follow-up questions. The data are described in the published paper : Amiri, T., Abildtrup, J., Garcia, S., Montagné-Huck, C. (2022). The impact of water protection measures in the Vittel impluvium on recreational values : A choice experiment with local residents. Revue française d’économie. Vol. XXXVII. pp. 145-204. DOI : 10.3917/rfe.222.0145

This data release contains records from research focused on understanding social vulnerability to water insecurity, resiliency demonstrated by institutions, and conflict or crisis around water resource management. This data release focuses on social vulnerability to water insecurity. The data is derived from a meta-analysis of studies in the empirical literature which measured factors of social vulnerability associated with conditions of water insecurity. In the water security context this data and associated study identify the indicators used to measure social vulnerability, the frequency at which indicators are used, and the uncertainty associated with measurements based on those indictors. Assessed studies were published between 2000 and 2022 and covered states of the conterminous U.S. located west of the Mississippi River. This meta-analysis is published as ‘Social vulnerability and water insecurity in the western US: A systematic review of framings, indicators, and uncertainty’. It is part of the Social and Economic Drivers Program’s ‘Measuring Intended and Unintended Effects of Water Management Decisions’ study. The data was gathered to provide baseline metrics supporting the development of a set of indicators describing vulnerability of key water-use sectors (agricultural and municipal) to conditions of water insecurity (including concerns of water quality, quantity, and access to the resource). This includes understanding the inherent vulnerabilities of populations dependent on these water-use sectors as well as those decision-making processes that can exacerbate vulnerabilities. This data may further be used to validate social vulnerability metrics, provide the basis from which sociodemographic data can be integrated into models of water use and demand, and improve models of susceptibility to water-related hazards including drought and floods. The data release contains six (6) related datasets and their associated metadata: Papers: Contains bibliographic data and abstract for each scientific paper included in the meta-analysis. Each entry represents a unique model of social vulnerability to water insecurity. In cases where a scientific paper included multiple models that produced different associations between social vulnerability and water insecurity, the paper is recorded separately for each unique model. Literature Results Summary of Indicators of social vulnerability to water insecurity in the Western US 2000-2022: Contains a high-level overview showing how each paper was classified. The table identifies the water-use sector of focus, thematic issue of water security covered, study location, spatial scale, dimension (thematic category) of social vulnerability covered, the determinants (attributes) of social vulnerability measured, and a count of the number of times each social vulnerability determinant (attribute) was measured. Aggregated indicators of social vulnerability to water insecurity in the Western US 2000-2022: For each model studied this table records: the dimensions (thematic category) of social vulnerability covered, the determinants (attributes) of social vulnerability assessed, aggregated indicators (variables) used to measure individual components of each determinant, and a count of the number of individual variables used to measure each aggregated indicator (e.g., the aggregated indicator ‘Dependents’ may be measured by specific indicators for the population aged below 18 years as well as the population above 65 years). Sector Summary of social vulnerability to water insecurity in the Western US 2000-2022: For each determinant (attribute) of social vulnerability assessed, this table presents a summary of the number of indicators measured and number of papers (studies) including those indicators in both the agricultural and municipal water-use sectors. Uncertainty Summary by Determinant of social vulnerability to water insecurity in the Western US 2000-2022: Provides a high-level summary of the amount of evidence available and agreement in the literature for the direction of influence associated with each determinant of social vulnerability found in the meta-analysis. Uncertainty Summary of social vulnerability to water insecurity in the Western US 2000-2022: For each aggregated indicator assessed, this table provides counts of the number of models in the meta-analysis for which specific relationships (positive, negative, no relationship or for which the directionality could not be determined) to conditions of water insecurity were identified. The strength of these relationships is indicated by a count of the number of models recording them. The table also provides an indication of the levels of evidence and agreement between models.

Note: For information on data collection, confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see the 2020 Island Areas Censuses Technical Documentation..Due to COVID-19 restrictions impacting data collection for the 2020 Census of the U.S. Virgin Islands, data tables reporting social and economic characteristics do not include the group quarters population in the table universe. As a result, impacted 2020 data tables should not be compared to 2010 and other past census data tables reporting the same characteristics. The Census Bureau advises data users to verify table universes are the same before comparing data across census years. For more information about data collection limitations and the impacts on the U.S. Virgin Islands' data products, see the 2020 Island Areas Censuses Technical Documentation..Explanation of Symbols: 1.An "-" means the statistic could not be computed because there were an insufficient number of observations. 2. An "-" following a median estimate means the median falls in the lowest interval of an open-ended distribution.3. An "+" following a median estimate means the median falls in the upper interval of an open-ended distribution.4. An "N" means data are not displayed for the selected geographic area due to concerns with statistical reliability or an insufficient number of cases.5. An "(X)" means not applicable..Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 Census, U.S. Virgin Islands.

Saudi Arabia People Using At Least Basic Drinking Water Services: Rural: % of Rural Population data was reported at 100.000 % in 2022. This stayed constant from the previous number of 100.000 % for 2021. Saudi Arabia People Using At Least Basic Drinking Water Services: Rural: % of Rural Population data is updated yearly, averaging 100.000 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2022, with 23 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 % in 2022 and a record low of 100.000 % in 2022. Saudi Arabia People Using At Least Basic Drinking Water Services: Rural: % of Rural Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Saudi Arabia – Table SA.World Bank.WDI: Social: Access to Services. The percentage of people using at least basic water services. This indicator encompasses both people using basic water services as well as those using safely managed water services. Basic drinking water services is defined as drinking water from an improved source, provided collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip. Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water.;WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (washdata.org).;Weighted average;

ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS. Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture and industry are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production and for direct industrial use (including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants). Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002. The World Bank’s ESG Data Draft dataset provides information on 17 key sustainability themes spanning environmental, social, and governance categories.

Series Name: Proportion of population with access to safely managed drinking water sourcesPublication Year: 2018 The Statistical Yearbook provides in a single volume a comprehensive compilation of internationally available statistics on social and economic conditions and activities, at world, regional and national levels, for an appropriate historical period. It is prepared by the Statistics Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, of the United Nations Secretariat.Table: Water supply and sanitation servicesTopic: EnvironmentFor more information on the compilation methodology of this dataset, see https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publications/statistical-yearbook/

This data set consists of gridded fields of domestic and industrial water use for 2000 (in millions of cubic meters per year per grid cell) at 30 minute (latitude by longitude) resolution. Sectoral water use statistics were from WRI (1998). Reporting years for each country varied so national statistics were normalized to year 2000 by applying usage trends recorded in corresponding regional time series (Shiklomanov, 1996). Domestic water demand was computed on a per capita basis for each country and distributed geographically with respect to the 1-km total population field. Industrial usage was applied in proportion to urban population. Grid-based aggregates at 30-min resolution were then determined for domestic plus industrial water demand.

Mexico MX: Population with Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources: % of Total Population data was reported at 43.000 % in 2020. This stayed constant from the previous number of 43.000 % for 2019. Mexico MX: Population with Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources: % of Total Population data is updated yearly, averaging 41.000 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2020, with 21 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 43.000 % in 2020 and a record low of 39.000 % in 2000. Mexico MX: Population with Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources: % of Total Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.OECD.GGI: Social: Access to Services: OECD Member: Annual.

blockgroupdemographics A selection of variables from the US Census Bureau's American Community Survey 5YR and TIGER/Line publications. Overview The U.S. Census Bureau published it's American Community Survey 5 Year with more than 37,000 variables. Most ACS advanced users will have their personal list of favorites, but this conventional wisdom is not available to occasional analysts. This publication re-shares 174 select demographic data from the U.S. Census Bureau to provide an supplement to Open Environments Block Group publications. These results do not reflect any proprietary or predictive model. Rather, they extract from Census Bureau results. For additional support or more detail, please see the Census Bureau citations below. The first 170 demographic variables are taken from popular variables in the American Community Survey (ACS) including age, race, income, education and family structure. A full list of ACS variable names and definitions can be found in the ACS 'Table Shells' here https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical-documentation/table-shells.html. The dataset includes 4 additional columns from the Census' TIGER/Line publication. See Open Environment's 2023blockgroupcartographics publication for the shapes of each block group. For each block group, the dataset includes land area (ALAND), water area (AWATER), interpolated latitude (INTPTLAT) and longitude (INTPTLON). These are valuable for calculating population density variables which combine ACS populations and TIGER land area. Files The resulting dataset is available with other block group based datasets on Harvard's Dataverse https://dataverse.harvard.edu/ in Open Environment's Block Group Dataverse https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/blockgroupdatasets/. This data simply requires csv reader software or pythons pandas package. Supporting the data file, is acsvars.csv, a list of the Census variable names and their corresponding description. Citations “American Community Survey 5-Year Data (2019-2023).” Census.gov, US Census Bureau, https://www.census.gov/data/developers/data-sets/acs-5year.html. 2023 "American Community Survey, Table Shells and Table List” Census.gov, US Census Bureau, https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/technical-documentation/table-shells.html Python Package Index - PyPI. Python Software Foundation. "A simple wrapper for the United States Census Bureau’s API.". Retrieved from https://pypi.org/project/census/

Access to water and sanitation services by the population of the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Region, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, has been marked by processes of socio-spatial segregation and social exclusion. Considering the recognition, in 2010, of the human rights to water and sanitation by the United Nations, we seek to assess the adequate access to these services in the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Region through the principle of equality and non-discrimination. We used microdata from the demographic censuses, years 2000 and 2010, from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. We analyzed these data through descriptive and comparative statistical analysis, spatial analysis and multivariate analysis, so as to: determine the extent of the universalization of the adequate access to those services; assess the spatial dependence between municipalities regarding this access; identify and characterize possible access discrimination, by specific population groups. Results show an increase in the proportion of households with adequate access to water and sanitation services in the intercensus period; near lack spatial association, showing inequalities among the 34 municipalities of the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Region; access inequalities among different population groups - according to household situation, income, race or color, sex and educational level - in a possible non compliance with the principle of non-discrimination.

The Virgin Islands of the United States Demographic Profile Summary File contains data on population and housing subjects derived from questions on the 2010 United States Virgin Islands Census questionnaire. Population subjects include age, sex, children ever born, citizenship status, disability status, educational attainment, race, Hispanic or Latino origin, family type, grandparents as caregivers, group quarters population, health insurance coverage status, household type and relationship, employment status, work experience, class of worker, industry, occupation, place of work, journey to work, travel time to work, language spoken at home and ability to speak English, marital status, foreign born status, nativity, year of entry, place of birth, parents' place of birth, earnings, income, poverty status, residence in 2009, school enrollment, vocational training and veteran status. Housing subjects include computer ownership, cooking fuel, gross rent, internet service, kitchen facilities, mortgage status, number of rooms, number of bedrooms, occupancy status, occupants per room, plumbing facilities, purchase of water from water vendor, selected monthly owner costs, sewage disposal, source of water, telephone service available, tenure, units in structure, vacancy status, value of home, vehicles available, year householder moved into unit and year structure built. The population and housing data are organized in 115 tables which are presented at five levels of observation: the United States Virgin Islands as a whole, island, census subdistrict, estate and place (town or census designated place). Every table cell is represented by a separate variable. The data are segmented into four data files. One data file contains geographic identification variables and the other three the population and housing variables. Together with the data files, the Census Bureau prepared a codebook and additional documentation, a Microsoft Access database shell, and a HTML-based application for displaying the tables called the Interactive Summary Level Access and Navigation Database (ISLAND). ICPSR provides all of these components, except the codebook, in three ZIP archives. The first archive contains the data files, the second the database shell and additional documentation and the third contains ISLAND. The codebook is provided as a separate file.

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F18335022%2Ffba932601e5edc58f4ff9875a5f084ac%2FBeachwatchMap.png?generation=1747746805406746&alt=media" alt="">

Context

The water quality of Sydney's iconic beaches. The data is available at the New South Wales State Government Beachwatch website.

Sydney beaches were in the news this summer with high rainfall causing concerns about the safety of the water.

The dataset includes both water quality and historical weather data from 1991 until 2025.

Has the water quality declined over this period? How does rainfall impact E-coli bacteria levels? Are some swimming sites particularly prone to high bacteria levels following rain?

Content

Geography: Sydney

Time period: 1991 - 2025

Unit of analysis: Water Quality at Sydney Beaches 2025

Variables

water)quality.csv

weather.csv

Acknowledgement

Thank you to Jen Richmond for curating this week's dataset.