The lack of quality data has left academia with an unclear picture of what religious life is like in China. Much of what is known comes from government statistics, anecdotal reports from missionaries and religious organizations, or field research. The objective of this study was to design and collect a state of the art random sample of Chinese citizens and assess their religious and spiritual life. A high quality team of Chinese scholars was assembled for the project. The survey was designed in fall 2006. In the spring of 2007, Dr. Anna Sun led a research team to field test the survey in China. In May 2007 the data were collected. The survey was a face-to-face interview. Respondents were selected using a multi-stage method to select metropolitan cities, towns and administrative villages. The final survey was administered in 56 locales throughout China, including 3 municipal cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing), 6 province capital cities (Guangzhou, Nanjing, Wuhan, Hefei, Xi'an and Chengdu). In addition, 11 regional level cities, 16 small towns, and 20 administrative villages were sampled. Within each locale, households were sampled within neighborhoods, and neighborhoods were sampled within administratively defined total neighborhood committees (government defined collections of neighborhoods). A KISH grid procedure was used to randomly select one respondent from each household for a face-to-face in-home interview.

China % of Population with Access to Water: City data was reported at 99.433 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 99.387 % for 2022. China % of Population with Access to Water: City data is updated yearly, averaging 96.120 % from Dec 1985 (Median) to 2023, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 99.433 % in 2023 and a record low of 63.900 % in 2000. China % of Population with Access to Water: City data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Utility Sector – Table CN.RCA: Percentage of Population with Access to Water.

Abstract (en): The purpose of this project was to measure and estimate the distribution of personal income and related economic factors in both rural and urban areas of the People's Republic of China. The principal investigators based their definition of income on cash payments and on a broad range of additional components. Data were collected through a series of questionnaire-based interviews conducted in rural and urban areas at the end of 2002. There are ten separate datasets. The first four datasets were derived from the urban questionnaire. The first contains data about individuals living in urban areas. The second contains data about urban households. The third contains individual-level economic variables copied from the initial urban interview form. The fourth contains household-level economic variables copied from the initial urban interview form. The fifth dataset contains village-level data, which was obtained by interviewing village leaders. The sixth contains data about individuals living in rural areas. The seventh contains data about rural households, as well as most of the data from a social network questionnaire which was presented to rural households. The eighth contains the rest of the data from the social network questionnaire and is specifically about the activities of rural school-age children. The ninth dataset contains data about individuals who have migrated from rural to urban areas, and the tenth dataset contains data about rural-urban migrant households. Dataset 1 contains 151 variables and 20,632 cases (individual urban household members). Dataset 2 contains 88 variables and 6,835 cases (urban households). Dataset 3 contains 44 variables and 27,818 cases, at least 6,835 of which are empty cases used to separate households in the file. The remaining cases from dataset 3 match those in dataset 1. Dataset 4 contains 212 variables and 6,835 cases, which match those in dataset 2. Dataset 5 contains 259 variables and 961 cases (villages). Dataset 6 contains 84 variables and 37,969 cases (individual rural household members). Dataset 7 contains 449 variables and 9,200 cases (rural households). Dataset 8 contains 38 variables and 8,121 cases (individual school-age children). Dataset 9 contains 76 variables and 5,327 cases (individual rural-urban migrant household members). Dataset 10 contains 129 variables and 2,000 cases (rural-urban migrant households). The Chinese Household Income Project collected data in 1988, 1995, 2002, and 2007. ICPSR holds data from the first three collections, and information about these can be found on the series description page. Data collected in 2007 are available through the China Institute for Income Distribution. The purpose of this project was to measure and estimate the distribution of personal income in both rural and urban areas of the People's Republic of China. The study was interview-based. Five main questionnaire forms (Urban, Rural, Rural Migrant, Social Network, and Village) were filled in by interviewers at the various locations, based on questions asked of respondents. Individuals were not all interviewed directly; household members were allowed to answer questions on behalf of other members. In addition, interviewers made some direct observations about the households. Respondents in datasets 1-4 and 6-10 were members and heads of households. In dataset 5, respondents were village representatives: for each village, interviewers asked questions of the party branch secretary, the head of the village committee, or the village accountant. Village authorities were encouraged to use existing statistical data where it was available. All datasets contain a wide range of demographic and economic variables, including income, assets, liabilities, and expenditures. Cases are coded such that individuals can be linked to the information about their households and villages in other datasets. Datasets about individuals (datasets 1, 6, and 9) all include demographic variables such as household composition, gender, age, nationality, marital status, party membership, educational history, and health information. Dataset 1 is about individuals living in urban areas. It contains standard demographic variables as well as economic variables such as medical insurance and expenditures, economically productive social contacts, and employment information including occupation, sector, income, hours, conditions, job history, and training. Dataset 2 is about households in urban areas...

This dataset collects the price information of second-hand houses in the top 10 cities in China in 2021(GDP). The website for obtaining information is Anjuke, and the amount of data on each city is about 3,000.

Language: Parts of the table in this dataset are in Chinese, but these colunms in Chinese have a certain range of values which could be transformed into index. There for, I choose to remain the origin language on these colunms, making it more likely to keep the original information as possible.

Modernization in China is accompanied by some specific features: aging, individualization, the emergence of the nuclear family, and changing filial piety. While young Chinese people are still the main caregivers for older adults, understanding the attitudes of young Chinese people toward aging and living independently in the context of modernization is important because it relates to future elderly care problems in China. By using in-depth interviews and qualitative methods, 45 participants were enrolled in the study, 38 (84.44%) were women and 37 (82.22%) had no siblings. The ages ranged from 17 to 25 years (mean age = 19.28, SD = 1.74). Results revealed that participants held diverse attitudes about older adults, but the general attitudes were that older adults are lonely, financially disadvantaged, have poor social support, lack hobbies, and care about their children more than themselves. Chinese college students were affected both by traditional filial piety and individualism; however, of the two, they seemed put greater value on independence. Moreover, traditional filial piety is changing in a modern direction, affected by Western ideas of individualism: the status of the senior is diminishing, and living with one’s parents is no longer regarded as a necessary component. Implications concerning age stereotypes, elderly care policies, and strategies are discussed.

Introduction

Welcome to the Mandarin Chinese General Conversation Speech Dataset — a rich, linguistically diverse corpus purpose-built to accelerate the development of Mandarin speech technologies. This dataset is designed to train and fine-tune ASR systems, spoken language understanding models, and generative voice AI tailored to real-world Mandarin Chinese communication.

Curated by FutureBeeAI, this 30 hours dataset offers unscripted, spontaneous two-speaker conversations across a wide array of real-life topics. It enables researchers, AI developers, and voice-first product teams to build robust, production-grade Mandarin speech models that understand and respond to authentic Chinese accents and dialects.

Speech Data

The dataset comprises 30 hours of high-quality audio, featuring natural, free-flowing dialogue between native speakers of Mandarin Chinese. These sessions range from informal daily talks to deeper, topic-specific discussions, ensuring variability and context richness for diverse use cases.

Topic Diversity

The dataset spans a wide variety of everyday and domain-relevant themes. This topic diversity ensures the resulting models are adaptable to broad speech contexts.

Transcription

Each audio file is paired with a human-verified, verbatim transcription available in JSON format.

These transcriptions are production-ready, enabling seamless integration into ASR model pipelines or conversational AI workflows.

Metadata

The dataset comes with granular metadata for both speakers and recordings:

Such metadata helps developers fine-tune model training and supports use-case-specific filtering or demographic analysis.

Usage and Applications

This dataset is a versatile resource for multiple Mandarin speech and language AI applications:

This database contains the recordings of 1000 Chinese Mandarin speakers from Southern China (500 males and 500 females), from 18 to 60 years’ old, recorded in quiet studios located in Shenzhen and in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China.

Demographics of native speakers from Southern China is as follows:

- Guangdong: 312 speakers (154 males, 158 females)

- Fujian: 155 speakers (95 males, 60 females)

- Jiangsu: 262 speakers (134 males, 128 females)

- Zhejiang: 160 speakers (84 males, 76 females)

- Taiwan: 105 speakers (31 males, 74 females)

- Other-Southern: 6 speakers (2 males, 4 females)

Speaker profile includes the following information: unique ID, place of birth, place where speaker lived the longest by the age of 16, and the number of years that the speaker lived there, age, gender, recording place.

Recordings were made through microphone headsets (ATM73a / AUDIO TECHNICA) and consist of 341 hours of audio data (about 30 minutes per speaker), stored in .WAV files as sequences of 48 KHz Mono, 16 bits, Linear PCM.

Recording script consists of :

• Phoneme balance statement: 785 sentences

• Travel conversation: 1618 sentences

• About 200 sentences per speaker including: 134 sentences of travel conversation, 66 sentences of phoneme balance

BackgroundDuring the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there have been many studies on knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward prevention of COVID-19 infection in China. Except for symptomatic treatment and vaccination, KAP toward COVID-19 plays an important role in the prevention of COVID-19. There is no systematic evaluation and meta-analysis of KAP toward COVID-19 in China. This study is the earliest meta-analysis of KAP toward COVID-19 in China’s general population. Hence, this systematic review aimed to summarize the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of Chinese residents toward COVID-19 during the pandemic.MethodologyFollowing the PRISMA guidelines, articles relevant to COVID-19 KAP that were conducted among the Chinese population were found in databases such as Scopus, ProQuest, PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China Biology Medicine, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, CQVIP, Wanfang and Google Scholar. A random-effect meta-analysis is used to summarize studies on knowledge, attitudes, and practice levels toward COVID-19 infection in China’s general population.ResultsFifty-seven articles published between August 2020 and November 2022 were included in this review. Overall, 75% (95% CI: 72–79%) of Chinese residents had good knowledge about COVID-19, 80% (95% CI: 73–87%) of Chinese residents had a positive attitude toward COVID-19 pandemic control and prevention (they believe that Chinese people will win the battle against the epidemic), and the aggregated proportion of residents with a correct practice toward COVID-19 was 84% (95% CI: 82–87%, I2 = 99.7%).In the gender subgroup analysis, there is no significant difference between Chinese men and Chinese women in terms of their understanding of COVID-19. However, Chinese women tend to have slightly higher levels of knowledge and a more positive attitude toward the virus compared to Chinese men. When considering the urban and rural subgroup analysis, it was found that Chinese urban residents have a better understanding of COVID-19 compared to Chinese rural residents. Interestingly, the rural population displayed higher rates of correct behavior and positive attitudes toward COVID-19 compared to the urban population. Furthermore, in the subgroup analysis based on different regions in China, the eastern, central, and southwestern regions exhibited higher levels of knowledge awareness compared to other regions. It is worth noting that all regions in China demonstrated good rates of correct behavior and positive attitudes toward COVID-19.ConclusionThis study reviews the level of KAP toward COVID-19 during the pandemic period in China. The results show that the KAP toward COVID-19 in Chinese residents was above a favorable level, but the lack of translation of knowledge into practice should be further reflected on and improved. A subgroup analysis suggests that certain groups need more attention, such as males and people living in rural areas. Policy makers should pay attention to the results of this study and use them as a reference for the development of prevention and control strategies for major public health events that may occur in the future.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=348246, CRD42022348246.

This database contains the recordings of 500 Chinese Mandarin speakers from Northern China (250 males and 250 females), from 18 to 60 years’ old, recorded in quiet studios located in Shenzhen and in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China. Demographics of native speakers from Northern China is as follows:- Beijing: 200 speakers (100 males, 100 females)- North of Beijing: 101 speakers (50 males, 51 females)- Shandong: 149 speakers (75 males, 74 females)- Henan: 50 speakers (25 males, 25 females)Speaker profile includes the following information: unique ID, place of birth, place where speaker lived the longest by the age of 16, and the number of years that the speaker lived there, age, gender, recording place.Recordings were made through microphone headsets (ATM73a / AUDIO TECHNICA) and consist of 172 hours of audio data (about 30 minutes per speaker), stored in .WAV files as sequences of 48 KHz Mono, 16 bits, Linear PCM. Recording script consists of :• Phoneme balance statement: 785 sentences• Travel conversation: 1618 sentences• About 200 sentences per speaker including: 134 sentences of travel conversation, 66 sentences of phoneme balance

In the Chinese Food Life Cycle Assessment Database (CFLCAD), Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGE) for 80 food items, Water Use (WU) for 93 food items and Land Use (LU) for 50 food items are collected through a literature review. The CFLCAD applies conversion factors for the edible portion of food, food loss ratio and processing, storage, packaging, transportation, and food preparation stages to estimate the environmental footprints of food from production to consumption. Similar food groups and recipes are used to match those food items without LCA value in the Chinese food composition table, resulting in a total of 17 food groups in the database.

Although Chinese speech affective computing has received increasing attention, existing datasets still have defects such as lack of naturalness, single pronunciation style, and unreliable annotation, which seriously hinder the research in this field. To address these issues, this paper introduces the first Chinese Natural Speech Complex Emotion Dataset (CNSCED) to provide natural data resources for Chinese speech affective computing. CNSCED was collected from publicly broadcasted civil dispute and interview television programs in China, reflecting the authentic emotional characteristics of Chinese people in daily life. The dataset includes 14 hours of speech data from 454 speakers of various ages, totaling 15777 samples. Based on the inherent complexity and ambiguity of natural emotions, this paper proposes an emotion vector annotation method. This method utilizes a vector composed of six meta-emotional dimensions (angry, sad, aroused, happy, surprise, and fear) of different intensities to describe any single or complex emotion. The CNSCED released two subtasks: complex emotion classification and complex emotion intensity regression. In the experimental section, we evaluated the CNSCED dataset using deep neural network models and provided a baseline result. To the best of our knowledge, CNSCED is the first public Chinese natural speech complex emotion dataset, which can be used for scientific research free of charge.

Summary

Here we introduce the Chinese Human Development Index (CHDI) dataset for the period 2010–2020, which extends the HDI framework to a more granular spatial scale. It encompasses the CHDI values, the three underlying dimension indices (health, education, and income), and the four indicators required to construct them: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and gross national income per capita. These indicators were compiled from population censuses, official development plans, and other authoritative statistical sources. The dataset’s fine-grained resolution and methodological rigor ensure both temporal and spatial comparability, providing a robust empirical foundation for analyzing evolving patterns, policy mechanisms, and regional divergences in China’s human development.

With detailed provincial and prefectural division codes, the dataset can be merged with other data sources for comprehensive analyses.

Contact Person

Pu Gong (gongpu@tsinghua.edu.cn)

This work was supported by the National Social Science Fund of China (24VRC043, 23&ZD130, 16ZDA009) and the Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program (2023THZWYY01).

Abstract (en): The China Multi-Generational Panel Dataset - Liaoning (CMGPD-LN) is drawn from the population registers compiled by the Imperial Household Agency (neiwufu) in Shengjing, currently the northeast Chinese province of Liaoning, between 1749 and 1909. It provides 1.5 million triennial observations of more than 260,000 residents from 698 communities. The population mainly consists of immigrants from North China who settled in rural Liaoning during the early eighteenth century, and their descendants. The data provide socioeconomic, demographic, and other characteristics for individuals, households, and communities, and record demographic outcomes such as marriage, fertility, and mortality. The data also record specific disabilities for a subset of adult males. Additionally, the collection includes monthly and annual grain price data, custom records for the city of Yingkou, as well as information regarding natural disasters, such as floods, droughts, and earthquakes. This dataset is unique among publicly available population databases because of its time span, volume, detail, and completeness of recording, and because it provides longitudinal data not just on individuals, but on their households, descent groups, and communities. Possible applications of the dataset include the study of relationships between demographic behavior, family organization, and socioeconomic status across the life course and across generations, the influence of region and community on demographic outcomes, and development and assessment of quantitative methods for the analysis of complex longitudinal datasets. ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: Created variable labels and/or value labels.; Standardized missing values.; Created online analysis version with question text.; Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.. Smallest Geographic Unit: Chinese banners (8) The data are from 725 surviving triennial registers from 29 distinct populations. Each of the 29 register series corresponded to a specific rural population concentrated in a small number of neighboring villages. These populations were affiliated with the Eight Banner civil and military administration that the Qing state used to govern northeast China as well as some other parts of the country. 16 of the 29 populations are regular bannermen. In these populations adult males had generous allocations of land from the state, and in return paid an annual fixed tax to the Imperial Household Agency, and provided to the Imperial Household Agency such home products as homespun fabric and preserved meat, and/or such forest products as mushrooms. In addition, as regular bannermen they were liable for military service as artisans and soldiers which, while in theory an obligation, was actually an important source of personal revenue and therefore a political privilege. 8 of the 29 populations are special duty banner populations. As in the regular banner population, the adult males in the special duty banner populations also enjoyed state allocated land free of rent. These adult males were also assigned to provide special services, including collecting honey, raising bees, fishing, picking cotton, and tanning and dyeing. The remaining populations were a diverse mixture of estate banner and servile populations. The populations covered by the registers, like much of the population of rural Liaoning in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, were mostly descendants of Han Chinese settlers who came from Shandong and other nearby provinces in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries in response to an effort by the Chinese state to repopulate the region. 2016-09-06 2016-09-06 The Training Guide has been updated to version 3.60. Additionally, the Principal Investigator affiliation has been corrected, and cover sheets for all PDF documents have been revised.2014-07-10 Releasing new study level documentation that contains the tables found in the appendix of the Analytic dataset codebook.2014-06-10 The data and documentation have been updated following re-evaluation.2014-01-29 Fixing variable format issues. Some variables that were supposed to be s...

Estimated gender- and age-specific prevalence of pterygium and number of people living with pterygium in China in 2010.

Housing Index in China remained unchanged at -2.20 percent in October. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - China Newly Built House Prices YoY Change - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The CHERRY study aims to collect electronic health records (EHRs) of adults in Yinzhou, an economically advanced region in southeastern China, serving as a big data resource for cardiovascular risk prediction and population management and providing evidence to improve the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in China. The study population consists of permanent residents of Chinese nationality residing in Yinzho who were 18 years of age or older as of January 1, 2009. In 2020, the study population consisted of 1.25 million individuals. The study includes data since 2009, and participants are continuously followed up through record linkage.

Individuals with naturally long-life spans have been extensively studied to gain a greater understanding of what factors contribute to their overall health and ability to delay or avoid certain diseases. Our previous work showed that gut microbiota can be a new avenue in healthy aging studies. In the present study, a total of 86 Chinese individuals were assigned into three groups: the long-living group (90 + years old; n = 28), the elderly group (65–75 years old; n = 31), and the young group (24–48 years old; n = 27). These groups were used to explore the composition and functional genes in the microbiota community by using the metagenomic sequencing method. We found that long-living individuals maintained high diversity in gene composition and functional profiles. Furthermore, their microbiota displays less inter-individual variation than that of elderly adults. In the taxonomic composition, it was shown that long-living people contained more short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria and a decrease in certain pathogenic bacteria. Functional analysis also showed that the long-living people were enriched in metabolism metabolites methanol, trimethylamine (TMA), and CO2 to methane, and lysine biosynthesis, but the genes related to riboflavin (vitamin B2) metabolism and tryptophan biosynthesis were significantly reduced in long-living individuals. Further, we found that long-living people with enriched SCFA- and lactic-producing bacteria and related genes, highly centered on producing key lactic acid genes (ldhA) and the genes of lysine that are metabolized to the butyrate pathway. In addition, we compared the gut microbiota signatures of longevity in different regions and found that the composition of the gut microbiota of the long-lived Chinese and Italian people was quite different, but both groups were enriched in genes related to methane production and glucose metabolism. In terms of SCFA metabolism, the Chinese long-living people were enriched with bacteria and genes related to butyric acid production, while the Italian long-living people were enriched with more acetic acid-related genes. These findings suggest that the gut microbiota of Chinese long-living individuals include more SCFA-producing bacteria and genes, metabolizes methanol, TMA, and CO2, and contains fewer pathogenic bacteria, thereby potentially contributing to the healthy aging of humans.

It is an important basis for the research on the prevention and early warning mechanism of alien invasive plants in China to figure out the types of alien plants in China, where they come from, how to enter China, what kind of groups of these alien plants are, as well as their biological and ecological characteristics. The information of alien plants recorded in Flora of China (Chinese edition), Flora of China (English edition) and their records in the Chinese province flora is very limited since various reason. At present, there is no complete database reflecting the information of alien plants in China. By integrating materials related to alien plants in recent years, and textual research on the origin and added habits of alien plants through literature, and then using computer network, databases and big data analysis technical means, after information treatment and taxonomic correction, with reconstruction of the classification, this paper finally determines the species directory data set of the book. There are 14710 data in this set, with 14710 groups of Chinese alien plants belonging to 3233 genera and 283 families (including 13401 original species, 332 hybrids, 2 chimeras, 458 subspecies, 503 varieties and 14 forms). Each taxa includes basic information such as categories of plants, Chinese family, family name, Chinese genus, genus, Chinese name, alias, scientific name, author, survival status, survival time, growth status, country or region of origin and province of Chinese distribution. The data set shows that alien plants have accounted for a considerable proportion in the composition of the Chinese plant species (at present, there are 37464 groups of native plants in China (including infraspecies), and with 14710 alien groups, the proportion of exotic plants is as high as 28.19%). In terms of survival status, cultivated plants account for 91% of all exotic plants, escape plants account for 7.36%, naturalized plant account for 6.69% and invasive plants account for 2.66%; The analysis of life forms shows that perennial groups account for the vast majority of alien plants (13625 species, about 92.6%), and the number of herbs (8937 species, about 60.8%) is more than that of trees (2752 species, about 18.7%), shrubs (4916 species, about 33.4%) as well as other life forms. Most of the alien plants in China were from North America (4242 species), Africa (3707 species), South America (3645 species), Asia (3102 species), Europe (1690 species) and Oceania (1305 species). The top 10 provinces and cities in China with more exotic plants are Taiwan (6122 species), Beijing (5244 species), Fujian (3667 species), Guangdong (3544 species), Yunnan (3404 species), Shanghai (2924 species), Jiangsu (2183 species), Jiangxi (1789 species), Zhejiang (1658 species) and Hubei (973 species). This data set is the first comprehensive and systematic collation of alien plants in China. It can be used as a reference for research related to alien plants, as well as basic data for plant diversity research. It can also be used as a reference book for people in agriculture, forestry, grassland, gardens, herbal medicine, nature protection and environmental protection, as well as teachers and students in colleges and universities.

The region of present-day China has historically been the most populous region in the world; however, its population development has fluctuated throughout history. In 2022, China was overtaken as the most populous country in the world, and current projections suggest its population is heading for a rapid decline in the coming decades. Transitions of power lead to mortality The source suggests that conflict, and the diseases brought with it, were the major obstacles to population growth throughout most of the Common Era, particularly during transitions of power between various dynasties and rulers. It estimates that the total population fell by approximately 30 million people during the 14th century due to the impact of Mongol invasions, which inflicted heavy losses on the northern population through conflict, enslavement, food instability, and the introduction of bubonic plague. Between 1850 and 1870, the total population fell once more, by more than 50 million people, through further conflict, famine and disease; the most notable of these was the Taiping Rebellion, although the Miao an Panthay Rebellions, and the Dungan Revolt, also had large death tolls. The third plague pandemic also originated in Yunnan in 1855, which killed approximately two million people in China. 20th and 21st centuries There were additional conflicts at the turn of the 20th century, which had significant geopolitical consequences for China, but did not result in the same high levels of mortality seen previously. It was not until the overlapping Chinese Civil War (1927-1949) and Second World War (1937-1945) where the death tolls reached approximately 10 and 20 million respectively. Additionally, as China attempted to industrialize during the Great Leap Forward (1958-1962), economic and agricultural mismanagement resulted in the deaths of tens of millions (possibly as many as 55 million) in less than four years, during the Great Chinese Famine. This mortality is not observable on the given dataset, due to the rapidity of China's demographic transition over the entire period; this saw improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and infrastructure result in sweeping changes across the population. The early 2020s marked some significant milestones in China's demographics, where it was overtaken by India as the world's most populous country, and its population also went into decline. Current projections suggest that China is heading for a "demographic disaster", as its rapidly aging population is placing significant burdens on China's economy, government, and society. In stark contrast to the restrictive "one-child policy" of the past, the government has introduced a series of pro-fertility incentives for couples to have larger families, although the impact of these policies are yet to materialize. If these current projections come true, then China's population may be around half its current size by the end of the century.

Species traits reflect the species’ ecological function and fitness. The trait databases play a vital role in studying biodiversity maintenance and loss, species evolution and adaptation, ecological interactions and processes, ecosystem functions, and species responses to both climate change and human pressures. China is one of the countries with the richest mammal diversity in the world, so far, there is no comprehensive resource of morphological, life history, ecological and geographical distribution data of the mammals in China. We compiled 24 traits data of 754 Chinese mammals (including recently regional extinct species and those species with disputed taxonomy and distribution) between 2008 and 2021 through systematic literature review and dataset integration, referred to mammalian monographs and field guides. The main sources used in completing the dataset were: the life history traits were retrieved from trait database (COMBINE: COalesced Mammal dataBase of INtrinsic and Extrinsic traits, Soria et al, 2021); Smith and Xie (2009) A Guide to the Mammals of China and Pan et al (2007) A Field Guide to the Mammals of China, and the zoogeographical regionalization and distribution type were searched in Zhang (2011) China Animal Geography, and species distribution in provinces and threatened category were cited from Jiang et al (2021) China’s Red list of Biodiversity: Vertebrates, Volume I, Mammals and Liu et al (2019; 2020) Handbook of Mammals of China. In addition, Handbook of the Mammals of the World (Wilson & Mittermeier, 2009; 2011; 2012; 2018; 2019; Mittermeier & Wilson, 2014; Wilson et al, 2016), Mammal Diversity Database (American Society of Mammalogists, ASM, 2021) and COMBINE (COalesced Mammal dataBase of INtrinsic and Extrinsic traits, Soria et al, 2021) were taken as supplementary data source. Further, peer–reviewed scientific publications from 1990 to 2021 were searched in CNKI, Google Scholar to supplementary traits data. Our dataset included body weight, brain size, head body length, tail length, forearm length (Chiroptera), hind foot length, ear length, sexual maturity time, gestation length, litter size, litters per year, generation length, diet, activity pattern, habitat type, habitat breadth, realm, biome, endemic species, elevational range, distribution type, zoogeographical regionalization, geographical distribution. Among these twenty-four traits, the data integrity ranged from 30.11% to 100.00%. The traits data were incomplete to some extent due to lack of research while the information about endemic species, geographical distribution in province of China’s mammals are completed. The dataset is the latest and most complete database on the traits of China’s mammals, which lays the foundation for future researches in mammalogy and biodiversity study and promote information sharing and in-depth mining of mammal diversity in China.