Despite impressive recent gains in income (now classified by the World Bank as a ``high income country''), and access to alternative heating systems, Chileans continue to have amongst the highest levels of per-capita wood consumption in the world, with serious attendant health and environmental implications. In this paper, we estimate the income elasticity of the use of firewood as a primary residential heating system in Chilean households. Our estimate accounts for the country’s climatic, geographic, and socio-demographic variation; controls for multiple levels of fixed-effects and covariates; and accounts for selection---as some households choose no heating systems whatsoever. We find that an increase of income of 10\% decreases the probability of firewood use by about one-tenth of a percentage point, a statistically significant but economically trivial effect. This result, consistent across various robustness checks, provides evidence for an extremely weak income-based energy transition in Chile. It implies that passive environmental policy, expecting a reduction of firewood use exclusively from income growth will fail. If the Chilean government’s aim is to lower the detrimental health and environmental outcomes associated with firewood use, they will have to adopt more aggressive approaches.

This statistic shows the average inflation rate in Chile from 1987 to 2024, with projections up until 2030. In 2024, the average inflation rate in Chile had amounted to about 3.93 percent compared to the previous year. Chile's slowing economy The inflation rate in Chile has fluctuated from a low of 1.41 percent in 2010 to a high of 4.39 percent as of 2014. Despite the central bank having issued a target inflation rate of 3 percent, it was not reached in 2014, 2015 or 2016, defying expectations. Rising inflation is said to be affected by a weakening peso, combined with a relatively weak economy. While these inflation rates are not nearly comparable to some of the highest inflation rates around the world, slow growth and a lack of consumer and business confidence remain an underlying concern in Chile. Annual economic growth remains low at around two percent per year, fueling this concern. Further, export values are also in a slump as are those for imports, and this slow growth has had a significant effect on GDP growth per capita: In 2013, GDP per capita was around 15,713 U.S. dollars per capita, and in 2016 it is expected to drop by almost a fifth. In response, this year Chile has introduced a number of measures to help boost the economy, and 2016 is supposed to be the “Year of Productivity” with hopes of increasing trade and investment to raise growth and wages.

This fileset contains the supplement, the data and the replication code for the paper "Is temperature adversely related to economic development? Evidence on the short-run and the long-run links from sub-national data"Abstract: We examine the effect of rising temperatures on regional economic development, using annual sub-national data for over 1500 regions in 152 countries between 1990 and 2017. In a panel setting with region- and country-year fixed effects, we find no evidence of a homogeneous or heterogeneous effect of rising temperatures on economic development as measured by regional per capita income. Additionally, we find no non-linear relationship between temperature and economic development. We also employ a long-difference approach that is attuned to exploring the long-run relationship between rising temperatures and regional income. Results indicate that rising temperatures have a negative long-run impact on regional per capita income for a minority of regions located in countries with weak economic, legal and political institutions. Furthermore, these vulnerable regions experience a decline in long-term population and human capital development. The use of alternative regional per capita GDP data from 1950 onwards yields similar empirical results. Our findings suggest that negative economic effects of temperature increase with time, only becoming apparent in the long run for regions in already disadvantaged countries. Thus, country-specific conditions may moderate regional economic vulnerability to future temperature increases due to global climate change.

This assessment, reflecting poverty's many dimensions in Mozambique, combines multiple disciplines and diagnostic tools to explore poverty. It combines quantitative and qualitative approaches to understand trends in poverty and the dynamics that shape them. The objective is to support the development and implementation of proper policies that really work by taking poverty's multiple dimensions into account. The first analysis is using multiple quantitative and qualitative indicators on levels and changes in the opportunities and outcomes for households and communities in Mozambique since 1997. The main economic developments, analyzes how changes at the macro and meson level affected household livelihoods, and how households, especially poor households, responded. Agriculture and the private sector, especially labor-intensive activities, many of them small and informal. It can build human capital by improving access to basic public services, especially for the poor, and by increasing the value for money in public spending. And it can improve governance and accountability by getting government closer to its citizens. To achieve these goals, the government will need to increase the value for money in its spending on public services. It will also need to target services for the rural poor and enlist poor communities in identifying needs and delivering those services. And it will need to put in place good tracking systems to link program outputs to targets and outcomes, using frequent high-quality household surveys. Mozambique was an extremely poor country at the time of its elections in 1994, with decimated infrastructure, a weak economy, and fragile institutions. Since then, it has been astonishingly successful at restoring growth and improving welfare. Sustained growth -- driven primarily by investments in physical capital -- reduced monetary poverty from 69 percent of the populace in 1997 to 54 percent in 2003 and the depth and severity of no income poverty even more. Broad-based, labor-intensive private-sector growth was efficient in reducing poverty until 2003 because it was equally distributed. At the same time, investments in social and economic infrastructure extended access to public services, reduced welfare inequalities, and supported the livelihoods of the average Mozambican.

Private equity investors face a complex landscape of challenges heading into 2024, with economic growth - or lack threreof - concerns topping the list. A recent survey reveals that ** percent of investors rank relatively weak economic growth as their primary concern, followed closely by political and regulatory uncertainty, at ** percent. These worries reflect the broader economic and geopolitical tensions shaping the industry's outlook.

The 14th Five-Year Plan stated that China should accelerate green development and promote a comprehensive green transition in economic and social development. As China’s economic growth slows, green development becomes greatly significant for the high-quality development of the economy. Based on China’s provincial panel data from 2005 to 2021, this study applies fixed effects model and mediating effect model to explore the influence of the government environmental investment on green development. The results indicate that (1) the government environmental investment was conducive to green development, but such effect weakened with time. (2) The government environmental investment indirectly promoted green development through the application of green patents and economic agglomeration. (3) The promotional effect of the government environmental investment varied according to region and time. Specifically, investment exerted the most significant effect on the green development of eastern China, which became more evident after 2015. The government should promote green development by implementing long-term assessment and accountability mechanisms, expanding the scale of economic agglomeration, improving the efficiency of the application of green patents, and improving the accuracy of environmental investment.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Italy expanded 0.30 percent in the first quarter of 2025 over the previous quarter. This dataset provides - Italy GDP Growth Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

France FR: Strength of Legal Rights Index: 0=Weak To 12=Strong data was reported at 4.000 NA in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 4.000 NA for 2016. France FR: Strength of Legal Rights Index: 0=Weak To 12=Strong data is updated yearly, averaging 4.000 NA from Dec 2013 (Median) to 2017, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.000 NA in 2017 and a record low of 4.000 NA in 2017. France FR: Strength of Legal Rights Index: 0=Weak To 12=Strong data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.World Bank.WDI: Business Environment. Strength of legal rights index measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect the rights of borrowers and lenders and thus facilitate lending. The index ranges from 0 to 12, with higher scores indicating that these laws are better designed to expand access to credit.; ; World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/).; Unweighted average; Data are presented for the survey year instead of publication year. Data before 2013 are not comparable with data from 2013 onward due to methodological changes.

The gross domestic product (GDP) of Finland was 273 billion euros in 2023, an increase of around 7.2 billion euros compared with the previous year. Finland's GDP showed an upward trend from the early 2000’s until 2009, when the economy was strongly hit by the global financial crisis. Thereafter, the Finnish economy stagnated, and the GDP slowly resumed its growth. However, after a three-year recession between 2012 and 2014, the GDP growth rates remained relatively weak. Slow recovery after the financial crisis As a small open economy, Finland was severely affected by the 2008-2009 global financial crisis. While all euro-countries fell into recession in the early stages of the crisis, the recovery of the Finnish economy has been tardy, remaining below the EU average. Finland’s GDP drop in 2009 was the worst since the ‘great depression’ of the early 1990’s, from which the Finnish economy recovered relatively fast because of the strong Nokia-led ICT industry. By 2009, the backbones of Finnish economy, forest and ICT industry, had started to encounter difficulties in foreign trade. This declining value of foreign trade coupled with weaker international business conditions resulted in economic stagnation. Challenging outlook According to economic forecasts, the Finnish economy is expected to experience a slow growth rate of the GDP in the upcoming years. In recent years, the economic growth has been stronger, although Finland is still catching up to other similar EU countries in productivity, household income, and employment rate. Traditionally, the country’s strengths have been high-level education and skilled workforce, openness to investments, as well as stable institutions. However, the population is ageing and the public debt has risen almost 30 percent between 2008 and 2019. The future outlook is further challenged by the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

In the past, tomorrow and tomorrow, it seems that the practice of riba is not easy to eliminate immediately. This is because already used to practice usury is always a hope to achieve profit. The essence of the practice of usury is the exploitation of the rich (strong) on the weak in a way that is not true. RIBA activity is the activity of activities that exploit the needs of the weak, over funding of capital wealth on weak economic capital, whether implemented by the financial institution and others. Therefore, the presence of Islam as a religious teaching is not expected for usury. Riba and all its types are banned

Economic Optimism Index in Turkey remained unchanged at 96.70 points in June. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Turkey Economic Optimism Index - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

This paper studies the long-run economic impact of dismissing city councils infiltrated by organized crime. Applying a matched difference-in-differences design to the universe of Italian social security records, we find that city council dismissals (CCDs) increase employment, the number of firms, and industrial real estate prices. The effects are concentrated in Mafia-dominated sectors and in municipalities where fewer incumbents are re-elected. The dismissals generate large economic returns by weakening the Mafia and fostering trust in local institutions. The analysis suggests that CCDs represent an effective intervention for establishing legitimacy and spurring economic activity in areas dominated by organized crime.

ABSTRACT This paper seeks to incorporate one of the most recent theoretical progresses in institutional economics to the analysis of the institutional evolution of Brazil during the period 1956/1961: an endogenous rational choice model for institutional dynamics. The Kubitschek period was chosen because it was a moment of our recent history where it was tried to implement significant institutional changes in our political, economical and social institutions seeking to accelerate the rhythm of the industrialization process. The institutions implanted however did not present the self-reinforcement property nor in the weak sense, nor in the strong sense (terms defined in the paper), being for this subject to be undermined by endogenous processes. This institutional arrangement therefore, that was initially capable to sustain itself in conditions of fast industrialization with relative stability of prices, was progressively weakened, becoming self - enforceable only in conditions of economic stagnation and accelerated inflation. It is argued finally that the analysis outlined above can be useful to understand a little better the general nature of the processes of institutional change.

Shocks to international trade conditions, such as imposing tariffs, not only affects the global economy but also has substantial implications for carbon emissions. However, it is unclear whether the impact of changes in trade on carbon emissions will be consistent or change over time, as both trade patterns and emission intensity are dynamic in nature. Here, we simulated the economy and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in four representative years from 2004 to 2014 under a free trade scenario and a trade restriction scenario. Our simulations show that trade restrictions would have decreased global emissions by 6.0%, 5.7%, 5.2%, and 4.7% in 2004, 2007, 2011 and 2014; however, restrictions also drove a relative increase in emission intensity for all years. Although more pressure to emit was placed on developing regions with trade development over the study period, the impacts of trade restrictions on CO2 emissions weakened due to an absolute decrease in emission intensity across regions over time, especially for developing regions. Enabling continued improvements in emission intensity in developing regions by enhancing financial assistance, knowledge sharing, and technology exchange with trade is therefore critical to ensure win-win situations for both economic development and global carbon mitigation.

Investments in fiscal capacity—economic institutions for tax compliance—are an important feature of economic development. This paper develops a dynamic model to study the evolution of fiscal capacity over time. We contrast a social planner's investment path with politically feasible paths. Three types of states emerge in the long run: a common-interest state where public resources are devoted to public goods, a redistributive state where additional fiscal capacity is used for transfers, and a weak state with no transfers and a low level of public goods provision. We also present some preliminary evidence consistent with the theory.

Throughout the Second World War, the United States consistently had the largest gross domestic product (GDP) in the world. Additionally, U.S. GDP grew significantly throughout the war, whereas the economies of Europe and Japan saw relatively little growth, and were often in decline. The impact of key events in the war is also reflected in the trends shown here - the economic declines of France and the Soviet Union coincide with the years of German invasion, while the economies of the three Axis countries experienced their largest declines in the final year of the war.

Since the global economic and financial crisis of 2008, Serbia has struggled with a weak economy and a deteriorating fiscal position. Until 2008, fiscal deficits were moderate and public debt declined significantly. Since the start of the global economic and financial crisis in 2008, however, Serbia has struggled with the interlinked problems of minimal growth and unfavorable fiscal dynamics. As economic activity has stagnated, revenues have fallen and expenditures, particularly mandatory spending on pensions and wages, have remained high. At the same time, structural fiscal issues, such as continued state support to state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and tax administration inefficiencies, have been a drag on growth. As a result of these pressures, general government fiscal deficits averaged 5.6 percent of GDP a year between 2009 and 2014. Reflecting the high fiscal deficits and poor economic growth, Serbia’s public debt has more than doubled, from 34 percent of GDP in 2008 to 71 percent at yearend-2014. The objective of this report is therefore two-fold: (i) policy options and recommendations (beyond those built into the current program) that would help solidify the ongoing fiscal consolidation program and help achieve public debt sustainability over the medium term; and (ii) given near-term fiscal constraints, identify opportunities for enhancing the efficiency, quality, and equity of current public spending on health, education, and social protection over the medium term

Sweden SE: Strength of Legal Rights Index: 0=Weak To 12=Strong data was reported at 6.000 NA in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 6.000 NA for 2016. Sweden SE: Strength of Legal Rights Index: 0=Weak To 12=Strong data is updated yearly, averaging 6.000 NA from Dec 2013 (Median) to 2017, with 5 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.000 NA in 2017 and a record low of 6.000 NA in 2017. Sweden SE: Strength of Legal Rights Index: 0=Weak To 12=Strong data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.World Bank.WDI: Business Environment. Strength of legal rights index measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect the rights of borrowers and lenders and thus facilitate lending. The index ranges from 0 to 12, with higher scores indicating that these laws are better designed to expand access to credit.; ; World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/).; Unweighted average; Data are presented for the survey year instead of publication year. Data before 2013 are not comparable with data from 2013 onward due to methodological changes.

What explains the enormous differences in incomes across countries? This paper returns to two old ideas: linkages and complementarity. First, linkages between firms through intermediate goods deliver a multiplier similar to the one associated with capital in a neoclassical growth model. Because the intermediate goods share of output is about one-half, this multiplier is substantial. Second, just as a chain is only as strong as its weakest link, problems along a production chain can sharply reduce output under complementarity. These forces considerably amplify distortions to the allocation of resources, bringing us closer to understanding large income differences across countries.(JEL: D57, E23, O1O, O47)

The 14th Five-Year Plan stated that China should accelerate green development and promote a comprehensive green transition in economic and social development. As China’s economic growth slows, green development becomes greatly significant for the high-quality development of the economy. Based on China’s provincial panel data from 2005 to 2021, this study applies fixed effects model and mediating effect model to explore the influence of the government environmental investment on green development. The results indicate that (1) the government environmental investment was conducive to green development, but such effect weakened with time. (2) The government environmental investment indirectly promoted green development through the application of green patents and economic agglomeration. (3) The promotional effect of the government environmental investment varied according to region and time. Specifically, investment exerted the most significant effect on the green development of eastern China, which became more evident after 2015. The government should promote green development by implementing long-term assessment and accountability mechanisms, expanding the scale of economic agglomeration, improving the efficiency of the application of green patents, and improving the accuracy of environmental investment.