Percentage of total wealth owned by households in each decile for London and Great Britain. Data extracted from the ONS Wealth and Assets Survey (WAS) microdata. This dataset is one of the Greater London Authority's measures of Economic Fairness. Click here to find out more.

Percentage of total wealth owned by households in each decile for London and Great Britain. Data extracted from the ONS Wealth and Assets Survey (WAS) microdata. This dataset is one of the Greater London Authority's measures of Economic Fairness. Click here to find out more.

The attached file includes data and code used to analyse population scaling and house size in the ancient Near East.

Wealth inequality has been sharply rising in the United States and across many other high-income countries. Due to a lack of data, we know little about how this trend has unfolded across locations within countries. Investigating this subnational geography of wealth is crucial, as from one generation to the next, wealth powerfully shapes opportunity and disadvantage across individuals and communities. Using machine-learning-based imputation to link newly assembled national historical surveys conducted by the U.S. Federal Reserve to population survey microdata, the data presented in this paper addresses this gap. The Geographic Wealth Inequality Database ("GEOWEALTH-US") provides the first estimates of the level and distribution of wealth at various geographical scales within the United States from 1960 to 2020. The GEOWEALTH-US database enables new lines investigation into the contribution of inter-regional wealth patterns to major societal challenges including wealth concentration, spatial income inequality, equality of opportunity, housing unaffordability, and political polarization.

75% of households from the Bangladeshi ethnic group were in the 2 lowest income quintiles (after housing costs were deducted) between April 2021 and March 2024.

In 2023, the gross domestic product per capita in London was 63,618 British pounds, compared with 37,135 pounds per capita for the United Kingdom as a whole. Apart from London, the only other region of the UK that had a greater GDP per capita than the UK average was South East England, at 38,004 pounds per capita. By contrast, North East England had the lowest GDP per capita among UK regions, at 26,347 pounds. Regional imbalance in the UK economy? London's overall GDP in 2022 was over 508 billion British pounds, which accounted for almost a quarter of the overall GDP of the United Kingdom. South East England had the second-largest regional economy in the country, with a GDP of almost 341.7 billion British pounds. Furthermore, these two regions were the only ones that had higher levels of productivity (as measured by output per hour worked) than the UK average. While recent governments have recognized regional inequality as a major challenge facing the country, it may take several years for any initiatives to bear fruit. The creation of regional metro mayors across England is one of the earliest attempts at giving regions and cities in particular more power over spending in their regions than they currently have. UK economy growth slow in late 2024 After ending 2023 with two quarters of negative growth, the UK economy grew at the reasonable rate of 0.8 percent and 0.4 percent in the first and second quarters of the year. This was, however, followed by zero growth in the third quarter, and by just 0.1 percent in the last quarter of the year. Other economic indicators, such as the inflation rate, fell within the expected range in 2024, but have started to rise again, with a rate of three percent recorded in January 2025. While unemployment has witnessed a slight uptick since 2022, it is still at quite low levels compared with previous years.

The research aimed to develop and test models of household savings and labour supply to evaluate how reforms to social insurance schemes would impact household behaviour, household well-being, inequality and the public finances. There was no primary data collected as part of the grant. The materials uploaded consist of code to reproduce analysis and open licence secondary data. The 1332-6709-1-SP folder contains the supplementary material for Crawford, R. & O'Dea, C, "Household Portfolios and Financial Preparedness for Retirement" work. The HealthAffairsPaper.7z contains the replication materials supporting the project French EB, McCauley J, Aragon M, Bakx P, Chalkley M, Chen SH, et al. End-of-life medical spending in last twelve months of life is lower than previously reported. Health Aff (Millwood). 2017;36(7). The inheritances_report consists of the dofile "MasterReplication.do" required to re-create the results of the report “Inheritances and inequality over the life cycle: what will they mean for younger generations?”. The data sources used are the End-user-license versions of the English Longitudinal Study of Aging and the ONS Wealth and Assets Survey data. These data are available to download from the UK Data Service Website. The only non-publicly available data used here are a series of estimates made using the Longitudinal Study and exported from the Secure Research Service (SRS). These are available from the authors on request and with permission of the SRS. The authors' are happy to give guidance in how to access the data used in the project. The IntergenAltruismPaper contains the supplementary materials for "Intergenerational Altruism and Transfers of Time and Money: A Lifecycle Perspective" by Uta Bolt, Eric French, Jamie Hentall MacCuish and Cormac O'Dea. All relevant data can be downloaded from the UK Data Service: NCDS - https://beta.ukdataservice.ac.uk/datacatalogue/series/series?id=2000032; UKTUS - https://beta.ukdataservice.ac.uk/datacatalogue/series/series?id=2000054; ELSA - https://beta.ukdataservice.ac.uk/datacatalogue/studies/study?id=5050 and Family Expenditure Survey - https://beta.ukdataservice.ac.uk/datacatalogue/series/series?id=200016. The JHR_BlundellBrittonCostaDiasFrench contains the files for "The impact of health on labor supply near retirement" by Richard Blundell, University College London, Jack Britton, Institute for Fiscal Studies, Monica Costa Dias, Institute for Fiscal Studies and Eric French, University College London. The LifetimeMedicalSpending contains the code and results used in "The Lifetime Medical Spending of Retirees". Tables 1&2 are produced by the contents of the "healthtrans" directory. The operative file is "life_exp_couples3.gau", which runs in GAUSS. (c_elifeMCs.m is Matlab code that performs the same calculations for a given household configuration, but it does not produce the summary tables.) The output resides in "life_exp_couples3_021118b.out". Look for the bottom instance of the phrase "Life Expectancy Tables". The results for the oldest survivor lie to the far right of the panel for couples. Finally the MediationPaper consists of the supplemnetary materials for "The Intergenerational Elasticity of Earnings: Exploring the Mechanisms" by Uta Bolt, Eric French, Jamie Hentall MacCuish, and Cormac O'Dea Details of what each of the flders contain are in the respective ReadMe files.

The provision of 'social insurance' (the benefits governments pay to those who are ill, unemployed, disabled, poor or old), accounts for more government expenditure than any other category of public spending. This social insurance is potentially valuable to all households, not just those receiving those benefits at a given point in time. It ensures that, should households find themselves in difficult circumstances, they will be shielded from extremely low living standards. However, the provision of social insurance also brings costs. These costs are both direct (e.g. the financial cost of the transfers) and indirect (e.g. the provision of benefits reduces the incentives to work and save). Balancing these costs and benefits is a challenge for policy-makers.

Our proposed research will develop and test models of household savings and labour supply to evaluate how reforms to social insurance schemes would impact household behaviour, household well-being, inequality and the public finances.

About 36 percent of homeowners in England were aged 65 and above, which contrasts sharply with younger age groups, particularly those under 35. Young adults between 25 and 35, made up 15 percent of homeowners and had a dramatically lower homeownership rate. The disparity highlights the growing challenges faced by younger generations in entering the property market, a trend that has significant implications for wealth distribution and social mobility. Barriers to homeownership for young adults The path to homeownership has become increasingly difficult for young adults in the UK. A 2023 survey revealed that mortgage affordability was the greatest obstacle to property purchase. This represents a 39 percent increase from 2021, reflecting the impact of rising house prices and mortgage rates. Despite these challenges, one in three young adults still aspire to get on the property ladder as soon as possible, though many have put their plans on hold. The need for additional financial support from family, friends, and lenders has become more prevalent, with one in five young adults acknowledging this necessity. Regional disparities and housing supply The housing market in England faces regional challenges, with North West England and the West Midlands experiencing the largest mismatch between housing supply and demand in 2023. This imbalance is evident in the discrepancy between new homes added to the housing stock and the number of new households formed. London, despite showing signs of housing shortage, has seen the largest difference between homes built and households formed. The construction of new homes has been volatile, with a significant drop in 2020, a rebound in 2021 and a gradual decline until 2024.

In 2023, ******* individuals with net assets of at least ** million U.S. dollars were residing in the *************, by far the highest number of any country. By comparison, *****, which had the second highest number of ultra high net worth individuals (UHNWIs), had less than 100,000 individuals with assets amounting to ** million U.S. dollars or more.Place of residence of ultra high net worth individuals The residency of almost half of the world’s ultra high net worth individuals in the United States explains the dominance of North America in regard to the number of ultra high net worth individuals by region. Hong Kong was the city with the most UHNWIs in 2022, followed by New York, London, and Los Angeles. Source of wealth and gender differences A majority of the world's UHNWIs are self-made. However, looking at billionaires, there is a clear difference between men and women; whereas a majority of billionaire men were self-made, a majority of the women had inherited their fortune.

In March 2025, the top one percent of earners in the United Kingdom received an average pay of over 16,000 British pounds per month, compared with the bottom ten percent of earners who earned around 800 pounds a month.