1. Overview We provide various types of Annotated Imagery Data annotation services, including:
2. Bounding box
3. Polygon
4. Segmentation
5. Polyline
6. Key points
7. Image classification
8. Image description ...
9. Our Capacity
10. Platform: Our platform supports human-machine interaction and semi-automatic labeling, increasing labeling efficiency by more than 30% per annotator.It has successfully been applied to nearly 5,000 projects.

• Annotation Tools: Nexdata's platform integrates 30 sets of annotation templates, covering audio, image, video, point cloud and text.

-Secure Implementation: NDA is signed to gurantee secure implementation and Annotated Imagery Data is destroyed upon delivery.

-Quality: Multiple rounds of quality inspections ensures high quality data output, certified with ISO9001

1. About Nexdata Nexdata has global data processing centers and more than 20,000 professional annotators, supporting on-demand data annotation services, such as speech, image, video, point cloud and Natural Language Processing (NLP) Data, etc. Please visit us at https://www.nexdata.ai/computerVisionTraining?source=Datarade

Marine imaging has evolved from small, narrowly focussed applications to large-scale applications covering areas of several hundred square kilometers or time series covering observation periods of several months. The analysis and interpretation of the accumulating large volume of digital images or videos will continue to challenge the marine science community to keep this process efficient and effective. It is safe to say that any strategy will rely on some software platform supporting manual image and video annotation, either for a direct manual annotation-based analysis or for collecting training data to deploy a machine learning–based approach for (semi-)automatic annotation. This paper describes how computer-assisted manual full-frame image and video annotation is currently performed in marine science and how it can evolve to keep up with the increasing demand for image and video annotation and the growing volume of imaging data. As an example, observations are presented how the image and video annotation tool BIIGLE 2.0 has been used by an international community of more than one thousand users in the last 4 years. In addition, new features and tools are presented to show how BIIGLE 2.0 has evolved over the same time period: video annotation, support for large images in the gigapixel range, machine learning assisted image annotation, improved mobility and affordability, application instance federation and enhanced label tree collaboration. The observations indicate that, despite novel concepts and tools introduced by BIIGLE 2.0, full-frame image and video annotation is still mostly done in the same way as two decades ago, where single users annotated subsets of image collections or single video frames with limited computational support. We encourage researchers to review their protocols for education and annotation, making use of newer technologies and tools to improve the efficiency and effectivity of image and video annotation in marine science.

Biomedical image analysis plays an essential role in providing both qualitative and quantitative insights crucial for advancing biomedical research and applications. In recent years, deep learning has surpassed traditional image processing methods which rely on handcrafted features, achieving superior performance in biomedical image analysis. However, a significant challenge persists: image annotation effort required for training deep learning models is often both costly and time-consuming. The recent accumulation of large volumes of biomedical image data has heightened the demand for more efficient processing methods. Given the complexities surrounding image annotation and the need for practical solutions, there is a pressing demand for annotation-efficient deep learning approaches. In this dissertation, we propose novel deep learning methodologies aimed at reducing annotation effort and enhancing model applicability and practicality for various biomedical image processing tasks.

Firstly, we present a novel cell nucleus generation approach aimed at expanding the training set for cell segmentation tasks. This method enhances cell segmentation performance for both 2D and 3D cells, even when annotations are limited. Secondly, we introduce a method using weak annotation for 3D instance segmentation. Our approach only requires bounding box annotation for all instances and voxel annotation for a small subset. Despite this reduction in annotation effort, our method achieves comparable performance to state-of-the-art approaches. Lastly, we propose a synthetic image-driven approach to improve the quality of fluorescence images. This method does not rely on human annotations and is capable of transforming noisy fluorescence images into clean, interpretable ones. This enhancement facilitates better observations and quantification in biological studies and life sciences.

This dataset contains all annotations and annotation candidates that were used for the evaluation of the MAIA method for image annotation. Each row in the CSVs represents one annotation candidate or final annotation. Annotation candidates have the label "OOI candidate" (label_id 9974). All other entries represent final reviewed annotations. Each CSV contains the information for one of the three image datasets that were used in the evaluation. Visual exploration of the data is possible in the BIIGLE 2.0 image annotation system at https://biigle.de/projects/139 using the login maia@example.com and the password MAIApaper.

Supervised machine learning methods for image analysis require large amounts of labelled training data to solve computer vision problems. The recent rise of deep learning algorithms for recognising image content has led to the emergence of many ad-hoc labelling tools. With this survey, we capture and systematise the commonalities as well as the distinctions between existing image labelling software. We perform a structured literature review to compile the underlying concepts and features of image labelling software such as annotation expressiveness and degree of automation. We structure the manual labelling task by its organisation of work, user interface design options, and user support techniques to derive a systematisation schema for this survey. Applying it to available software and the body of literature, enabled us to uncover several application archetypes and key domains such as image retrieval or instance identification in healthcare or television.

ODDS Smart Building Depth Dataset

Introduction:

The goal of this dataset is to facilitate research focusing on recognizing objects in smart buildings using the depth sensor mounted at the ceiling. This dataset contains annotations of depth images for eight frequently seen object classes. The classes are: person, backpack, laptop, gun, phone, umbrella, cup, and box.

Data Collection:

We collected data from two settings. We had Kinect mounted at a 9.3 feet ceiling near to a 6 feet wide door. We also used a tripod with a horizontal extender holding the kinect at a similar height looking downwards. We asked about 20 volunteers to enter and exit a number of times each in different directions (3 times walking straight, 3 times walking towards left side, 3 times walking towards right side) holding objects in many different ways and poses underneath the Kinect. Each subject was using his/her own backpack, purse, laptop, etc. As a result, we considered varieties within the same object, e.g., for laptops, we considered Macbooks, HP laptops, Lenovo laptops of different years and models, and for backpacks, we considered backpacks, side bags, and purse of women. We asked the subjects to walk while holding it in many ways, e.g., for laptop, the laptop was fully open, partially closed, and fully closed while carried. Also, people hold laptops in front and side of their bodies, and underneath their elbow. The subjects carried their backpacks in their back, in their side at different levels from foot to shoulder. We wanted to collect data with real guns. However, bringing real guns to the office is prohibited. So, we obtained a few nerf guns and the subjects were carrying these guns pointing it to front, side, up, and down while walking.

Annotated Data Description:

The Annotated dataset is created following the structure of Pascal VOC devkit, so that the data preparation becomes simple and it can be used quickly with different with object detection libraries that are friendly to Pascal VOC style annotations (e.g. Faster-RCNN, YOLO, SSD). The annotated data consists of a set of images; each image has an annotation file giving a bounding box and object class label for each object in one of the eight classes present in the image. Multiple objects from multiple classes may be present in the same image. The dataset has 3 main directories:

1)DepthImages: Contains all the images of training set and validation set.

2)Annotations: Contains one xml file per image file, (e.g., 1.xml for image file 1.png). The xml file includes the bounding box annotations for all objects in the corresponding image.

3)ImagesSets: Contains two text files training_samples.txt and testing_samples.txt. The training_samples.txt file has the name of images used in training and the testing_samples.txt has the name of images used for testing. (We randomly choose 80%, 20% split)

UnAnnotated Data Description:

The un-annotated data consists of several set of depth images. No ground-truth annotation is available for these images yet. These un-annotated sets contain several challenging scenarios and no data has been collected from this office during annotated dataset construction. Hence, it will provide a way to test generalization performance of the algorithm.

Citation:

If you use ODDS Smart Building dataset in your work, please cite the following reference in any publications: @inproceedings{mithun2018odds, title={ODDS: Real-Time Object Detection using Depth Sensors on Embedded GPUs}, author={Niluthpol Chowdhury Mithun and Sirajum Munir and Karen Guo and Charles Shelton}, booktitle={ ACM/IEEE Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN)}, year={2018}, }

Image Annotation Service Market Outlook

The global Image Annotation Service market size was valued at approximately USD 1.2 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach around USD 4.5 billion by 2032, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15.6% during the forecast period. The driving factors behind this growth include the increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies across various industries, which necessitate large volumes of annotated data for accurate model training.

One of the primary growth factors for the Image Annotation Service market is the accelerating development and deployment of AI and ML applications. These technologies depend heavily on high-quality annotated data to improve the accuracy of their predictive models. As businesses across sectors such as autonomous vehicles, healthcare, and retail increasingly integrate AI-driven solutions, the demand for precise image annotation services is anticipated to surge. For instance, autonomous vehicles rely extensively on annotated images to identify objects, pedestrians, and road conditions, thereby ensuring safety and operational efficiency.

Another significant growth factor is the escalating use of image annotation services in healthcare. Medical imaging, which includes X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans, requires precise annotation to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions. The integration of AI in medical imaging allows for faster and more accurate analysis, leading to improved patient outcomes. This has led to a burgeoning demand for image annotation services within the healthcare sector, propelling market growth further.

The rise of e-commerce and retail sectors is yet another critical growth driver. With the growing trend of online shopping, retailers are increasingly leveraging AI to enhance customer experience through personalized recommendations and visual search capabilities. Annotated images play a pivotal role in training AI models to recognize products, thereby optimizing inventory management and improving customer satisfaction. Consequently, the retail sector's investment in image annotation services is expected to rise significantly.

Geographically, North America is anticipated to dominate the Image Annotation Service market owing to its well-established technology infrastructure and the presence of leading AI and ML companies. Additionally, the region's strong focus on research and development, coupled with substantial investments in AI technologies by both government and private sectors, is expected to bolster market growth. Europe and Asia Pacific are also expected to experience significant growth, driven by increasing AI adoption and the expansion of tech startups focused on AI solutions.

Annotation Type Analysis

The image annotation service market is segmented into several annotation types, including Bounding Box, Polygon, Semantic Segmentation, Keypoint, and Others. Each annotation type serves distinct purposes and is applied based on the specific requirements of the AI and ML models being developed. Bounding Box annotation, for example, is widely used in object detection applications. By drawing rectangles around objects of interest in an image, this method allows AI models to learn how to identify and locate various items within a scene. Bounding Box annotation is integral in applications like autonomous vehicles and retail, where object identification and localization are crucial.

Polygon annotation provides a more granular approach compared to Bounding Box. It involves outlining objects with polygons, which offers precise annotation, especially for irregularly shaped objects. This type is particularly useful in applications where accurate boundary detection is essential, such as in medical imaging and agricultural monitoring. For instance, in agriculture, polygon annotation aids in identifying and quantifying crop health by precisely mapping the shape of plants and leaves.

Semantic Segmentation is another critical annotation type. Unlike the Bounding Box and Polygon methods, Semantic Segmentation involves labeling each pixel in an image with a class, providing a detailed understanding of the entire scene. This type of annotation is highly valuable in applications requiring comprehensive scene analysis, such as autonomous driving and medical diagnostics. Through semantic segmentation, AI models can distinguish between different objects and understand their spatial relationships, which is vital for safe navigation in autonomous vehicles and accurate disease detectio

Digital imaging has become one of the most important techniques in environmental monitoring and exploration. In the case of the marine environment, mobile platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are now equipped with high-resolution cameras to capture huge collections of images from the seabed. However, the timely evaluation of all these images presents a bottleneck problem as tens of thousands or more images can be collected during a single dive. This makes computational support for marine image analysis essential. Computer-aided analysis of environmental images (and marine images in particular) with machine learning algorithms is promising, but challenging and different to other imaging domains because training data and class labels cannot be collected as efficiently and comprehensively as in other areas. In this paper, we present Machine learning Assisted Image Annotation (MAIA), a new image annotation method for environmental monitoring and exploration that overcomes the obstacle of missing training data. The method uses a combination of autoencoder networks and Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN), which allows human observers to annotate large image collections much faster than before. We evaluated the method with three marine image datasets featuring different types of background, imaging equipment and object classes. Using MAIA, we were able to annotate objects of interest with an average recall of 84.1% more than twice as fast as compared to “traditional” annotation methods, which are purely based on software-supported direct visual inspection and manual annotation. The speed gain increases proportionally with the size of a dataset. The MAIA approach represents a substantial improvement on the path to greater efficiency in the annotation of large benthic image collections.

The data annotation and labeling tool market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing demand for high-quality training data in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) applications. The market, estimated at $2 billion in 2025, is projected to expand significantly over the next decade, fueled by a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 25%. This growth is primarily attributed to the expanding adoption of AI across various sectors, including automotive, healthcare, and finance. The automotive industry utilizes these tools extensively for autonomous vehicle development, requiring precise annotation of images and sensor data. Similarly, healthcare leverages these tools for medical image analysis, diagnostics, and drug discovery. The rise of sophisticated AI models demanding larger and more accurately labeled datasets further accelerates market expansion. While manual data annotation remains prevalent, the increasing complexity and volume of data are driving the adoption of semi-supervised and automatic annotation techniques, offering cost and efficiency advantages. Key restraining factors include the high cost of skilled annotators, data security concerns, and the need for specialized expertise in data annotation processes. However, continuous advancements in annotation technologies and the growing availability of outsourcing options are mitigating these challenges. The market is segmented by application (automotive, government, healthcare, financial services, retail, and others) and type (manual, semi-supervised, and automatic). North America currently holds the largest market share, but Asia-Pacific is expected to witness substantial growth in the coming years, driven by increasing government investments in AI and ML initiatives. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of established players and emerging startups, each offering a range of tools and services tailored to specific needs. Leading companies like Labelbox, Scale AI, and SuperAnnotate are continuously innovating to enhance the accuracy, speed, and scalability of their platforms. The future of the market will depend on the ongoing development of more efficient and cost-effective annotation methods, the integration of advanced AI techniques within the tools themselves, and the increasing adoption of these tools by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) across diverse industries. The focus on data privacy and security will also play a crucial role in shaping market dynamics and influencing vendor strategies. The market's continued growth trajectory hinges on addressing the challenges of data bias, ensuring data quality, and fostering the development of standardized annotation procedures to support broader AI adoption.

Medical image analysis is critical to biological studies, health research, computer- aided diagnoses, and clinical applications. Recently, deep learning (DL) techniques have achieved remarkable successes in medical image analysis applications. However, these techniques typically require large amounts of annotations to achieve satisfactory performance. Therefore, in this dissertation, we seek to address this critical problem: How can we develop efficient and effective DL algorithms for medical image analysis while reducing annotation efforts? To address this problem, we have outlined two specific aims: (A1) Utilize existing annotations effectively from advanced models; (A2) extract generic knowledge directly from unannotated images.

To achieve the aim (A1): First, we introduce a new data representation called TopoImages, which encodes the local topology of all the image pixels. TopoImages can be complemented with the original images to improve medical image analysis tasks. Second, we propose a new augmentation method, SAMAug-C, that lever- ages the Segment Anything Model (SAM) to augment raw image input and enhance medical image classification. Third, we propose two advanced DL architectures, kCBAC-Net and ConvFormer, to enhance the performance of 2D and 3D medical image segmentation. We also present a gate-regularized network training (GrNT) approach to improve multi-scale fusion in medical image segmentation. To achieve the aim (A2), we propose a novel extension of known Masked Autoencoders (MAEs) for self pre-training, i.e., models pre-trained on the same target dataset, specifically for 3D medical image segmentation.

Scientific visualization is a powerful approach for understanding and analyzing various physical or natural phenomena, such as climate change or chemical reactions. However, the cost of scientific simulations is high when factors like time, ensemble, and multivariate analyses are involved. Additionally, scientists can only afford to sparsely store the simulation outputs (e.g., scalar field data) or visual representations (e.g., streamlines) or visualization images due to limited I/O bandwidths and storage space. Therefore, in this dissertation, we seek to address this critical problem: How can we develop efficient and effective DL algorithms for scientific data generation and compression while reducing simulation and storage costs?

To tackle this problem: First, we propose a DL framework that generates un- steady vector fields data from a set of streamlines. Based on this method, domain scientists only need to store representative streamlines at simulation time and recon- struct vector fields during post-processing. Second, we design a novel DL method that translates scalar fields to vector fields. Using this approach, domain scientists only need to store scalar field data at simulation time and generate vector fields from their scalar field counterparts afterward. Third, we present a new DL approach that compresses a large collection of visualization images generated from time-varying data for communicating volume visualization results.

The Data
The dataset consist of 5538 images of public spaces, annotated with steps, stairs, ramps and grab bars for stairs and ramps. The dataset has annotations 3564 of steps, 1492 of stairs, 143 of ramps and 922 of grab bars.

Each step annotation is attributed with an estimate of the height of the step, as falling into one of three categories: less than 3cm, 3cm to 7cm or more than 7cm. Additionally it is attributed with a 'type', with the possibilities 'doorstep', 'curb' or 'other'.

Stair annotations are attributed with the number of steps in the stair.

Ramps are attributed with an estimate of their width, also falling into three categories: less than 50cm, 50cm to 100cm and more than 100cm.

In order to preserve all additional attributes of the labels, the data is published in the CVAT XML format for images.

Annotating Process
The labelling has been done using bounding boxes around the objects. This format is compatible with many popular object detection models, e.g. the YOLO object model. A bounding box is placed so it contains exactly the visible part of the respective objects. This implies that only objects that are visible in the photo are annotated. This means in particular a photo of a stair or step from above, where the object cannot be seen, have not been annotated, even when a human viewer can possibly infer that there is a stair or a step from other features in the photo.

Steps
A step is annotated, when there is an vertical increment that functions as a passage between two surface areas intended human or vehicle traffic. This means that we have not included:

• Increments that are to high to reasonably be considered at passage.
• Increments that does not lead to a surface intended for human or vehicle traffic, e.g. a 'step' in front of a wall or a curb in front of a bush.

In particular, the bounding box of a step object contains exactly the incremental part of the step, but does not extend into the top or bottom horizontal surface any more than necessary to enclose entirely the incremental part. This has been chosen for consistency reasons, as including parts of the horizontal surfaces would imply a non-trivial choice of how much to include, which we deemed would most likely lead to more inconstistent annotations.

The height of the steps are estimated by the annotators, and are therefore not guarranteed to be accurate.

The type of the steps typically fall into the category 'doorstep' or 'curb'. Steps that are in a doorway, entrance or likewise are attributed as doorsteps. We also include in this category steps that are immediately leading to a doorway within a proximity of 1-2m. Steps between different types of pathways, e.g. between streets and sidewalks, are annotated as curbs. Any other type of step are annotated with 'other'. Many of the 'other' steps are for example steps to terraces.

Stairs
The stair label is used whenever two or more steps directly follow each other in a consistent pattern. All vertical increments are enclosed in the bounding box, as well as intermediate surfaces of the steps. However the top and bottom surface is not included more than necessary for the same reason as for steps, as described in the previous section.

The annotator counts the number of steps, and attribute this to the stair object label.

Ramps
Ramps have been annotated when a sloped passage way has been placed or built to connect two surface areas intended for human or vehicle traffic. This implies the same considerations as with steps. Alike also only the sloped part of a ramp is annotated, not including the bottom or top surface area.

For each ramp, the annotator makes an assessment of the width of the ramp in three categories: less than 50cm, 50cm to 100cm and more than 100cm. This parameter is visually hard to assess, and sometimes impossible due to the view of the ramp.

Grab Bars
Grab bars are annotated for hand rails and similar that are in direct connection to a stair or a ramp. While horizontal grab bars could also have been included, this was omitted due to the implied ambiguities of fences and similar objects. As the grab bar was originally intended as an attributal information to stairs and ramps, we chose to keep this focus. The bounding box encloses the part of the grab bar that functions as a hand rail for the stair or ramp.

Usage
As is often the case when annotating data, much information depends on the subjective assessment of the annotator. As each data point in this dataset has been annotated only by one person, caution should be taken if the data is applied.

Generally speaking, the mindset and usage guiding the annotations have been wheelchair accessibility. While we have strived to annotate at an object level, hopefully making the data more widely applicable than this, we state this explicitly as it may have swayed untrivial annotation choices.

The attributal data, such as step height or ramp width are highly subjective estimations. We still provide this data to give a post-hoc method to adjust which annotations to use. E.g. for some purposes, one may be interested in detecting only steps that are indeed more than 3cm. The attributal data makes it possible to sort away the steps less than 3cm, so a machine learning algorithm can be trained on this more appropriate dataset for that use case. We stress however, that one cannot expect to train accurate machine learning algorithms inferring the attributal data, as this is not accurate data in the first place.

We hope this dataset will be a useful building block in the endeavours for automating barrier detection and documentation.

Dataset Description:

This dataset is a comprehensive collection of Complete Blood Count (CBC) images, meticulously organized to support machine learning and deep learning projects, especially in the domain of medical image analysis. The dataset's structure ensures a balanced and systematic approach to model development, validation, and testing.

Dataset Breakdown:

• Training Images: 300
• Validation Images: 60
• Test Images: 60
• Annotations: Detailed annotations included for all images

Overview:

The Complete Blood Count (CBC) is a crucial test used in medical diagnostics to evaluate the overall health and detect a variety of disorders, including anemia, infection, and many other diseases. This dataset provides a rich source of CBC images that can be used to train machine learning models to automate the analysis and interpretation of these tests.

Data Composition:

1. Training Set:

   • Contains 300 images
   • These images are used to train machine learning models, enabling them to learn and recognize patterns associated with various blood cell types and conditions.

2. Validation Set:

   • Contains 60 images
   • Used to tune the models and optimize their performance, ensuring that the models generalize well to new, unseen data.

3. Test Set:

   • Contains 60 images
   • Used to evaluate the final model performance, providing an unbiased assessment of how well the model performs on new data.

Annotations:

Each image in the dataset is accompanied by detailed annotations, which include information about the different types of blood cells present and any relevant diagnostic features. These annotations are essential for supervised learning, allowing models to learn from labeled examples and improve their accuracy and reliability.

Key Features:

• High-Quality Images: All images are of high quality, making them suitable for a variety of machine learning tasks, including image classification, object detection, and segmentation.
• Comprehensive Annotations: Each image is thoroughly annotated, providing valuable information that can be used to train and validate models.
• Balanced Dataset: The dataset is carefully balanced with distinct sets for training, validation, and testing, ensuring that models trained on this data will be robust and generalizable.

Applications:

This dataset is ideal for researchers and practitioners in the fields of machine learning, deep learning, and medical image analysis. Potential applications include: - Automated CBC Analysis: Developing algorithms to automatically analyze CBC images and provide diagnostic insights. - Blood Cell Classification: Training models to accurately classify different types of blood cells, which is critical for diagnosing various blood disorders. - Educational Purposes: Using the dataset as a teaching tool to help students and new practitioners understand the complexities of CBC image analysis.

Usage Notes:

• Data Augmentation: Users may consider applying data augmentation techniques to increase the diversity of the training data and improve model robustness.
• Preprocessing: Proper preprocessing, such as normalization and noise reduction, can enhance model performance.
• Evaluation Metrics: It is recommended to use standard evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score to assess model performance.

Conclusion:

This CBC dataset is a valuable resource for anyone looking to advance the field of automated medical diagnostics through machine learning and deep learning. With its high-quality images, detailed annotations, and balanced composition, it provides the necessary foundation for developing accurate and reliable models for CBC analysis.

DESCRIPTION
For this task, we use a subset of the MIRFLICKR (http://mirflickr.liacs.nl) collection. The entire collection contains 1 million images from the social photo sharing website Flickr and was formed by downloading up to a thousand photos per day that were deemed to be the most interesting according to Flickr. All photos in this collection were released by their users under a Creative Commons license, allowing them to be freely used for research purposes. Of the entire collection, 25 thousand images were manually annotated with a limited number of concepts and many of these annotations have been further refined and expanded over the lifetime of the ImageCLEF photo annotation task. This year we used crowd sourcing to annotate all of these 25 thousand images with the concepts.

On this page we provide you with more information about the textual features, visual features and concept features we supply with each image in the collection we use for this year's task.

TEXTUAL FEATURES
All images are accompanied by the following textual features:

- Flickr user tags
These are the tags that the users assigned to the photos their uploaded to Flickr. The 'raw' tags are the original tags, while the 'clean' tags are those collapsed to lowercase and condensed to removed spaces.

- EXIF metadata
If available, the EXIF metadata contains information about the camera that took the photo and the parameters used. The 'raw' exif is the original camera data, while the 'clean' exif reduces the verbosity.

- User information and Creative Commons license information
This contains information about the user that took the photo and the license associated with it.

VISUAL FEATURES
Over the previous years of the photo annotation task we noticed that often the same types of visual features are used by the participants, in particular features based on interest points and bag-of-words are popular. To assist you we have extracted several features for you that you may want to use, so you can focus on the concept detection instead. We additionally give you some pointers to easy to use toolkits that will help you extract other features or the same features but with different default settings.

- SIFT, C-SIFT, RGB-SIFT, OPPONENT-SIFT
We used the ISIS Color Descriptors (http://www.colordescriptors.com) toolkit to extract these descriptors. This package provides you with many different types of features based on interest points, mostly using SIFT. It furthermore assists you with building codebooks for bag-of-words. The toolkit is available for Windows, Linux and Mac OS X.

- SURF
We used the OpenSURF (http://www.chrisevansdev.com/computer-vision-opensurf.html) toolkit to extract this descriptor. The open source code is available in C++, C#, Java and many more languages.

- TOP-SURF
We used the TOP-SURF (http://press.liacs.nl/researchdownloads/topsurf) toolkit to extract this descriptor, which represents images with SURF-based bag-of-words. The website provides codebooks of several different sizes that were created using a combination of images from the MIR-FLICKR collection and from the internet. The toolkit also offers the ability to create custom codebooks from your own image collection. The code is open source, written in C++ and available for Windows, Linux and Mac OS X.

- GIST
We used the LabelMe (http://labelme.csail.mit.edu) toolkit to extract this descriptor. The MATLAB-based library offers a comprehensive set of tools for annotating images.

For the interest point-based features above we used a Fast Hessian-based technique to detect the interest points in each image. This detector is built into the OpenSURF library. In comparison with the Hessian-Laplace technique built into the ColorDescriptors toolkit it detects fewer points, resulting in a considerably reduced memory footprint. We therefore also provide you with the interest point locations in each image that the Fast Hessian-based technique detected, so when you would like to recalculate some features you can use them as a starting point for the extraction. The ColorDescriptors toolkit for instance accepts these locations as a separate parameter. Please go to http://www.imageclef.org/2012/photo-flickr/descriptors for more information on the file format of the visual features and how you can extract them yourself if you want to change the default settings.

CONCEPT FEATURES
We have solicited the help of workers on the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform to perform the concept annotation for us. To ensure a high standard of annotation we used the CrowdFlower platform that acts as a quality control layer by removing the judgments of workers that fail to annotate properly. We reused several concepts of last year's task and for most of these we annotated the remaining photos of the MIRFLICKR-25K collection that had not yet been used before in the previous task; for some concepts we reannotated all 25,000 images to boost their quality. For the new concepts we naturally had to annotate all of the images.

- Concepts
For each concept we indicate in which images it is present. The 'raw' concepts contain the judgments of all annotators for each image, where a '1' means an annotator indicated the concept was present whereas a '0' means the concept was not present, while the 'clean' concepts only contain the images for which the majority of annotators indicated the concept was present. Some images in the raw data for which we reused last year's annotations only have one judgment for a concept, whereas the other images have between three and five judgments; the single judgment does not mean only one annotator looked at it, as it is the result of a majority vote amongst last year's annotators.

- Annotations
For each image we indicate which concepts are present, so this is the reverse version of the data above. The 'raw' annotations contain the average agreement of the annotators on the presence of each concept, while the 'clean' annotations only include those for which there was a majority agreement amongst the annotators.

You will notice that the annotations are not perfect. Especially when the concepts are more subjective or abstract, the annotators tend to disagree more with each other. The raw versions of the concept annotations should help you get an understanding of the exact judgments given by the annotators.

Image segmentation holds broad applications in medical image analysis, providing crucial support to doctors in both automatic diagnosis and computer-assisted interventions. The heterogeneity observed across various medical image datasets necessitates the training of task-specific segmentation models. However, effectively supervising the training of deep learning segmentation models typically demands dense label masks, a requirement that becomes challenging due to the constraints posed by privacy and cost issues in collecting large-scale medical datasets. These challenges collectively give rise to the limited annotations problems in medical image segmentation.

In this dissertation, we address the challenges posed by annotation deficiencies through a comprehensive exploration of various strategies. Firstly, we employ self-supervised learning to extract information from unlabeled data, presenting a tailored self-supervised method designed specifically for convolutional neural networks and 3D Vision Transformers. Secondly, our attention shifts to domain adaptation problems, leveraging images with similar content but in different modalities. We introduce the use of contrastive loss as a shape constraint in our image translation framework, resulting in both improved performance and enhanced training robustness. Thirdly, we incorporate diffusion models for data augmentation, expanding datasets with generated image-label pairs. Lastly, we explore to extract segmentation masks from image-level annotations alone. We propose a multi-task training framework for ECG abnormal beats localization and a conditional diffusion-based algorithm for tumor detection.

Medical Image DataSet: Brain Tumor Detection

Medical Image Dataset: Brain Tumor Detection

The Brain Tumor MRI dataset, curated by Roboflow Universe, is a comprehensive dataset designed for the detection and classification of brain tumors using advanced computer vision techniques. It comprises 3,903 MRI images categorized into four distinct classes:

• Glioma: A tumor originating from glial cells in the brain.
• Meningioma: Tumors arising from the meninges, the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
• Pituitary Tumor: Tumors located in the pituitary gland, affecting hormonal balance.
• No Tumor: MRI scans that do not exhibit any tumor presence.

Each image in the dataset is annotated with bounding boxes to indicate tumor locations, facilitating object detection tasks precisely. The dataset is structured into training (70%), validation (20%), and test (10%) sets, ensuring a robust framework for model development and evaluation.

The primary goal of this dataset is to aid in the early detection and diagnosis of brain tumors, contributing to improved treatment planning and patient outcomes. By offering a diverse range of annotated MRI images, this dataset enables researchers and practitioners to develop and fine-tune computer vision models with high accuracy in identifying and localizing brain tumors.

This dataset supports multiple annotation formats, including YOLOv8, YOLOv9, and YOLOv11, making it versatile and compatible with various machine-learning frameworks. Its integration with these formats ensures real-time and efficient object detection, ideal for applications requiring timely and precise results.

By leveraging this dataset, researchers and healthcare professionals can make significant strides in developing cutting-edge AI solutions for medical imaging, ultimately supporting more effective and accurate diagnoses in clinical settings.

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Brief ExplanationThis dataset is created to develop and evaluate a cataloging system which assigns appropriate metadata to an image record for database management in digital libraries. That is assumed for evaluating a task, in which given an image and assigned tags, an appropriate Wikipedia page is selected for each of the given tags.A main characteristic of the dataset is including ambiguous tags. Thus, visual contents of images are not unique to their tags. For example, it includes a tag 'mouse' which has double meaning of not a mammal but a computer controller device. The annotations are corresponding Wikipedia articles for tags as correct entities by human judgement.The dataset offers both data and programs that reproduce experiments of the above-mentioned task. Its data consist of sources of images and annotations. The image sources are URLs of 420 images uploaded to Flickr. The annotations are a total 2,464 relevant Wikipedia pages manually judged for tags of the images. The dataset also provides programs in Jupiter notebook (scripts.ipynb) to conduct a series of experiments running some baseline methods for the designated task and evaluating the results. ## Structure of the Dataset1. data directory 1.1. image_URL.txt This file lists URLs of image files. 1.2. rels.txt This file lists collect Wikipedia pages for each topic in topics.txt 1.3. topics.txt This file lists a target pair, which is called a topic in this dataset, of an image and a tag to be disambiguated. 1.4. enwiki_20171001.xml This file is extracted texts from the title and body parts of English Wikipedia articles as of 1st October 2017. This is a modified data of Wikipedia dump data (https://archive.org/download/enwiki-20171001).2. img directory This directory is a placeholder directory to fetch image files for downloading.3. results directory This directory is a placeholder directory to store results files for evaluation. It maintains three results of baseline methods in sub-directories. They contain json files each of which is a result of one topic, and are ready to be evaluated using an evaluation scripts in scripts.ipynb for reference of both usage and performance. 4. scripts.ipynb The scripts for running baseline methods and evaluation are ready in this Jupyter notebook file.

Attribution

The dataset was created by Omkar M Parkhi and Andrea Vedaldi and Andrew Zisserman and C. V. Jawahar and was downloaded from https://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/data/pets/ on January 23, 2022

Context

This is a 37 category pet dataset with roughly 200 images for each class. The images have a large variations in scale, pose and lighting. All images have an associated ground truth annotation of breed, head ROI, and pixel level trimap segmentation.

Content

What's inside is more than just rows and columns. Make it easy for others to get started by describing how you acquired the data and what time period it represents, too.

Imaging Annotation Tools Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Imaging Annotation Tools market size reached USD 1.42 billion in 2024, reflecting robust demand across a range of industries. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 27.8% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated USD 13.25 billion by 2033. This rapid expansion is driven by the increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies, which require high-quality annotated datasets to train models effectively. The escalating need for precise data labeling in applications such as medical imaging, autonomous vehicles, and security surveillance is further fueling growth in the imaging annotation tools market.

One of the primary growth factors for the imaging annotation tools market is the accelerating integration of AI and ML across various sectors. As organizations strive to automate processes and enhance decision-making, the demand for annotated image data has surged. In particular, sectors such as healthcare and automotive are leveraging these tools to improve diagnostic accuracy and enable advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), respectively. The proliferation of smart devices and the exponential growth in visual data generation also necessitate sophisticated annotation solutions, ensuring that AI models are trained with high-quality, accurately labeled datasets. The increasing complexity of AI applications is thus directly contributing to the expansion of the imaging annotation tools market.

Another significant driver is the evolution of deep learning algorithms, which rely heavily on large volumes of labeled data for supervised learning. The emergence of semi-automatic and automatic annotation tools is addressing the challenges posed by manual labeling, which can be time-consuming and prone to human error. These advanced tools not only accelerate the annotation process but also enhance accuracy and consistency, making them indispensable for industries with stringent quality requirements such as medical imaging and security surveillance. Furthermore, the growing adoption of cloud-based solutions has democratized access to powerful annotation platforms, enabling organizations of all sizes to participate in the AI revolution. This democratization is expected to further stimulate market growth over the forecast period.

The expanding use cases for imaging annotation tools across non-traditional sectors such as agriculture, retail, and robotics are also contributing to market momentum. In agriculture, annotated images are used to train AI models for crop monitoring, disease detection, and yield prediction. Retailers are harnessing these tools to enhance customer experience through visual search and automated inventory management. The robotics sector benefits from annotated datasets for object recognition and navigation, critical for the development of autonomous systems. As these diverse applications continue to proliferate, the imaging annotation tools market is poised for sustained growth, supported by ongoing innovation and increasing investment in AI technologies.

Automated Image Annotation for Microscopy is revolutionizing the way researchers and scientists handle vast amounts of visual data in the field of life sciences. By leveraging advanced AI algorithms, these tools are capable of accurately labeling complex microscopic images, which are crucial for tasks such as cell counting, structure identification, and anomaly detection. This automation not only speeds up the annotation process but also minimizes human error, ensuring that datasets are both comprehensive and precise. As microscopy generates increasingly large datasets, the demand for automated annotation solutions is growing, enabling researchers to focus more on analysis and discovery rather than manual data preparation. This technological advancement is particularly beneficial in medical research and diagnostics, where timely and accurate data interpretation can lead to significant breakthroughs.

From a regional perspective, North America currently dominates the imaging annotation tools market, driven by the presence of leading AI technology providers and a robust ecosystem for innovation. However, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region, fueled by rising investments in AI infrastructure, government in

This is Part 2/2 of the ActiveHuman dataset! Part 1 can be found here. Dataset Description ActiveHuman was generated using Unity's Perception package. It consists of 175428 RGB images and their semantic segmentation counterparts taken at different environments, lighting conditions, camera distances and angles. In total, the dataset contains images for 8 environments, 33 humans, 4 lighting conditions, 7 camera distances (1m-4m) and 36 camera angles (0-360 at 10-degree intervals). The dataset does not include images at every single combination of available camera distances and angles, since for some values the camera would collide with another object or go outside the confines of an environment. As a result, some combinations of camera distances and angles do not exist in the dataset. Alongside each image, 2D Bounding Box, 3D Bounding Box and Keypoint ground truth annotations are also generated via the use of Labelers and are stored as a JSON-based dataset. These Labelers are scripts that are responsible for capturing ground truth annotations for each captured image or frame. Keypoint annotations follow the COCO format defined by the COCO keypoint annotation template offered in the perception package.

Folder configuration The dataset consists of 3 folders:

JSON Data: Contains all the generated JSON files. RGB Images: Contains the generated RGB images. Semantic Segmentation Images: Contains the generated semantic segmentation images.

Essential Terminology

Annotation: Recorded data describing a single capture. Capture: One completed rendering process of a Unity sensor which stored the rendered result to data files (e.g. PNG, JPG, etc.). Ego: Object or person on which a collection of sensors is attached to (e.g., if a drone has a camera attached to it, the drone would be the ego and the camera would be the sensor). Ego coordinate system: Coordinates with respect to the ego. Global coordinate system: Coordinates with respect to the global origin in Unity. Sensor: Device that captures the dataset (in this instance the sensor is a camera). Sensor coordinate system: Coordinates with respect to the sensor. Sequence: Time-ordered series of captures. This is very useful for video capture where the time-order relationship of two captures is vital. UIID: Universal Unique Identifier. It is a unique hexadecimal identifier that can represent an individual instance of a capture, ego, sensor, annotation, labeled object or keypoint, or keypoint template.

Dataset Data The dataset includes 4 types of JSON annotation files files:

annotation_definitions.json: Contains annotation definitions for all of the active Labelers of the simulation stored in an array. Each entry consists of a collection of key-value pairs which describe a particular type of annotation and contain information about that specific annotation describing how its data should be mapped back to labels or objects in the scene. Each entry contains the following key-value pairs:

id: Integer identifier of the annotation's definition. name: Annotation name (e.g., keypoints, bounding box, bounding box 3D, semantic segmentation). description: Description of the annotation's specifications. format: Format of the file containing the annotation specifications (e.g., json, PNG). spec: Format-specific specifications for the annotation values generated by each Labeler.

Most Labelers generate different annotation specifications in the spec key-value pair:

BoundingBox2DLabeler/BoundingBox3DLabeler:

label_id: Integer identifier of a label. label_name: String identifier of a label. KeypointLabeler:

template_id: Keypoint template UUID. template_name: Name of the keypoint template. key_points: Array containing all the joints defined by the keypoint template. This array includes the key-value pairs:

label: Joint label. index: Joint index. color: RGBA values of the keypoint. color_code: Hex color code of the keypoint skeleton: Array containing all the skeleton connections defined by the keypoint template. Each skeleton connection defines a connection between two different joints. This array includes the key-value pairs:

label1: Label of the first joint. label2: Label of the second joint. joint1: Index of the first joint. joint2: Index of the second joint. color: RGBA values of the connection. color_code: Hex color code of the connection. SemanticSegmentationLabeler:

label_name: String identifier of a label. pixel_value: RGBA values of the label. color_code: Hex color code of the label.

captures_xyz.json: Each of these files contains an array of ground truth annotations generated by each active Labeler for each capture separately, as well as extra metadata that describe the state of each active sensor that is present in the scene. Each array entry in the contains the following key-value pairs:

id: UUID of the capture. sequence_id: UUID of the sequence. step: Index of the capture within a sequence. timestamp: Timestamp (in ms) since the beginning of a sequence. sensor: Properties of the sensor. This entry contains a collection with the following key-value pairs:

sensor_id: Sensor UUID. ego_id: Ego UUID. modality: Modality of the sensor (e.g., camera, radar). translation: 3D vector that describes the sensor's position (in meters) with respect to the global coordinate system. rotation: Quaternion variable that describes the sensor's orientation with respect to the ego coordinate system. camera_intrinsic: matrix containing (if it exists) the camera's intrinsic calibration. projection: Projection type used by the camera (e.g., orthographic, perspective). ego: Attributes of the ego. This entry contains a collection with the following key-value pairs:

ego_id: Ego UUID. translation: 3D vector that describes the ego's position (in meters) with respect to the global coordinate system. rotation: Quaternion variable containing the ego's orientation. velocity: 3D vector containing the ego's velocity (in meters per second). acceleration: 3D vector containing the ego's acceleration (in ). format: Format of the file captured by the sensor (e.g., PNG, JPG). annotations: Key-value pair collections, one for each active Labeler. These key-value pairs are as follows:

id: Annotation UUID . annotation_definition: Integer identifier of the annotation's definition. filename: Name of the file generated by the Labeler. This entry is only present for Labelers that generate an image. values: List of key-value pairs containing annotation data for the current Labeler.

Each Labeler generates different annotation specifications in the values key-value pair:

BoundingBox2DLabeler:

label_id: Integer identifier of a label. label_name: String identifier of a label. instance_id: UUID of one instance of an object. Each object with the same label that is visible on the same capture has different instance_id values. x: Position of the 2D bounding box on the X axis. y: Position of the 2D bounding box position on the Y axis. width: Width of the 2D bounding box. height: Height of the 2D bounding box. BoundingBox3DLabeler:

label_id: Integer identifier of a label. label_name: String identifier of a label. instance_id: UUID of one instance of an object. Each object with the same label that is visible on the same capture has different instance_id values. translation: 3D vector containing the location of the center of the 3D bounding box with respect to the sensor coordinate system (in meters). size: 3D vector containing the size of the 3D bounding box (in meters) rotation: Quaternion variable containing the orientation of the 3D bounding box. velocity: 3D vector containing the velocity of the 3D bounding box (in meters per second). acceleration: 3D vector containing the acceleration of the 3D bounding box acceleration (in ). KeypointLabeler:

label_id: Integer identifier of a label. instance_id: UUID of one instance of a joint. Keypoints with the same joint label that are visible on the same capture have different instance_id values. template_id: UUID of the keypoint template. pose: Pose label for that particular capture. keypoints: Array containing the properties of each keypoint. Each keypoint that exists in the keypoint template file is one element of the array. Each entry's contents have as follows:

index: Index of the keypoint in the keypoint template file. x: Pixel coordinates of the keypoint on the X axis. y: Pixel coordinates of the keypoint on the Y axis. state: State of the keypoint.

The SemanticSegmentationLabeler does not contain a values list.

egos.json: Contains collections of key-value pairs for each ego. These include:

id: UUID of the ego. description: Description of the ego. sensors.json: Contains collections of key-value pairs for all sensors of the simulation. These include:

id: UUID of the sensor. ego_id: UUID of the ego on which the sensor is attached. modality: Modality of the sensor (e.g., camera, radar, sonar). description: Description of the sensor (e.g., camera, radar).

Image names The RGB and semantic segmentation images share the same image naming convention. However, the semantic segmentation images also contain the string Semantic_ at the beginning of their filenames. Each RGB image is named "e_h_l_d_r.jpg", where:

e denotes the id of the environment. h denotes the id of the person. l denotes the id of the lighting condition. d denotes the camera distance at which the image was captured. r denotes the camera angle at which the image was captured.