This dataset contains an archived copy of the Safari 2000 Project website as of October 2008. This archived website is provided for informational purposes only. No updates to the website and associated content have been made since January of 2008. The database that once provided content for this website was transitioned to text and is included herein. SAFARI 2000 was an international regional science initiative developed for southern Africa to explore, study and address linkages between land-atmosphere processes and the relationship of biogenic, pyrogenic or anthropogenic emissions and the consequences of their deposition to the functioning of the biogeophysical and biogeochemical systems of southern Africa. This initiative was built around a number of on-going, already funded activities by NASA, the international community and African nations in the southern African region.

This data set contains Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) imagery for the eight core study sites of Mongu, Etosha, Kasangu, Skukuza, Mutoko, Mzola, Nampula, and Ndola. There are two main sets of local area coverage (LAC) data, Level-1 and Level-2 200-km x 200-km image subsets for seven of the sites and 400-km x 400-km image subsets for the Etosha site. The data files presented here were selected from a large collection of SeaWiFS images based on image clarity and lack of clouds. Several hazy days were included as a contrast. The data are provided in HDF format files. The SeaWiFS sensor, launched in late 1997, collects data in 8 bands ranging from 402 nm to 885 nm. SeaWiFS data are available at two spatial resolutions, local area coverage (LAC) at 1.1 km and global area coverage (GAC) at 4.5-km resolution. There are many additional images available at the SeaWiFS Web site. More information about this dataset can be found in the companion document, SAFARI 2000 SeaWiFS Site and Regional Imagery Descriptions. ORNL DAAC maintains information on the entire SAFARI 2000 Project.

ABSTRACT: The Global Inventory Mapping and Modeling (GIMMS) group at NASA/GSFC provided SAFARI 2000 with remotely sensed satellite data products at the site and regional level. These AVHRR data contain two main sets of data: site extracts of SAFARI core sites (Mongu, Etosha, Kasungu, Maun, Skukuza, and Tshane), and regional 15-day composites from sets of single-day images. These AVHRR data contain four main sets of data:1.5 km daily site extracts of SAFARI core sites (2000)1.5 km 15-day composites of SAFARI core sites (1998-2000)1.5 km 15-day composites of the southern African region (Mar, Sept 2000)6 km 15-day composites of the southern African region (1998-2000)The primary data layers for site extracts and regional composites are fire pixel counts and maximum NDVI. The fire product is different for the daily and for the composited products (see readme file) and a fire product is not included in the 1.5 km regional data set. NDVI composite-associated data layers for the regional data sets include land surface temperature, reflectance, solar zenith angle, view zenith angle, and relative azimuth angle. NDVI composite-associated data layers for the site extracts include these same variables as well as brightness temperature, fire mask composite, latitude, and longitude. The data are stored in binary image format files. There is a metadata file for each site and date/compositing period, in ASCII format.

Spanning more than sixty hectares of land, Phnom Penh Safari is a, first large-scale 200 with a concept of “Four Kingdoms” that exhibits four majestic and fascinating daily animal shows.

Biomass burning is a major source for gaseous and particulate atmospheric pollution over southern Africa and globally. The purpose of this study was to quantify biomass burning emissions in an attempt to better understand and predict associated environmental impacts. Sixty biomass burning experiments were carried out November 2000-January 2001 in three regions of southern Africa that are representative of major regional ecosystem types: Etosha National Park (Namibia), Kruger National Park (South Africa), and woodland sites in Zambia and Malawi. Organic halogen-containing gases were measured in the exhaust of these fires as well as the smoke mixing ratios of CO, CO2, NOx, CH4 and N2O. Fuel and ash samples were analyzed for elemental composition. These data allow investigators to assess the elemental mass balance for each experimental burn as well as the corresponding emission factors for individual compounds as functions of the biofuel composition.This data set contains four types of data:Baseline data for individual fires (time-series engineering data and mixing ratios and mass fluxes of CO, CO2 and NOx);Elemental analyses of fuel and ash (C, N, S, P, Cl, Br, I, K, Ca, Na, and Mg content of biofuel samples and ash);Flux data (integrated mass fluxes of CO, CO2, NOx and total mass of burned elements relative to the fuel element and the above fuel analyses);Emissions data (emissions of NH3, SO2, CH3COOH, HCOOH, HCl, HONO, and HNO3 and inorganic Cl and Br; ionic and elemental compositions of particles; and emissions of CO2, CO and NOx for different types of biofuel).

This data set contains species composition, basal area, height, and crown cover of all woody plants at six sites along the Kalahari Transect visited in February-March of 2000 as part of SAFARI 2000. Similar measurements on woody and herbaceous vegetation at the Skukuza Flux Tower site in Kruger National Park, South Africa, were made in June of 2000. Leaf area index was derived from measurements made using PAR sensors at each site.Sampling protocol was the same at each site, with a slight variation at Skukuza. A grid of 42 points, 6 rows of 7 columns, each 50 m apart, was laid down in an area 300 m x 350 m for the Kalahari Transect sites. At Skukuza, the grid was 7x7, or 350 m x 350 m, centered on the tower site, yielding 49 points. At each grid point, all woody plants within a circular plot of a fixed radius were identified and measured. Stem circumference was measured on all stems and basal area per stem was derived. Basal area for the circular plots, per species, was calculated and extrapolated to hectares. Tree and stem densities were determined from the number of trees and stems in subplots and extrapolated to hectares. Woody plant height and canopy cover were determined, and aboveground woody biomass and peak leaf area index were estimated. The files are in comma-delimited ASCII format, with the first line listing the data set, author, and date, followed by the data records.

This data set contains Global Positioning System (GPS) imprinted landscape photographs at 100 m intervals along the Large Grid Transects at Kalahari Transect sites in Botswana and at measurement sites in Kataba Forest, Mongu, Zambia and in the vicinity of the Skukuza flux tower site in Kruger National Park, South Africa. The Kalahari sites visited were Pandamatenga, Maun, Okwa Valley, and Tshane. There are about 30 pictures per site. In a related study, vegetation cover and composition were measured at various locations along the Kalahari Transect and trends in major vegetative cover, including species types and richness, were recorded (Ringrose and Matheson, 2004). The sites visited showed interesting degrees of variability despite the apparent homogeneity of the Kalahari sands and predominantly semi-arid savanna shrub-woodland vegetation cover. In this data set, the photography provides a visual characterization of species composition and vegetation cover along the Kalahari Transect. The photographs are intended to aid in the interpretation of other data sets, and can be used to suggest canopy height, gap fraction, grass, soil, and sky conditions.The photographs are provided as JPEG images. The following information is imprinted across the top of each photograph: camera number; date mode (G=UTC time) and date (YYMMDD format); time (HHMMSS format); locational mode (1 char) and DOP value (A 9.1); longitude (N, S), followed by DDMM.MMM format; latitude (E, W) followed by DDDMM.MMM format; and bearing (degrees) from magnetic north (indicates direction of shot).

The data set consists of southern Africa subset of the CPEP Global River Discharge Data Set. The Climate, People, and Environment Program (CPEP) global river discharge data set is a compilation of monthly mean discharge data for over 2600 sites worldwide. The data sources are RivDis 2.0, the United States Geological Survey, and Brazilian National Department of Water and Electrical Energy. The period of record is variable, from 3 years to greater than 100. The purpose of this compilation is to provide detailed hydrographic information to the climate research community in as general a format as possible. Data is provided in units of meters cubed per second (m**3/sec) in ASCII format. Data from stations with less than 3 years of information or with basin area less than 5000 km2 were excluded from this compilation. Therefore the original sources may have more sites available. No further documentation is available on this data set. Users should refer to the data originators for documentation. More information can be found at: ftp://daac.ornl.gov/data/safari2k/hydrology/river_discharge_cpep/comp/c….

In December 2024, Microsoft's Edge browser had a market share of 13.34 percent in the United States. Edge was first publicly released in July 2015, with the consumer release of Windows 10. However, Chrome held a majority of the market share, with almost 66 percent in the same month. What are web browsers? A web browser is a software application for visualizing websites, documents and data. The most popular current browsers are Google Chrome, Apple’s Safari, Microsoft Edge, and Firefox. Historically one of the large players in the segment, Internet Explorer has unfortunately lost its tight grip on the web browser market.As shown by the graph at hand, Google Chrome has been the most popular browser in the United States since December 2013. In other countries, Google Chrome has also taken up a dominating role. In the European browser market, Chrome and Safari have established strong market positions with 61 and 11.4 percent, respectively. On a worldwide scale, Chrome provided a share of around 64 percent in the global web browser market as of December 2021.

The global web browsing tool market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing adoption of internet-enabled devices and the rising demand for enhanced online privacy and security features. The market, currently estimated at $15 billion in 2025, is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $45 billion by 2033. This growth is fueled by several factors, including the expanding user base of mobile devices, the proliferation of e-commerce and online services, and growing concerns regarding data breaches and online tracking. The market segmentation reveals a strong preference for cloud-based solutions, particularly amongst Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), who appreciate the cost-effectiveness and scalability offered by this model. Large enterprises, however, are increasingly investing in on-premises solutions to maintain greater control over their data and security infrastructure. Competition is fierce, with established players like Google, Mozilla, and Microsoft vying for market share alongside innovative providers such as Brave and Vivaldi that prioritize user privacy. Geographic distribution indicates a strong presence in North America and Europe, with significant growth potential in the Asia-Pacific region due to rising internet penetration and smartphone adoption in countries like India and China. Regional variations in market growth are primarily influenced by digital literacy rates, internet infrastructure development, and regulatory frameworks related to data privacy. Growth is likely to be strongest in regions with high smartphone penetration and expanding internet access, while mature markets like North America and Europe are expected to see more moderate growth. Factors restraining market expansion include the increasing sophistication of ad-blocking technologies, the ongoing debate around data privacy regulations, and the emergence of new security threats. However, the continuous evolution of web browsing technologies, focusing on enhanced security, speed, and personalization, is poised to offset these challenges and propel market growth in the coming years. The development of artificial intelligence (AI)-powered features within browsers, including improved search functionalities and personalized content recommendations, is also expected to contribute significantly to the market's future growth trajectory.

Ozonesonde launches were made by the Southern Hemisphere ADditional OZonesondes (SHADOZ) group as part of the SAFARI 2000 Dry Season Campaign in September 2000 (Thompson et al., 2002). Ozonesondes are balloon-borne instruments measuring profile ozone, as well as temperature and pressure from an attached radiosonde, up to 35 km in height (around 5 hPa in pressure coordinates) capturing the troposphere and lower stratospheric portion of the atmosphere. During the campaign, ozonesondes were launched daily during the height of the burning season and in a region of active biomass burning activity.

This data set contains Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) imagery for the eight core study sites of Mongu, Etosha, Kasangu, Skukuza, Mutoko, Mzola, Nampula, and Ndola. There are two main sets of local area coverage (LAC) data, Level-1 and Level-2 200-km x 200-km image subsets for seven of the sites and 400-km x 400-km image subsets for the Etosha site. The data files presented here were selected from a large collection of SeaWiFS images based on image clarity and lack of clouds. Several hazy days were included as a contrast. The data are provided in HDF format files. The SeaWiFS sensor, launched in late 1997, collects data in 8 bands ranging from 402 nm to 885 nm. SeaWiFS data are available at two spatial resolutions, local area coverage (LAC) at 1.1 km and global area coverage (GAC) at 4.5-km resolution. There are many additional images available at the SeaWiFS Web site. More information about this dataset can be found in the companion document, SAFARI 2000 SeaWiFS Site and Regional Imagery Descriptions. ORNL DAAC maintains information on the entire SAFARI 2000 Project.

This data set contains monthly mean values of diffuse irradiance fraction [f(Ediff), or ratio of diffuse-to-total irradiance] at ground level for a 30-degree solar zenith angle and in seven spectral bands (MODIS bands 1-7) as well broadband visible (400-700 nm), near-infrared (700-3000 nm) and shortwave (400-3000 nm). Values are provided for eight SAFARI 2000 core sites, including Ghanzi/Okwa River Crossing, Maun (Main and Floodplain Towers), Pandamatenga, and Tshane, Botswana; Skukuza, South Africa; Etosha National Park, Namibia; and Mongu, Zambia. The fractions were estimated with the 6S radiative transfer model, given the mean aerosol optical depth (AOT) values from AERONET sunphotometer measurements. Where sunphotometers were not deployed at a SAFARI 2000 core site, the nearest neighbor sunphotometer data were used. A rough estimate of the likely spatial extrapolation error is provided. These data can be used to estimate typical surface albedo (blue sky conditions) from the theoretical black-sky and white-sky albedo values provided in the MODIS albedo product (MOD43), as well as in other applications.Data for all eight sites are contained in one ASCII file, in csv format. The data file provides the ratio of diffuse (atmospherically-scattered) irradiance to total irradiance, both at ground level, for the eight sites in southern Africa. Mean values are provided for each of 12 months in 10 spectral bands between 0.4 and 4.0 microns, computed for a 30-degree solar zenith angle. The native resolution of the AERONET sunphotometer data varies, but is typically less than 1 hour. Information about the site location, IGBP classification, and nearest AERONET sunphotometer site is also provided.

As of March 2025, Google Chrome accounted for around 53 percent of overall internet browser market share in the United States. Seemingly the only competitor that could challenge Google Chrome’s position at the top of the U.S. market is Apple’s Safari browser, which accounted for an additional 32 percent of the market share at that time. No other web browsers reached even ten percent market share. Web browsers Web browsers serve as the vehicle through which users gain access to the World Wide Web. They allow users from around the world to access a huge variety of content including everything from entertainment sites, to social media, to online shopping. In recent years, social media sites such as Facebook have become some of the most frequently visited sites in the world, as users seek to keep up to date with the digital presence of their friends, families, and favorite celebrities. Types of browser Web browsers, and internet access in general, were initially only available to desktop computers, but as technology has advanced, browsers are becoming standard features of smartphones, TVs, and other consumer electronic devices. Today, Chrome for Android and Safari for iPhone rank among the most widely user web browsers in the world alongside their desktop counterparts.

Data presented in this data set were collected during an intensive field campaign in Botswana between February 28 and March 18, 2000 along the Kalahari Transect as part of the SAFARI 2000 wet season field campaign. The sites visited were Pandamatenga, Maun, Okwa River Crossing, and Tshane (north to south). Individual leaf blade measurements were made on replicate samples from selected dominant and subdominant tree species using an optical lens and graticule. Leaves used in the study had recently-matured new growth, and were fully exposed to the sun for a significant part of the day. The data set is comprised of individual leaf blade dimensions along the length and width of each leaf by tree species as well as the mean of the replicate leaf length and width samples. The data are in comma-delimited ASCII format (kt_leaf_dimensions.csv).

This data set contains tree ring data from three sites located about 25 km of the meteorological station at Mongu, Zambia. Data from about 50 individual trees are reported. In addition, chronologies (or site mean curves) that better represent common influences (e.g., in this study, the climatic signal) were developed for each site based on the individual data (Trouet, 2004; Trouet et al., 2001). The series covers a maximum of 46 years, although most series do not extend longer than 30 years. The data were collected during the SAFARI 2000 Dry Season Field Campaign of August 2000.Ten to 23 samples were taken at each site. Brachystegia bakeriana was sampled at site 1, and Brachystegia spiciformis at sites 2 and 3. The vegetation at all sites underwent primitive harvesting for subsistence earlier the same year, thus samples could be taken from freshly cut trees and no living trees were cut. At all sites, samples consisted of full stem discs. Where possible, samples were taken at breast height (1.3 m) or slightly lower. Growth ring widths were measured to the nearest 0.01 mm using LINTAB equipment and TSAP software (Rinn and Jakel, 1997). Four radii per sample disc were measured. Cross-dating and response function analyses were performed by routine dendrochronological techniques. There are two files for each site, one containing integer values representing tree ring widths (raw data), and the other containing standardized values (chronologies), for each year. The data are stored as ASCII table files in comma-separated-value (.csv) format, with column headers.

The global Navigation Site market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing reliance on internet-connected devices and the expanding digital ecosystem. While precise figures for market size and CAGR aren't provided, a reasonable estimation based on current market trends and the presence of major players like Google, Microsoft, and Apple suggests a substantial market value. Let's assume, for illustrative purposes, a 2025 market size of $150 billion USD. Considering the continuous innovation in browser technology, improved user experience features, and the rise of mobile browsing, a conservative Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7% between 2025 and 2033 can be projected. This would indicate significant market expansion over the forecast period, exceeding $250 billion USD by 2033. This growth is fueled by factors such as the increasing adoption of mobile devices, the rise of e-commerce and online services, and the continuous evolution of web technologies, leading to more sophisticated and user-friendly browsing experiences. Competitive pressures among major players, such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Safari, are further driving innovation and feature enhancements. However, market growth is not without its challenges. Increasing concerns about data privacy and online security are creating a more regulated environment that could impact the development and adoption of new features. Furthermore, the emergence of new technologies and alternative browsing methods could pose a challenge to existing players. Competition is fierce, with companies investing heavily in research and development to maintain market share and attract users. Segment analysis within the market would likely reveal strong performance in mobile browsing, reflecting the ubiquity of smartphones and tablets. Regional variations are expected, with regions like North America and Europe holding significant market shares due to high internet penetration rates. The continued evolution of user demands and technological advancements will play a decisive role in shaping the future of this dynamic market.

The data presented here include the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and column water vapor measurements taken at sites along the Kalahari Transect using a Microtops sunphotometer. Data were collected every 30 minutes at 4 sites that were visited during the SAFARI 2000 Kalahari Wet Season Campaign between March 3, 2000 and March 18, 2000. AOT values are provided at 340, 440, 675, 870, and 936 nm wavelengths. An estimate of the Angstrom Coefficient is also provided to allow the estimation of AOT at other wavelengths.The purpose of this data collection was primarily for documentation of the conditions at each site and to aid in the correction of remote sensing data, for validation of Earth Observation System (EOS) products such as MODIS and MISR aerosol products, and for modeling of canopy productivity.

Top-of-the-canopy broadband albedo and radiation fluxes are calculated from measurements at the Mongu and Skukuza flux tower sites in southern Africa from March 2000 through December 2002. Data were collected by instrumentation deployed at the top of the 30 m tower in the Kataba Local Forest near Mongu, Zambia, and atop the 20 m tower at the Skukuza tower site in Kruger National Park, South Africa. At the Mongu site, Kipp and Zonen albedometers housing both upward- and downward-looking pyranometers were outfitted with clear and red domes to collect broadband albedo and radiation fluxes in the shortwave (SW) and near-infrared (NIR) wavebands, respectively. The data are mean values provided at 15-minute intervals for 2000-2002. At the Skukuza tower, Kipp and Zonen albedometers (also outfitted with clear and red domes) collected broadband albedo and radiation fluxes in the SW and NIR wavebands. In addition, a pyrgeometer was used to collect longwave radiation flux in thermal infrared (TIR) wavebands. The data at Skukuza are mean values provided at 30-minute intervals for 2000-2002, except for the TIR data, which are provided for 2001 and 2002 only. For both sites, photosynthetically active radiation can be calculated from measurements.The data are provided in comma-delimited ASCII files, with column headers. The SW and NIR data for both sites are provided in one file per year per site for 2000-2002. The Skukuza longwave data are provided separately, and for years 2001 and 2002 only.

This data set contains species composition, basal area, height, and crown cover of all woody plants at six sites along the Kalahari Transect visited in February-March of 2000 as part of SAFARI 2000. Similar measurements on woody and herbaceous vegetation at the Skukuza Flux Tower site in Kruger National Park, South Africa, were made in June of 2000. Leaf area index was derived from measurements made using PAR sensors at each site.Sampling protocol was the same at each site, with a slight variation at Skukuza. A grid of 42 points, 6 rows of 7 columns, each 50 m apart, was laid down in an area 300 m x 350 m for the Kalahari Transect sites. At Skukuza, the grid was 7x7, or 350 m x 350 m, centered on the tower site, yielding 49 points. At each grid point, all woody plants within a circular plot of a fixed radius were identified and measured. Stem circumference was measured on all stems and basal area per stem was derived. Basal area for the circular plots, per species, was calculated and extrapolated to hectares. Tree and stem densities were determined from the number of trees and stems in subplots and extrapolated to hectares. Woody plant height and canopy cover were determined, and aboveground woody biomass and peak leaf area index were estimated. The files are in comma-delimited ASCII format, with the first line listing the data set, author, and date, followed by the data records.