In England, there has been fairly significant increase in the mean weight of the population over the last quarter-century. In 1998, the mean weight was under 81 kilograms for men and around 68 kilograms for women. By 2022, the mean weight of men was 85.8 kilograms and the mean weight of women was 72.8 kilograms.

This statistic displays the breakdown of body weight class among men and women in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2015. Of respondents, 39 percent of men and 46 percent of women had a healthy body weight.

In 2022, men aged 55 to 64 years had an average body mass index (BMI) of 29 kg/m2 and women in the same age group had a BMI of 28.8 kg/m2, the highest mean BMI across all the age groups. Apart from individuals aged 16 to 24 years, every demographic in England had an average BMI which is classified as overweight.An increasing problem It is shown that the mean BMI of individuals for both men and women has been generally increasing year-on-year in England. The numbers show in England, as in the rest of the United Kingdom (UK), that the prevalence of obesity is an increasing health problem. The prevalence of obesity in women in England has increased by around nine percent since 2000, while for men the share of obesity has increased by six percent. Strain on the health service Being overweight increases the chances of developing serious health problems such as diabetes, heart disease and certain types of cancers. In the period 2019/20, England experienced over 10.7 thousand hospital admissions with a primary diagnosis of obesity, whereas in 2002/03 this figure was only 1,275 admissions. Furthermore, the number of bariatric surgeries taking place in England, particularly among women, has significantly increased over the last fifteen years. In 2019/20, over 5.4 thousand bariatric surgery procedures were performed on women and approximately 1.3 thousand were carried out on men.

This statistics display the distribution of weight classification in England in 2022, based on self--reported body mass index (BMI). In this year, 39 percent of men and 31 percent of women were classed as being overweight. Those with a BMI of between 25 and 29.9 are classed as overweight.

According to a survey carried out in England in June 2021, 62 percent of women aged between 45 and 54 years described themselves as overweight*, while according to the official NHS figures 67 percent of women in the same age group were overweight, obese or morbidly obese. This was the smallest difference in weight perceptions across the age groups.

This report presents information on obesity, physical activity and diet drawn together from a variety of sources for England. More information can be found in the source publications which contain a wider range of data and analysis. Each section provides an overview of key findings, as well as providing links to relevant documents and sources. Some of the data have been published previously by NHS Digital. A data visualisation tool (link provided within the key facts) allows users to select obesity related hospital admissions data for any Local Authority (as contained in the data tables), along with time series data from 2013/14. Regional and national comparisons are also provided. The report includes information on: Obesity related hospital admissions, including obesity related bariatric surgery. Obesity prevalence. Physical activity levels. Walking and cycling rates. Prescriptions items for the treatment of obesity. Perception of weight and weight management. Food and drink purchases and expenditure. Fruit and vegetable consumption. Key facts cover the latest year of data available: Hospital admissions: 2018/19 Adult obesity: 2018 Childhood obesity: 2018/19 Adult physical activity: 12 months to November 2019 Children and young people's physical activity: 2018/19 academic year

This dataset is designed to be used with the Integrated Census Micro-data (ICeM). It weights to adjust for the number of missing women in each Registration Sub-District (RSD) for every census year. More information is given in 'Weights to adjust for missing women in ICeM database 1851-1911 README' file.

BMI: Body Mass Index, IOTF: International Obesity Task Force, IQR: Inter-Quartile Range, UK: United Kingdom, NSHD: Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, NCDS National Child Development Study, BCS: British Cohort Study, ALSPAC: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, MCS: Millennium Cohort StudyaThinness, overweight, and obesity between 2–18 years of age were defined according to the IOTF cut-offs, which are centiles that link with the adulthood cut-offs at age 18 years (e.g., the 90.5th IOTF centile is used to define overweight in boys as this centile equals 25 kg/m2, the adulthood cut-off, at age 18 years).Description of BMI data in the five UK birth cohort studies.

The Health Survey for England series was designed to monitor trends in the nation's health, to estimate the proportion of people in England who have specified health conditions, and to estimate the prevalence of certain risk factors and combinations of risk factors associated with these conditions. The surveys provide regular information that cannot be obtained from other sources on a range of aspects concerning the public's health and many of the factors that affect health. Each survey in the series includes core questions and measurements (such as blood pressure, height and weight, and analysis of blood and saliva samples), as well as modules of questions on topics that vary from year to year. Four topics are reported for the first time this year: medicines, eye care, end of life care and a comparison of the health of shift workers and non-shift workers. Many chapters in this report contain more charts and less detailed descriptive text than in previous survey reports. We would very much welcome readers' views about this change. The Health Survey for England has been carried out since 1994 by the Joint Health Surveys Unit of NatCen Social Research and the Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health at UCL (University College London). A total of 8,795 adults and 2,185 children were interviewed in 2013. Please note this release was revised on 11 December 2014. This revision corrected Chapter 7 figures for median and mean number of portions of fruit and vegetables and the associated standard errors in the tables and corrected the 2013 data points for men and women aged 33-64 in Figure 10P - Morbid Obesity Prevalence, 1993-2013.

This statistic displays the body mass index (BMI) distribution of pregnant women in England in 2018/19, by age group. In this period, 47.5 percent of pregnant women aged 30 to 39 years were classed as normal weight.

Note August 2011: A number of errors have been identified in Table 7.5 - GHQ 12 score by body mass index (BMI) and gender, 2006 on page 164 of the Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet: England, 2009 report. The errors also affect the corresponding table in the accompanying Excel workbook. The commentary in the pdf report is unaffected. Please see the errata note for further information and corrected figures. The NHS IC apologises for any inconvenience this may have caused. Summary: This publication presents a range of information on obesity, physical activity and diet, drawn together from a variety of sources. This publication also summarises government plans and targets in this area, as well as providing sources of further information and links to relevant documents and key sources. This, our third report on obesity, physical activity and diet includes: overweight and obesity prevalence among adults and children physical activity levels among adults and children trends in purchases and consumption of food and drink, and energy intake and health outcomes of being overweight or obese. For the first time, the report provides information on attitudes towards and knowledge about leading a healthy lifestyle for both adults and children. This includes information on how much physical activity should be done, barriers towards doing more physical activity, knowledge of the recommended daily number of portions of fruit and vegetables and attitudes towards a healthy diet.

In 2022, 39 percent of men and 31 percent of women in England were classed as overweight. At first glance, it may seem that the share of overweight people in England has decreased since the year 2000, but the share of obesity in England has increased since then, indicating that England’s problem with weight has gotten worse. Strain on health service due to obesity The number of hospital admissions as a result of obesity in England has increased alongside this rise in obesity. In the period 2019/20, over eight thousand women and 2.6 thousand men were admitted to hospital. An escalation from the admission levels in 2002/03. The highest number of admissions due to obesity were found in the age group 45 to 54 years, with over 3.1 thousand admissions in that age group. Situation in Scotland In Scotland in 2020, the mean Body Mass Index of women was 27.8 and for men it was 27.5. A BMI of over 25 is classed as overweight. While the share of adults classed as obese or morbidly obese in Scotland in this year was 30 percent for women and 26 percent for men.

Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials of brief lifestyle interventions delivered at any stage during pregnancy, and across the BMI spectrum, were included. Studies of that included pregnant women diagnosed with any complications that might affect diet or physical activity behaviours were excluded. Eligible interventions had to be ‘brief’, where the intervention could be delivered during a routine point of contact (face to face or via telephone) (Werch et al., 2006). An inclusive approach to study selection was taken. Interventions could be delivered over more than one point of contact if the duration was kept intentionally brief and could realistically be delivered within a national healthcare system, without requiring significant expansion of workforce or training. For one intervention where duration of contact between participants and the healthcare practitioner was unclear, the study was retained for the purpose of the review (Jeffries, Shub, Walker, Hiscock, & Permezel, 2009). Comparator groups in the eligible trials needed to be a standard care control group. Interventions had to report on the effectiveness of changing energy balance behaviours (either diet, physical activity and/or weight monitoring behaviours) in pregnant women. The primary outcome of interest from the brief interventions was total GWG in kilograms, reported as the change in weight from first point of entry into the antenatal care pathway (i.e. baseline) to just before delivery (at variable time points in the third trimester). Meta-analyses were conducted on GWG as a continuous outcome (in kg) and as a binary outcome (proportion of pregnant women exceeding IOM GWG guidelines). Mean differences in total GWG in kilograms between the intervention and control groups were calculated for studies that reported continuous outcomes. In studies that compared the brief intervention to a more intense intervention group, only the comparison against standard care was taken forward for quantitative pooling. For all dichotomous outcomes, odds ratios for the likelihood of exceeding IOM-recommended GWG were calculated. Intention–to-treat data were used where reported by the individual studies. To estimate the overall pooled weighted mean effect size of the interventions, random effects models were chosen to allow for anticipated between-study variance (DerSimonian & Laird, 1986). Subgroup analyses were conducted, comparing interventions for women who entered pregnancy with overweight or obesity (BMI >25 kg/m2) compared to interventions delivered to women across the BMI spectrum. Further subgroup analyses by risk of bias and the brief intervention delivery strategy were also undertaken. For meta-analysis, assessment of between-study heterogeneity was judged by the p-value for heterogeneity and calculation of the I2 value. Significance of subgroup and sensitivity analysis was judged by the p value for heterogeneity (Higgins & Green, 2008). P-values of

Maternal obesity in pregnancy is associated with increased birth-weight, obesity and premature mortality in adult offspring. The Effect of Metformin on Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Pregnant Obese Women (EMPOWaR) trial was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial carried out to determine whether exposure to Metformin would affect the offspring birth-weight centile. Obese women exposed to Metformin had increased insulin sensitivity at 36 weeks of pregnancy, but there were no differences in offspring birthweight. We obtained the placentas from these women to determine whether there were differences in expression of genes regulating fetal growth and metabolism. In a complementary study we investigated DNA methylation in the same samples.

The hypothesis tested in the present study was The effect fo weight loss by dietary intervention with very low calorie diet on colorectal inflammatory genes and genepathways. The study results have shown that a 10% weight loss in obese women down-regulated inflammatory and cancer gene pathways. In addition there was downregulation of transcription factors known to play an important role in colorectal cancer. Total RNA obtained from colorectal mucosal biopsy samples

As of March 2022, 36 percent of men and 41 percent of women surveyed reported they had gained weight compared to when the COVID-19 pandemic began. Around 40 percent of men and women believed their weight had stayed the same during the pandemic.

In the UK, national statistics show obesity and overweight rising in adults and children from 1993-2021 (NHS Digital, 2022). Obesity is defined as a Body Mass Index (BMI) score of ≥30.0, with overweight defined as BMI ≥ 25.0 and <30.0, and both conditions are associated with significant health risks (World Health Organization, 2021). Obesity is linked to weight gain caused by a positive energy balance, meaning that the calorific intake through consuming food and drink is greater than calorific expenditure through physical activity. Around 38% of UK adults are overweight and a further 26% obese, prompting government interventions to improve public health.

Calorie labelling on menus in large cafes, restaurants, and food outlets (over 250 employees) was introduced in England by the UK government in 2022 as part of a strategy to raise awareness about healthy eating and reduce obesity (Department of Health and Social Care, 2022). Menus must show food calorie content in kilocalories (kcal) and state the daily calorie needs of adults. The idea was to provide dietary information that would enable individuals to be more intentional about what they chose to eat, with the aim of reducing their calorific intake.

There is some evidence that calorie labelling on menus can reduce calorific intake. In their meta-analysis, Nikolaou et al. (2015) reviewed six studies that had investigated calorie labelling and calories consumed in US restaurants. In some studies, but not all, there was a small reduction in calories purchased (12.4-38.1 kcal reduction per person) linked to labelling. The UK government (Department of Health and Social Care, 2021) summarised a range of studies on calorie labelling and consumption, mainly drawn from the US, and arrived at a similar conclusion that labelling did not always affect consumer choices, but when it did, there was a small reduction in calorie intake.

In a recent study with a large sample (N = 3,312) representing the US population, Jia et al. (2023) measured whether individuals noticed menu calorie labelling and, if they did, whether it affected their food choices. Twenty seven percent noticed and used labels to inform decisions about food, while 30% noticed labels but chose to ignore them. This implies that, while providing calorie labelling has utility for some individuals, others are not being reached through this approach. This suggests that US citizens have attitudes about the value they attribute to menu calorie labelling, and these views may mediate the effect of labelling information on calorific intake. In one of the very few studies in this area, Nikolaou et al. (2015) had also investigated menu calorie labelling preferences, but focused on young adults. In their US quantitative study (N = 1440), they found that 46% of participants welcomed calorie labelling, 30% did not want it, and 20% were undecided. The differences in findings between this study and that of Jia et al. (2023) could suggest an age effect, with younger people being more open to the benefits of menu calorie labelling. However, far more research is needed to state this with any conviction.

The research on psychological characteristics that predict calorie labelling preferences is very limited. There is some evidence that individuals’ sense of responsibility for their own health is associated with their menu calorie labelling preferences. In a South Korean study, Jeong & Ham (2018) collected survey data on health beliefs and menu labelling from 335 restaurant users. The survey questions assessed individuals’ use of labels in terms of the perceived health threats of non-use, health benefits of use, barriers to use (e.g., finding it difficult to understand the label), and cues to action (e.g., being encouraged by friends and family to use labels). Using structural equation modelling, Jeong & Ham found that perceived benefits strongly predicted label use (β = .66, p < .001), there were weak but significant relationships between label use and perceived barriers (β = -.19, p <.001) and perceived threats (β = .13, p < .01), and that cues to action predicted perceived threats (β = .37, p < .001) but not label use directly. Jeong & Ham’s study showed that health beliefs predict menu calorie label use in South Korea. However, this effect has not been demonstrated in other countries. Furthermore, the study’s focus was on the use of calorie labels rather than individuals’ views about them. The current study will investigate whether health-orientated beliefs influence menu calorie labelling preferences in the UK.

While it seems likely that individuals interested in optimising their health would value calorie labels as part of their personal health care, others may find labelling irritating or irrelevant, or even detrimental to health management. For example, calorie labelling may have a damaging effect on some individuals with eating disorders. Frances et al. (2023) conducted a qualitative survey of 399 individuals with an eating disorder history, using open-ended questions concerning calorie labelling and its impact on relationships and personal recovery. Following thematic analysis, the authors concluded that most participants considered calorie labelling hindered their recovery process, accentuated a sense of isolation, restricted their freedom, and increased their frustration and anger. Given that 20% of UK women are at risk of an eating disorder (NHS, 2020), Frances et al.’s work points to the potential negative impact of menu calorie labelling for an important segment of society. The full range of attitudes towards calorie labelling is worthy of research.

There is some evidence of a gender effect for the impact of menu calorie labelling on calorific intake. Roseman et al. (2017) conducted a field experiment in which 192 US university students were exposed to Burger King menus in one of four conditions, involving variations in calorie labelling information. The type of calorie information twinned with participants’ knowledge of nutrition significantly affected the intention to choose lower calorie foods, with a far greater impact on women than men. Nikolaou et al.’s (2015) study, described above, also found that young women reduced their calorific intake in response to menu calorie labelling significantly more than men did. In a survey-based study of 324 students in Croatia, Kresic et al. (2018) found that females appreciated the potential health benefits of calorie labelling significantly more than men did. These combined results suggested that women were more likely than men to be influenced by calorie labelling. However, the studies have not explored predictors of menu calorie labelling preferences.

One other variable of potential interest in menu calorie labelling is BMI, since it is often used as a screening method for weight category (e.g., underweight, healthy weight, overweight and obesity). A review of the literature indicates that the role of BMI in menu calorie labelling preference is largely unexplored. Indeed, Jia et al.’s (2023) study, described above, found that BMI had no effect on calorific intake linked to menu calorie labelling. This supports the idea that, at a population level, BMI is unlikely to predict menu calorie labelling preferences. An earlier study, Reale and Flint (2016), explored the impact of menu labelling on food choices in individuals with obesity. However, as they did not include a control of individuals with a lower BMI it is not possible to draw conclusions about the impact of BMI on menu labelling preferences. Further research is needed in this area, including whether the relationship between BMI and menu calorie labelling preferences are mediated by other variables, such as health-orientated beliefs and goals.

To the best of my knowledge, there has been no published study that combines health-orientated beliefs, gender, and calorie labelling preferences in the UK. The current study will aim to fill this gap.

The aim of the study was to investigate if the use of a 12 weeks liraglutide treatment change the endometrial gene expression during the implantation window in infertile obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF). This was a cross-sectional study involving treated and non-treated subjects. Endometrial biop-sies were collected from 20 infertile women with PCOS and BMI ≥30 kg/m2 before the IVF procedure. Endometrium transcriptome of 10 participants who had been pretreated with low-dose liraglutide 1.2 mg QD for 12 weeks and achieved at least a 5% reduction in body weight was compared to endometrium transcriptome of 10 treatment-naive participants who had a sta-ble body weight over the last 12 weeks. Next-generation sequencing was conducted to analyze RNA samples. The resulting data were processed to discern key canonical pathways and pre-dict activations or inhibitions. Gene networks were constructed based on established published associations.

This survey shows the results of dieting among respondents in the United Kingdom in 2015, by gender. A majority of both men and women put the weight back on soon after dieting, at 42 and 45 percent respectively.